语言学第四章思维导图

语言学思维导图 第四章思维导图

Syntax

• Definition
  • study of rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a L;formation of sentences
• Syntactic Relations
  • Positional/word order sequential arrangement of words in a L
  • -of substitutabllity classes/sets of words substitutable for eac other grammatically in the same sentence
  • -of co-occurrence different sets/classes may permit/require the occurrence of a word of another set/class
• Sentence Formation
  • Conjoining
    • the process where one clause coordinated or conjoined with another;conj-and,but,or
    • E.g. You may come here on friday,or you may do it next month
  • Embeding
    • the means by which one clause is included in the sentence(main clause)i syntactic subordination
    • E.g. Ihave a friend who have a cat
• Transisition
  • 2 properties of text
    • Cohesion
      • to do with discourse/text;relations of meaning that exist within the text;and define it as a text
      • Halliday Reference,Substitutable,Ellipsis,Conjunction,Lexical cohesion
    • Coherence
      • relationships which link the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of the sentences in a context
• Fuctional Approach
  • Fuctional Sentence Perspective
    • refers to an analysis of utterances(or texts) in terms of the information they contain
  • Vilem Mathesius
    • Theme
      • the point of departureis equally to the speaker and to the hearer
    • Rheme
      • the goal of discourse presents the very info that is to be imparted to the hearer
  • J.Firbas
    • Communicative Dynamism extend to which s element contributes to development of communication
• Cenerative Approach
  • Syntactic Category
    • Types
      • Lexical- n,v,adj,adv
      • Phrasal- NP,VP,PP,AP
  • Syntactic Movement
    • NP-- relative to two constructions passiv sentence a raising construction
    • Aux-- have be do may can will shall,could moved to the begining of the sentence
    • Wh- mostly takesplace in wh-queation,including direct &indirect&indirect wh-question S
  • Deep/Surface Structure
    • Deep
      • abstract/underlying representation of syntactic properties of a construction
      • E.g. the love of God(surface)-God loves somebody/somebody loves God
    • Surface
      • final stage/actual in syntactic derivation of a construction
  • Move-a Rule
    • general movement rule which accounts for the syntactic behavior of ary consitltuent movement
  • Covernment/C-command
    • Covernment
      • type of control ove the form of some words by otherswords in certain syntactic constructions
      • E.g. leave in the autumn-2 G relats;in G t autumn,leave G in t autumn
    • C-command
      • constituent command-
      • a co-command B if a does not dominate B and every r that dominates a also dominates B
  • Binding theory
    • An anaphor bound in its governing category
    • A pronominal free in its governing category
    • A r-expression must be free abbreviation of "referential expression"
• Traditional Approach
  • Grammatical relation
    • Subject
      • major constituent of sentence/clause strcture;"doer" of an action
    • Predict
      • expresses actions;processes;and states that relates to the subject
    • Object
      • item can become subject in a passive transformation; accusative case-direct-/dative case-indirect-
  • Category
    • a group of linguistic items which fufill same/similar function in a particular L such as a S,a n praseor a v
  • Categories of Noun
    • Number(N/Pron) Singular&Plural---Dual in Greek&Arabic;Trial in Fijian
    • Gender(N/Pron) by reference to sex----feminine,masculine,neuter
    • Case(Noun) nominative,vocative,accusative,genitive,dative,ablative
  • Categories of Verb
    • Tense(16/Z) indicate the time of an event etc in relation to the moment of speaking
    • Aspect(not deictic) distinguish the status of eventset in relation to specific periods of time
    • Mood distinguish modalitywhich covers both of a kind of act and of the degree of certainty
  • Categorical relations
    • Concord/Agreement Notional-& Crammatical- this man,these men He drinks,they drink
    • Government syntactic relation of another type of control Eg--She gave him a book,She gave a book to him