Linguistics

语言学前三章知识点总结，具体有： Chapter1:Invitations to Lingustics Chapter2:Speech Sounds Chapter3:Words and Morphonlogy

Linguistics

• Chapter1:Invitations to Lingustics
  • 1.1 Why study Language
    • an integral part of our life and humanity
    • we should know its nature and mechanism
  • 1.2 What is language
    • The system of communication in speech and writing that is used by people of a particular country or area.
  • 1.3.4 design features of language
    • Arbitrariness任意性：the form of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
    • Duality/stratification分层行/language is hierachical.
    • Creativity创造性
    • Displacement移位性：Confucius, North Pole, truth and beauty
  • 1.4 Origine of language
    • due to geographical isolation
    • "the Tower of Babel"
  • 1.5.7 function of language
    • informative function信息功能: predominantly the major role of language.
    • interpersonal function人际功能: the most important sociological use of language.
    • performative function施为功能：to do sth by saying sth
    • emotive function
    • phatic function寒暄功能
    • recreational function
    • metalingual function元语言功能：our language can be used to talk about itself, book.
  • 1.6 Linguistics
    • the science of Language/ the scientific study of Language
  • 1.7.6 main branches of linguistics
    • Phonetics语音学
    • Phonology音系学
    • Morphology/formation of words形态学
    • Syntax句法学
    • Semantics语义学
    • Pragmatics语用学
  • 1.8 Macrolinguistics
  • 1.9 4 pairs of distinctions
    • descriptive vs. prescriptive
    • synchronic vs. diachronic
    • langue vs. parole（Saussure）
    • comptence vs. performance（Chomsky）
• Chapter2:Speech Sounds
  • 2.1.1speech production Speech sounds are produced with an AIRSTREAM as their source of enegry.
  • 2.1.2Phonetic Transcription---The IPA
    • broad transcription
    • narrow transcription
  • 2.2Consonants and Vowels
  • 2.2.3The sound of English
    • RECEIVED PRONOUNCIATION(RP)/ BBC English/ Oxford English/ King's/Queen's English
  • 2.3Phonological Analysis
    • Phonemes音位，音素
    • Allophones语位变体
    • Phonological Rules
    • Rule Ordering
• Chapter3:Words and Morphonlogy
  • morpheme
    • free morpheme, bound morpheme(能否独立成词)
    • root affix(prefix-infix-suffix-circumfix)
    • stem, allomorph, allomorphy
  • word
    • lexeme
    • word form
    • content words, function words
      • Differences
        • a. We always need to resort to content words to denote entities, properties and events, function words on the one hand help us express such meaning more precisely, and on the other hand combine content words into grammatical sentences.
        • b. Function words help add to the preciseness of the meaning expressed by content words.
        • c. Function words are like gliue that binds words and phrases together.
  • word=formation process/morphological process
    • affixation/ derivation
      • supernatural, internationalism
    • compounding
      • sunrise, brand new, marketing campaign
    • conversion/ zero-derivation
      • shoulder, empty, divide
    • back formation
      • location-locate/ peddler-peddle
    • inflection
      • like-likes-liked-liking/ appeals/ harder
    • coinage
      • TV/ computer/iphone
    • borrowing
      • cafe/ tsunami/ tofu
    • onomatopeia
      • murmur/ skim/ skate/ skid
    • clipping
      • exam/ copter/ flu/ pacifist
    • blending
      • smog/ motel/ sitcom
    • initialism
      • PC/ VIP/ WTO
    • acronym
      • UNESCO/ TOEFL/ IELTS