英语语法——名词性从句之主语从句和宾语从句

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名词性从句

• 定义：名词性从句指在主句中起的作用相当于名词的从句，包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句
• 主语从句
  • that引导的主语从句
    • that置于句首
      • 从属连词that在主语从句中不做任何成分 只起连接词的作用“所...的（东西）”
      • That he will come to the conference has excited everyone of us.他要来参加会议使我们每一个人都十分激动
    • 形式主语it替代主语从句
      • It+系动词+形容词+that从句
        • 常见的形容词：necessary,right,likely,unlikely,wrong,important,certain,clear,obvious,strange,natural从句用should+动词原形，should可省略
        • It is likely that there will be a snowstrom tomorrow.
      • It+系动词+名词+that从句
        • 常见名词：a pity,a shame,good news,a fact,an honour,a wonder,no wander,
        • It is a pity that you didn't attend the lecture yesterday.
      • It+be+动词-ed形式+that从句
        • 常见动词ed：side,told,reported,decided,suggested,advised,orderd,considered,well known,hoped,turned out,pointed out,found out,announced,worked out,remembered,thought,heard 从句用should+动词原形，should可省略
        • It was decided that they (should) start the project next month.
    • It+特殊动词+that从句
      • It seems to me that 在我看来
      • It happened to me that碰巧
      • It appears to me that据我看来
      • It matters to me that对我重要的是
    • that主语从句的疑问形式
      • It was decided that...---Was it decided that?
      • It happened to me that...--Did it happen to you that?
  • if/whether引导的主语从句
    • 含义：是否 whether引导的主语从句可以位于句首，但if引导的主语从句只能位于句中
    • It is doubtful if the work can be completed on time.
    • Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful.
    • It is doubtful whether the work can be completed on time.
  • wh-类连接词引导的主语从句
    • 连接代词
      • who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever
      • What we can't get seems better that what we already have.
    • 连接副词
      • when,where,how,why,whenever,wherever,however
      • When the new road is open to traffic has not been made clear.
• 宾语从句
  • 定义：在句子中起宾语作用的从句就是宾语从句，分为动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句、形容词的宾语从句
  • 位置：通常放在主句位于动词、介词以及形容词之后，充当这些词的宾语
  • 引导词
    • that类
      • that用来引导陈述句，陈述一件事情，不做任何意义，一般可以省略
      • Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
      • 动词find,feel,think,consider,make,believe等后面有宾补时，需要有it作形式宾语，that从句后置
      • I think is necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.
      • except,but,besides三个介词后面可以接that引导的宾语从句，用形式宾语it代替，that从句后置
      • You may depend on it that I shall always help you.
      • 不可省略that的宾语从句有12条之多，但是在现代英语中凡不引起误会的情况下都可以省略。
    • wh-类
      • what,when,where,who,why,how,whatever,whenever,wherever,
      • 一般介词后面只用wh-类连接词来引导宾语从句，除了except,but,besides
      • We are talking about when we should admit students into our club.
    • if/whether类
      • if/whether在做“是否”时引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后
      • 少数动词leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句 常用whether
      • 句中有or not时只能有whether,whether+...or not.
      • 在不定式前面只能有whether，whether+to do sth.
      • 在介词后面只能用whether，介词+whether从句
      • 意为“如果”时只能有if，Let me know if you can come.如果你能来，就告诉我。 Let me know whether you can come.告诉我你能否来。
  • 语序
    • 宾语从句的语序是陈述语序：主句+引导词+主语+谓语+其他。
    • 有一种特殊类型的宾语从句，其引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等，在表示疑问时，不能按正常语序来安排，而是将引导词置于句首。
    • What do you suggest we should prepare for Thanksgiving Day?
  • 时态
    • 主句谓语动词如果是现在时或者将来时态，从句谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。
    • I know he didn't tell you that he would come then.
    • 主句谓语动词如果是过去时态
      • 从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动作同时发生
      • I only knew he was studying in a western country.
      • 从句用过去完成时，表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前
      • He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
      • 从句谓语用过去将来时，表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后
      • The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measours to put down the to-do.
    • 当从句的内容为科学道理、客观事实、名言警句时，无论主句谓语是什么时态，从句谓语时态一直为一般现在时
    • My teacher told me that the earth runs around the sun yesterday.
  • 宾语从句的否定转移
    • 如主句的主语为第一人称I/we,谓语动词为think,consider,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后面的宾语从句含有否定意义时，要把否定词转移到主句位于上，从句谓语用肯定形式，即：前否后不否。
    • I don't think the dress fits you well.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
    • 宾语从句的反义疑问句的主语和谓语形式要与从句的主语和谓语保持一致
    • I don't suppose that's his fault,is it?
    • 否定在从句的几种情况
      • I think everybody can't help laughing if they see it.(从句中有not固定搭配）
      • I think he seldom goes to the movies.(从句中有never,seldom,hardly等否定词）
      • I do think that he is not fair.(think前有表示强调的词）。
      • I think and hope that he won't cheat at cards.(think和其他词构成并列谓语）
      • His decision is not wise，I think.(I think 作为插入语）
  • 宾语从句的语气
    • 动词wish之后的宾语从句用虚拟语气
    • I wish I were 10 years younger.
    • 动词suggest,advise,order,command,insist,demand,require,request,ask等后常接虚拟语气的宾语从句：should+动词原形，should可省略
    • I suggested that he (should) not be taken along.