Constrastive Studies of English

英译汉第二章整理，需要的小姐妹自取哦。

Constrastive Studies of English

• Studies of the English Language
  • External History : Historical Information Related to the English Language
    • The Seven Ages of English
      • Pre- English Period(-c.AD450)
      • Early Old English(450-c.850)
      • Later Old English(c.850-1100)
      • Middle English(c.1100-1450)
      • Early modern English(c.1450-1750)
      • Middle English(c.1750-1950)
      • Late modern English(c.1950-)
    • The Five Major Linguistic Influence on English
      • Celtic
      • Latin
      • Anglo-Saxon
      • Scandinavian
      • French
    • Individual Contributions to the Making of English
      • Chaucer,Geoffrey
      • Shakespeare,William
      • The Bible Translators
      • Bacon,Francis
      • Milton,John
      • Johnson,Samuel
      • Spenser,Edmund;Dryden,John
      • Pope,Alexander;Wordsworth,William
      • Burke,Edmund;Pitt,William;Churchill,Winston
      • Webster,Noah
      • Mencken,Henry
  • Internal History: a Linguistic Review
    • Three Periods of English
      • Old English(450-1100)
      • Middle English(1100-1450)
      • Modern English(1450-)
  • Some Characteristics of Old English
    • Some Characteristics of Old English
      • The Grammar
      • The Vocabulary
      • The Pronunciation
    • Some Characteristics of Middle English
      • Changes in the grammar reduce English from a synthetic language to an analytic one
      • Decay of inflectional endings
      • French influence on the vacabulay
    • Some Characteristics of Modern English
      • A synthetic-analytic language
      • Hypotaxis
      • Flexibility of function
      • Openness of vocabulary
      • Frequent use of multi-functional small words
      • Sentence structure
      • Brevity and simplicity
• Studies of the Chinese Language
  • Some Major Factors Affecting the Chinese Language
  • Some Characteristics of Modern Chinese
• English vs. Chinese:Ten Pairs of Features
  • Synthetic vs. Analytic(综合语与分析语）
    • Inflectional vs. Non-inflectional
    • Word Order:Flexible vs. Inflexible
    • The use of Function Words:English and Chinese Make Use of Different Types of Function Words
    • Intonation vs. Tone
  • Rigid vs. Supple（刚性与柔性）
  • Hypotactic vs. Paratactic（形合与意合）
  • Complex vs. Simplex （繁复与简短）
  • Impersonal vs.Personal （物称与人称）
  • Passive vs. Active（被动与主动）
  • Static vs. Dynamic （静态与动态）
  • Abstract vs. Concrete （抽象与具体）
  • Indirect vs. Direct（间接与直接）
    • Euphemism（委婉）
    • Understatement（克制陈述）
    • Indirect Nogation（间接否定）
    • Litotes（间接肯定）
    • Tactful Implication（婉转暗示）
    • Periphrasis（迂回）
  • Substitutive vs. Repetitive （替换与重复）
    • Substitution（替代）
    • Ellipsis（省略）
    • Variation（变换）
    • Reduplication（重叠）
    • Repetition（重复）
    • Antithesis and Parallelism（对偶与排比）