导图社区 2023年9月7日 Lecture1
Investment,其Future contracts:提前定好买卖价格,后面不管涨了还是跌了,盈亏自负,涨了,卖家亏钱,买家赚钱,跌了,买家亏钱,卖家赚钱
编辑于2023-09-21 22:52:49Investment,其Future contracts:提前定好买卖价格,后面不管涨了还是跌了,盈亏自负,涨了,卖家亏钱,买家赚钱,跌了,买家亏钱,卖家赚钱
Business Model:Customer Segmentation、Value Proposition、Customer Relations、Revenue Streams……
modern cryptography ,有Modern Symmetric Ciphers、Stream Ciphers、ChaCha20、BlockCipher...
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Investment,其Future contracts:提前定好买卖价格,后面不管涨了还是跌了,盈亏自负,涨了,卖家亏钱,买家赚钱,跌了,买家亏钱,卖家赚钱
Business Model:Customer Segmentation、Value Proposition、Customer Relations、Revenue Streams……
modern cryptography ,有Modern Symmetric Ciphers、Stream Ciphers、ChaCha20、BlockCipher...
Investment
What is a Investment
牺牲现在的资源换取未来更多资源
financial market让借贷可能
进入financial system的资源成为资产
资产可以产生未来现金流
return of asset = cost of acquiring + its cash flow
Real Asset vs. Financial asset
Real Asset
assets to produce goods and service
专利
好名声
financial assets
claims on real assets or the income generated by them
money
bonds
stocks
derivative securities
virtual assets
bitcoin
NFTs
投资者买financial asset -> 公司拿这些前去买 real asset -> 最终return还是由real asset 产生
financial asset + financial liabilities = 0 offset
所有balance sheet加在一起 =》最后只剩real asset
经济体的净财富:所有real asset之和
闭合经济体,如果对外由贸易顺差/逆差,就不会这样
Financial assets
Fixed-income(debt) securities
money market instruments
Bank certificates of deposit(大额存单,银行发行,可转让)
T-bills 短期国债
commercial paper(商业票据)
Bonds
preferred stock
common stock(equity)
Ownership stake in entity
residual cash flow
derivative securities
contract
value derived from underlying market condition
Risk & Return
Trade-off
measure risk
diversifiy
form profolios
Efficient Market
securities shoud be neither underpriced nor overpriced
securities prices 能反应所有投资者能知道的信息
The Money Market
money market is a subsector of debt market
short-term(within 1 year)
highly liquid
relatively low-risk debt instruments
大额交易
个人投资者接触不到
mutual funds 共同基金
小投资者接触的到
Money Market Instruments
Treasury Bill (T-Bill)
联邦政府发行,短期政府债券
面额:100刀, 一般都是10000刀
成熟期:4,13,26,52 weeks
高流动,基本无风险
Certificate of Deposit
存款机构发行,bank定期存款
任何面值
成熟期:任何时间,但大多要求最少14天
成熟期3个月以内流动性都很好
前100,000刀有保障(银行倒闭也给你)
Commercial Paper
有信誉的大机构发行
面值最少10万刀
成熟期1~2个月, 最多270天
成熟期少于三个月,可以说它流动性好
无担保,高风险,高利率
Banker's Acceptances
买家找银行开票据,买家给卖家票据,卖家可以凭票据找银行兑现
银行 contingent liability
可交易债券
Eurodollars
美国国外美元
Federal Funds
美联储准备金
Fed Fund Rate 拆借利率
手上的钱不够交准备金,找同行借钱的利率
LIBOR (London Interbank Offer Rate)
伦敦大银行互相借钱的利率
Repurchase Agreements
今天卖给你,并承诺买回来,并支付利息
相当于抵押贷款
大多都是隔夜借还
Brokers' Calls
投资者借钱买股票的利率,并且必须特定时间内支付利息
Bond Markets
Treasury Notes and Bonds
成熟期十年内 Notes
成熟期十年外 Bonds
面值一般 1000刀 或以上
Government Issues
Federal Agent Debt
municipal bonds
no tax
general obligation bonds
revenue bonds
private issue
corporate bonds
更有可能还不上,利率比政府的高
Callable bonds
公司可以随时回购,所以一般利率高点
Convertible bonds
持有者可以换成股权
bond rating class
信用评级
三大公司
moody
Standard & Poor
Fitch
Mortgage-Backed Securities
Equity Securities
Capital Market
Common stock
有限责任,剩余索取
Preferred stock
不能投票,股息固定
优先偿还
不能减少税
Depository receipts
美国国内交易的证券,代表美国柜外资产
Capital gains & divident yield
Stock and Bond Market Indexes
描述市场表现
DJIA
S&P 500
Nikkei Average of Tokyp
如何计算权重,三种方法
Price Weighted
split 或者 index内股票变动,调整denominator
Market Value Weighted
更看大公司,大公司市值更高,权重更高
Equally Weighted
更看小公司,小公司数量多,权重更高
多用于学术研究
e.g.
in US
Dow Jones Industrial Average(30 Stocks)
S&P 500 Composite
NASDAQ Composite(>3000 firms)
Wilshire 5000
outside US
Nikkiei 225 & Nikkei 300
Financial Tiems of London
German Stock Index
stock market Index
Measure of the performance of stock market
track average return
compare performance of managers
Base of derivatives
Bond Market Indicators
example
Merrill Lynch
Barclays
Salmon Smith Barey
measure performance of various categpries of bonds
problem
bond trade infrequently, hard to get relaible and up-to-date prices
true rates of return on many bonds are difficult to calculated
Derivatives Markets
衍生资产 derivative assets/contingent claims
收益取决于其他证券的价格
Listed Call Option
在过期前,如果涨了,有权低价买入,如果跌了可以不买
Listed Put Option
在过期前,如果跌了,有权高价卖出,如果涨了可以不卖
Future contracts
提前定好买卖价格,后面不管涨了还是跌了,盈亏自负,涨了,卖家亏钱,买家赚钱,跌了,买家亏钱,卖家赚钱