Gentrification, Neighborhood Change, and Population Health: a Systematic Review

Gentrification, Neighborhood Change, and Population Health: a Systematic Review思维导图。

Gentrification, Neighborhood Change, and Population Health: a Systematic Review

• Introduction
  • Background: neighborhood effects on health, gentrification trends and debates, lack of empirical evidence on health impacts
  • Objective: to conduct a systematic review of empirical studies on gentrification, urban development, and other forms of neighborhood socioeconomic ascent and health outcomes in the USA
  • Definition: gentrification as “the process by which central urban neighborhoods that have undergone disinvestments and economic decline experience a reversal, reinvestment, and the in-migration of a well-off middle- and upper-middle-class population”
• Methods
  • Literature search: five electronic databases, English-language articles with a US study population, published between 2000 and 2018
  • Inclusion/exclusion criteria: primary analysis on the empirical relationship between gentrification or similar processes and health outcomes, assessed at either the individual or neighborhood levels
  • Study selection and data extraction: PRISMA guidelines, data on study characteristics, exposure definitions, outcome measures, and main findings
• Results
  • Literature search: 9879 articles identified, 9108 articles after removing duplicates, 22 articles included after full-text review
  • Study characteristics: publication year, location, outcome, exposure name, exposure definition, hypothesized effect and direction, estimated effect and direction
  • Study design and analysis methods: observational or quasi-experimental design, cross-sectional or longitudinal design, multilevel modeling or fixed-effects approach, covariates, mediators and moderators
  • Article framing: theory and historical perspective, explicit mention of race in definition or operationalization, prior disinvestment in base year
• Discussion
  • Main findings: limited literature on neighborhood change and health, inconsistent direction of associations, protective or detrimental effects depending on various factors
  • Reasons for diverging associations: contextual differences (e.g., segregation, policy efforts), outcomes and exposure measurement (e.g., violence, coffee shops), study design and analysis methods (e.g., observational vs quasi-experimental)
  • Implications for research: need for more studies to understand causal mechanisms, subpopulation effects, policy implications; use of ecosocial theory and other frameworks; consideration of historical and theoretical factors; inclusion of race/ethnicity as a key variable
  • Implications for practice: need for policies that balance neighborhood improvement with equity; prevention of displacement and exclusion; promotion of social cohesion and integration; protection of health and well-being of low-income populations
• Conclusion
  • Summary: this review provides a comprehensive overview of the empirical literature on gentrification, urban development, and other forms of neighborhood socioeconomic ascent and health outcomes in the USA
  • Limitations: heterogeneity of exposure and outcome definitions, lack of causal inference, potential publication bias, exclusion of non-English articles and non-US studies
  • Contributions: this review highlights the complexity and variability of neighborhood change processes and their health impacts, and identifies gaps and directions for future research and practice
  • Recommendations: more research is needed to understand the causal mechanisms, subpopulation effects, and policy implications of neighborhood change for population health; researchers should use ecosocial theory and other frameworks to guide their inquiry; practitioners should implement policies that balance neighborhood improvement with equity and justice