第九讲限定词（二）冠词用法

本书是章振邦先生主编的第六版新编英语语法教程

冠词Article

• 含义
  • 它是典型的限定词也是虚词，用在名词前
• 表意功能
  • 类指Genertic Reference 即表示类别
  • 特指Specific Rerference 特指一类人或具体现象
• 冠词的类指
  • 定冠词+单数noun. 如 ：the house /the windship/the steamahip
  • 定冠词+adj. /-分词 如：the sick/the oppressed and the exploited
  • 不定冠词和单数noun. 如：an ox/ a lawyer
  • 零冠词+n. pl. 或者零冠词+不可数n. 如： Knowledge is power. Cats and tigers are the same family of mammals
• 冠词的特指
  • 确定特指Definite Specific Reference 非常明确指出何人何物 The dog and the cat are the same ones we had last year. 特指去年就饲养了的猫和狗
  • 非确定特指Infinite Specific Reference 没有明确指出特指的具体对象
• 三种照应特指
  • 后照应特指 Anaphoric Specific Reference
  • 前照应特指Cataphoric Specific Reference
  • 语境特指 Situational Reference
• 专有名词和冠词使用情况
  • 不使用冠词的情况
    • 大多数专有名词人名、地名 Adam Smith Russia. Europe
    • 职业+人名 nurse Cabell
    • 大多数英国和外国头衔 King Edward. Father Brown. Earl Mashal 马歇尔伯爵 Queen Victoria. Captain Scott. Madame Lee
      • the Czar Peter3沙皇彼得三世 the Prince of Wales威尔士亲王 the Emperor Charles查尔斯皇帝 the Renverend John Collins约翰-柯斯林牧师例外
    • 修饰语+专有名词 Tiny Tim. Medieval England中世纪的英格兰
      • the+限制性修饰语adj+专有名词 the elder Pitt/the new China/the earliest London
    • Egypt. Asia. Spain. Kent等地名不带冠词
      • the Netherlands荷兰/the Saar萨尔区/the Crimean/the Hangue/the Vatican梵蒂冈 可带了不带the 有Sudan /Congo/Yemen/Ukraine/Argentina
    • 一些湖泊Lake Michigan. Sliver Lake. Lake Geneva. Dongting Lake
      • 少数除外 the West Lake. the Great Salt Lake
    • 个别山岛Mount Fuji/Ireland/Sicily/Mount Qomolangma
    • 道路、广场、车站、机场、公园、桥梁 Times Square/Regent Street/London Rridge/Zhong Shan Park/HongQiao Airport
      • 但the West/East End. the Golden Gate Bridge (the)High Street/Tower Bridge/Green Park
    • 专有名词开头的组织机、关公共建筑、车船 Cambridge University. Manchester Grammar school. Canterbury Cathedral. Westminster Abbey西敏寺
      • 如 the Labour Party/the Senate/the British Museum the United Airlines/the Queen Elizabeth the Democratic Party/the people's Congress the National Gallery/the Hilton(hotel) the Euro-star欧洲之星高速列车这些大多数带the
    • 大多数节日不带Christmas. Carnival .May Day. Easter. New Year's Day. St Valentine's Day圣瓦伦丁节，情人节
    • 有些杂志、报纸如 China Daily《中国日报》、Taday《今日报Time时代刊、 Life《生活》杂志、Newsweek《新闻周刊》 New Scientist《新科学家》ELT Journal《英语教学》杂志
      • 但许多带the如The Times《泰晤士报》The New York Times、The Economist、The People's Daily、The Washington Post、The Labour Month ly
  • 使用冠词的情况
    • 海洋、江河、海峡、海湾如 The Atlantic、The Thames、The Suez Canal、 The Bering Sttait、the Persian Gulf、 the Mediterranean、the Mississippi、the Grand Canal、the Magellan Strait麦哲伦大海峡the Bay of Bengal孟加拉湾、 但 San Francisco Bay除外
    • 山脉群岛沙漠复数形式出现的地理名称 the Alps /the West Indies/the Gobi戈壁/the Balkans/the Himalayas/the Penghu Islands/the Sahara/the American s南北美洲诸国
    • 个别岛名带有-of 词组 the Isle of Man马恩岛、 the Isle of Wight
• 冠词和普通名词使用情况
  • 使用冠词的情况
    • 用 定 冠 词 the
      • the moon. the earth. the sun. the Korean. The Renaissance. 文艺复兴 the Pope 教皇
      • the accordion. the violin
    • 度量衡名称前常用定冠词，但也可用不定冠词 the bushel. the litre. by the hour. by the piece to the pound. in a pound. a day. a week.
    • 表示季节的特定时间段如 in the autumn of 1911 in the summer.
    • 表示在早上，晚上，in the moring. in the afternoon. in the evening 但at night. at noon除外
    • 某些常见的疾病可用定冠词或零冠词如: have a mild attack of flu.come down with （the ）flu. got measles麻疹 （The）measles is less common get （the）mumps腮腺炎
    • 小病面前通常用不定冠词如: have a cold/a sore throat/a cough. catch a chill
    • 餐食前有前置修饰语通常用不定冠词如 a relaxed dinner. such a good breakfast. a late supper 特指某一次餐食用冠词如 I am to give a dinner for the guests. How do you enjoy the dinner last nigjt?
  • 零冠词的用法
    • • 表示季节性质用零冠词如：If winter comes,can spring can far nehand? in the hottest day of summer
      • night .day.moring 等表示时间的特征 from moring to night. night come
      • by +交通工具
      • 以疾病面前零冠词tuberculosis结核病 cancer. AIDS appendicitis阑尾炎等
      • 餐时前通常用零冠词have breakfast/lunch/dinner Dinner was already waiting for her.
    • 职位、职称、官阶 等名称前，特别是他们出现在主补宾补位置 who's captain of the ship? general manager. Moder worker. Field Marshal陆军元帅 politicain gatdener and chauffeur园丁兼司机
    • 并 列 对 称 结 构
• 冠词的另类使用意义