物联网 Internet Of Thing

物联网的复杂程度超出人的想象 关于一些物联网的应用感兴趣的可以看一看 了解的越多对未来就越清楚

Internet Of Thing

• What IoT <any%20time%20any%20place%20any%20thing.png>
  • Everything need connected on the internet
  • Definition
    • IOT refers to uniquely identifiable objects and their virtual representations in an internet like structure
• Why I4.0
  • Networked systems provide connectivity for local decentralized information processing
  • Progressive miniaturization allows for small, lowcost and high-performance sensors and actuators
  • Auto-ID for customized product manufacturing creates unique identification and links to the virtual world
  • Intelligent field devices using software that allows for the global dynamic distribution of functionality is an integral part of the system integration
  • Mobile Device Management (MDM): man-machine interfaces for intuitive operation of complex systems without special training
• How IOT works today
  • By 2020 there will be 26 billion things that are connected to the Internet
    • Moore’s law
      • The number of transistors on a chip doubles approximately every two years
    • Koomey’s law
      • The number of computations per kilowatt-hour roughly doubles every one and a half years
• History
  • I1 Mechanical
    • Water and steam-powered
  • I2 Production line
    • Electronically powered
  • I3 programmable logic controller
    • Electronics and IT
  • I4 Cyber physical system
    • the direct linkage of “real” and “virtual” worlds
    • essential dimensions
      • Merging of the physical and virtual worlds
      • Systems of Systems with dynamically adaptive system boundaries
      • Context-adaptive systems with autonomous systems; Active real-time control
      • Cooperative systems with distributed and changing control
      • Extensive human-system cooperation
• Key Features
  • AI
    • Capabilities
      • Rational acting
      • Logical reasoning
      • Cognitive behavior
      • Emergence
      • Decision-making ability
  • Connectivity
  • Sensors
  • Active Engagement
  • Small Devices
• 物联网之计算模式
  • 1965年前后是以系统性为特征的大型计算机时代；
  • 1980年前后是以独立性为特征的个人计算机时代；
  • 1995年前后是以共同性为特征的互联网时代；
  • 2010年前后将以拟人性为特征的物联网时代
• Drives
  • Changing market demands
    • Individualization
    • Volatility
    • Energy and resource efficiency
  • New technological possibilities for the future of manufacturing
  • Country's position as manufacturing power
  • Central features of the concept
    • Horizontal integration through value networks
    • End-to-end digital integration of engineering across the entire value chain
    • Vertical integration and networked manufacturing systems
  • Economic potential
    • Meeting individual customer requirements
    • Flexibility
    • Optimized decision-taking
    • Resource productivity and efficiency
    • Creating value opportunities through new services
    • Responding to demographic change in the workplace
    • Work-Life-Balance
    • A high-wage economy that is still competitive
  • 8 main drives <Industry%204.0%20levers%20to%208%20main%20drives.png>
• Advantages
  • Improved Customer Engagement
  • Technology Optimization
  • Reduced Waste
  • Enhanced Data Collection
• Structure system
  • 应用层
    • 物联网应用
      • 环境检测
      • 智能电力
      • 智能交通
      • 工业监控
    • 物联网应用支持主层
      • 公共中间件
      • 信息开放平台
      • 云计算平台
      • 服务支撑平台
  • 网络层
    • 移动互联网
      • 异构网融合
      • 资源和存储管理
      • 专用网络
      • 远程控制
      • 下一代承载网
      • M2M 无线接入
        • LAN
        • OPC-UA
        • IP
      • 移动通信网
      • 互联网
    • 其他互联网
    • 专网
  • 感知层
    • 传感器网络组网和协同信息处理
      • 低速、中高速短距离传输技术
      • 自组织组网技术
      • 协同信息处理技术
      • 传感器中间件技术
  • 标识层
    • 数据采集
      • 传感器
      • 二维条码
      • RFID radio-frequency identification
        • employs 2-way radio transmitter-receivers to identify and track tags associated with objects
      • NFC near-field communication
        • consists of communication protocols for electronic devices, typically a mobile device and a standard device
      • Low energy bluetooth
        • supports the low-power, long-use need of IoT function while exploiting a standard technology with native support across systems
      • Low energy wireless
        • Though sensors and other elements can power down over long periods, communication links (i.e., wireless) must remain in listening mode
      • Radio protocols
        • ZigBee, Z-Wave, and Thread are radio protocols for creating low-rate private area networks
      • LTE-A
        • delivers an important upgrade to LTE technology by increasing its coverage and reducing its latency and raising its throughput
      • WIFI-direct
        • allows P2P (peer-to-peer) connections with the speed of WiFi, but with lower latency
      • 多视频传输技术
• Disadvantages
  • Security
    • Challenges
      • Unpredictable Behavior
      • Device Similarity
      • Problematic Deployment
      • Long Device Life and Expired Support
      • No Upgrade Support
      • Poor or No Transparency
      • No Alerts
  • Privacy
    • Identity protection
      • Consent
      • The Right to be Left Alone
      • Indistinguishable Data
      • Granularity
      • Comfort
  • Complexity
  • Flexibility
  • Liability
    • Device Malfunction
    • Cyber Attacks
      • Cyber Attacks
      • Encryption
      • Risk Analysis
      • Authorization
    • Data Theft
• I 4.0 Contents
  • Factory 4.0
    • Robots
    • Autonomous Vehicle (unmanned vehicles)
    • 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing
    • Advanced Manufacturing System,
    • Sensors (sensors - data collections)
    • Industrial mobile devices (platform)
    • Nanotechnology / advanced materials
  • Cyber Security (Information Security)
  • Software for data processing - Big Data
  • Logistics 4.0
  • Mobile solutions
  • Mass Customization (a large number of custom)
  • Internet of Things (IOT)
  • High-quality team of employees and experienced team of associates
  • Industry 4.0 solutions by business function
    • Planning
      • Forecasting methods
      • Collaborative work
      • Demand management
      • Integrated enterprise mngt
      • Safety stock optimization
    • Development
      • Product Lifecycle Mngt (PLM)
      • Connected products
      • Collaborative engineering
      • Remote monitoring
      • Remote software update
      • Collaborative engineering
      • 3D product models
      • Process stimulation
    • Marketing & Sales
      • Customer intelligence
      • Promotions
      • Digital marketing
      • eCommerce solutions
      • Point-of-sale (POS) analytics
      • User consumer experience
      • Secure payment systems
      • Servitization
    • Inbound Logistics
      • Track and Trace products
      • Smart containers
      • Serialization
      • Just-in-time (JIT) logistics
      • Supplier collaboration
      • Inventory management
    • Production
      • Operational intelligence
      • Advanced process control
      • Manufacturing Execution Systems
      • Smart tools and machines
      • Energy management
      • Predictive maintenance
      • Quality management
      • Tracking genealogy
      • Smart packaging
    • Outbound Logistics
      • Distribution planning
      • Inventory management
      • Warehouse management
      • Transport management
      • Track and Trace products
    • Maintenance & Services
      • Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO)
      • Enterprise Asset Management (EAM)
      • Field services
      • Predictive maintenance
      • Mobile worforce management
      • Augmented reality
      • Condition monitoring
      • Remote maintenance
• Core techniques
  • 感知：ID发布机制与识别
    • 通过数字对“物”（人、物体、设备、网络、事件）分类、检索、识别、达到身份认证的目的，是物联网上各种信息资源共享和保护的前提
    • ID使用方案
      • 局部范围内唯一ID
      • 全球唯一ID
      • 一物有多ID 或 多物共一ID
    • 发布机制
      • ID发布上有产品家族树、批次、类别、等级等多种索引方案
      • 目前已存在多个物联网ID发布机构，需建立相应的管理与映射机制
    • 研究前沿
      • ID加密、匿（化）名技术
      • 身份鉴定技术：ID查询、匿名破解
      • 与ID关联的信息（如地址、属性）采集与保护：数据加密、关联分析、信息挖掘等
      • 全球/区域ID存储与管理
      • Auto ID and indoor GPS
  • 物联网宏观架构
    • 面向服务的架构SOA
      • 服务提供方（业务、价格、质量）与客户方（需求）必须互相理解
      • 通信协议
    • 智能语义理解是物联网SOA架构的支柱
      • “物-物”联通下分布式资源的使用
      • 模块化：可理解、构造复杂语句
      • 可扩展、兼容，被不同“物”使用
      • 学习能力：“物”与其他“物”交互，从而获得对自身、周围环境、任务、所在群体或网络状态等更全面、更新的认知
    • 研究前沿
      • 纵向：建立跨领域、业务的物联网通用词库，如中文物联网商业通用动词集、物联网商务协议标准模板集等
      • 横向：发展物联网通用词汇/模板的编码方式，如 电子商务可扩充标识语言（ebXML）等
  • 通讯（ OSI物理与链路层）
    • 影响物联网通讯的主要因素
      • 节点的移动性、价格、尺寸、能源、功率、部署方式、维护需求等
      • 网络与应用环境：应用需求、基础设施、干扰、自扰因素
    • 物理层：频率分配、载波、编码与调制解调
      • 多频点射频前端和相关协议；
      • 通讯频带与频点定位；
      • 基于软件/协议的频点商定技术；
      • 认知雷达（CR），自适配频点/段技术；
      • 信道编码、调制解调、纠/容错、信噪识别等
    • 链路层：信道使用
      • 现有信道技术一般为争用（含侦听/回避，如WiFi）和配给（含TD/FD，如WiMAX）两个模式，各针对不同应用；
      • 发展趋势：智能化、远距、抗干扰、根据环境与网络适配的信道使用模式，以及低功耗、高数据通量的跨层协议。
  • 组网（ OSI网络层）
    • 组网要解决的问题
      • 在不同网络拓扑下信息元（如数据包）的发送路径，尤其是大范围MESH拓扑、自身或其他节点移动时，路由能力需要高度智能化；
      • 数据流的分布与管理：数据源节点、目标节点的分布，接入点位置；
      • 利用跨层信息优化路径和系统各个指标（移动性、稳定性、寿命等）
    • 通用组网技术
      • 条件组网（基于各种预设的索引信息）：支持较大网络容量，算法简单，但移动性差，鲁棒性差，安装维护严重依赖人工。如IP-v4、IP-v6、Zigbee、Hierarchical State Routing、Geographical Routing、TORA等；
      • 无条件组网（完全自组模式）：支持移动节点，鲁棒性较强，但算法复杂，通讯需求较高，对节点功耗和运算能力也较高。如DSDV、AODV、DSR等
    • 研究前沿
      • 高效、大规模、完全自组网算法和相关智能化算法：如功耗-流量均衡、链路优化、数据延时优化等；
      • 多种接入方式兼容技术。目前网络多采用IP架构，需后IP时代的兼容技术；
      • 异构网络发现、识别、网际语义理解技术
  • 软件平台、中间件（ OSI网络层以上）
    • 微设备的操作系统OS
      • 全功能协议栈：覆盖物联网的应用-传输-网络-链路-物理各层；
      • 智能化信息预处理能力
        • Data collection
        • Device integration
        • Real-time analytics
        • Application and process extension
    • 软件整合技术
      • 通过物联网面向服务的架构，发现并利用分布式开发的软件模块，形成新的功能、业务模式与服务网络
      • Software agents
        • Situated: Existence within an environment
        • Reactive: Adaptation of behavior to information of the environment
        • Autonomous: Possession of a certain degree of an autonomy of action
        • Social: Ability to cooperate with other agents (multi-agent system)
        • Rational: Execution of actions to fulfill an objective
        • Anthropomorphic: Representation of mental concepts of human beings
    • 研究前沿
      • 开放式中间件平台，满足低成本、可互动、模块抽象化等功能；
      • 低功耗微型OS；
      • 分布式自适配软件，具备自优化、自配置、自愈功能；
        • self-control of Intelligent Objects
          • Autonomous, goal-oriented behavior
          •  Ability for autonomous decision-making
          •  Ability for measuring, back coupling and evaluation of events
          •  Ability for interaction
          •  Heterarchy  Non-determinism
      • 资源和网络：虚拟现实、动态资源分配、各类数学模型等；
      • 仿生算法：如通过自组、博弈进行风险控制、反恶意节点侵入等；
      • 通过自治、自适配软件管理系统日益增加的复杂度；
      • 密码管理系统，基于软件的安全、信息加密技术
  • 硬件
    • 关键指标：尺寸、价格、功耗、数据预处理能力、传输速率
      • 射频应用环境分析：天线的类型（定向、非定向）、尺寸、发射频率（ HF/UHF/SHF/EHF）、功耗、敏感度、覆盖面等；
      • 芯片技术：运行电压、电容、混合信号接口、门密度、存储（EEPROM/FRAME/Polymer）、整流器效率、功耗；
      • 传感器技术：敏感度、尺寸、功耗、价格；
        • Devices
          • accelerometers
          • temperature sensors
          • magnetometers
          • proximity sensors
          • gyroscopes
          • image sensors
          • acoustic sensors
          • light sensors
          • pressure sensors
          • gas RFID sensors
          • humidity sensors
          • micro flow sensors
      • 标准制定：ID（128-256bits）分配、带宽、协议与复杂度、门密度、存储方式；
      • 工作条件：普通/恶劣环境下工作效率，反监听/抗干扰与攻击的能力
    • 研究前沿
      • 微电子机械MEMS；
      • 微电子到纳米电子的桥梁技术；
      • 通讯元件：低功耗射频前端、片上天线；
      • 低功耗、分布式多处理器SoC；
      • 智能化的超大规模集成电路VLSI和自适配“片上网”；
      • 纳米电子（Nano-e）、高聚电子（Polymer-e）、自旋电子（Spintronics）等；
      • 高集成度的嵌入式系统及OS
  • 情报提炼
    • 完成从信息元到情报的过程
    • 通用技术：以扩展标识语言（XML）为基础的通用信息元（词汇）定义、文件类型定义 (DTD)等
    • 基本标准：国际超数据（ Metadata ）标准入口表（ISO/IEC 11179）
      • 广义数据元框架（UDEF）；
      • 电子商务扩展标识语言（ebXML）：是一种高端协议栈（用户-用户、用户-厂商、厂商-厂商），在联合国商业与电子商务中心（UN/CEFACT）指导下为B2B商业合作制定；
      • 其他来自W3C的语义分析技术，如DAML (Darpa Agent Markup Language), RDF (Resource Description Framework) and OWL (Ontology Working Language)
    • 研究前沿
      • 语义分析、语义传感网、服务发现；
      • 异种设备识别等；
      • 数据共享和传播：人机互动、前沿处理、过滤、融合、数据流处理
  • 搜索引擎
    • 搜索功能将不仅为人类使用，也将被传感器使用，发现其临近的“物”，并识别其功能与身份
    • 通用搜索技术
      • “物” 分布式检索、查询、存储；
      • “物”在物理/虚拟世界中的定位；
      • 建立真实、数字、虚拟三个世界中同一“物”的映射；
      • 物联网中相关联的“物”的搜索分析、关系数据库的建立
    • 研究前沿
      • 分布式和全球性的数据库；
      • 语义标签、关联发现和搜索引擎技术；
      • 定位-识别技术；
      • 关系网络管理：异种网间的数据流量管理、识别恶意攻击、网络声誉管理等
  • 能源管理
    • 能量储存是目前物联网中“物”的尺寸、应用范围、寿命的瓶颈
    • 研究前沿
      • 微电池与储能技术：微能源IC、微型电池、高能电容等；
      • 能量采集技术：利用电磁波、光照、声音、震动、温度变化等环境因素，产生支持物联网节点的能源；
      • 智能化管理：结合“物”的硬件能耗特征，通过软件对微系统内能量使用进行调度，如根据事件优先级进行能量配给
      • Internal supply and external supply
  • 安全
    • 挑战传统的安全、隐私保护措施和相关法律
    • 研究前沿
      • 智能化事件监控与反应能力；
      • 设备间隐私保护；
      • 加密技术、针对物联网开发的智能隔离技术；
      • 信息安全分级、评估与保护框架；
      • 社会层面：如何发挥市场、道德、法律方面的作用？
• Application
  • Common use
    • Engineering industry and infrastructure
      • improving production, marketing, service delivery, and safety
      • a strong means of monitoring various processes
      • real transparency creates greater visibility for improvement opportunities
      • obvious customer needs, nonconforming product, malfunctions in equipment, problems in the distribution network
    • Government and safety
      • improved law enforcement, defense, city planning, and economic management
    • Home and office
      • improves our overall satisfaction, enhances productivity, and improves our health and safety
    • Health and medicine
      • enhance medical research, devices, care, and emergency care
  • Media, marketing advertising
  • Environment monitoring
    • Air and water pollution
    • Extreme weather
    • Commercial farming
  • Manufacturing applications
    • Intelligent products enhancement
    • Dynamic Response to Market Demands
    • Lower Costs, Optimized Resource Use, and Waste Reduction
    • Improved Facility Safety
    • Product Safety
  • Energy applications
    • Residential Energy
    • Commercial Energy
    • Reliability
  • Healthcare applications
    • Research
    • Devices
    • Care
    • Medical Information Distribution
    • Emergency Care
  • Building/housing application
    • Environment and Conditioning
    • Health and Safety
    • Productivity and Quality of Life
  • Transport application
    • Rails and Mass Transit
    • Road
    • Automobile
    • Commercial Transportation
  • Education applications
    • Education Organizations
    • Educators
    • Personalized Education
  • Government applications
    • City Planning and Management
    • Creating Jobs
    • National Defense
  • Law enforcement application
    • Policing
    • Court System
  • Consumer applications
    • Home
      • Butler
      • Chef
      • Nanny
      • Gardner
      • Repairman
      • Security Guard
    • Work
    • Play
      • Culture and Night Life
      • Vacations
      • Products and Services
  • Practical applications
    • Thingworx
      • a platform for the rapid development and deployment of smart, connected devices.
      • Its set of integrated IoT development tools support connectivity, analysis, production, and other aspects of Iot development
    • Cisco Virtualized Packet Core
      • a technology providing all core services for 4G, 3G, 2G, WiFi, and small cell networks
      • delivers networking functionality as virtualized services to allow greater scalability and faster deployment of new services at a reduced cost
      • distributes and manages packet core functions across all resources, whether virtual or physical
    • Salesforce
      • a platform for storing and processing IoT data
    • GE Predix
      • a software platform for data collection from industrial instruments
    • Eclipse IoT
      • an ecosystem of entities (industry and academia) working together to create a foundation for IoT based exclusively on open source technologies
    • Contiki
      • an operating system for IoT that specifically targets small IoT devices with limited memory, power, bandwidth, and processing power