英语语法层次

下图为英语语法层次相关知识总结，只是简单做做，可能还是不太全面。如果有不足之处以及大家有更好的改进意见，望多多提出宝贵意见，谢谢。

语法层次

• 词素 morpheme
  • 自由词素 free morpheme
    • 实词 lexical word
    • 虚词 functional word
  • 粘附词素 bound morpheme
    • 词缀 affix
      • 屈折词缀 inflectional affix
        • noun：'s -s
        • verb: -s -ing -ed -en
        • adj./ adv.: -er -est
      • 派生词缀 derivational affix
        • 前缀 prefix
        • 后缀 suffix
    • 组合形式 combing form
• 词 word
  • 构词法
    • 简单词 simple word
    • 派生词 derivative
    • 复合词 compound
  • 句法功能
    • 封闭词类 closed class
      • 连词 conjunction
      • 介词 preposition
      • 代词 pronoun
        • personal/possessive 人称代词
          • first person
            • I，we
          • second person
            • you, all of you;
          • third person
            • him, her, them, they, it, its
        • definite/indefinite 不定代词
        • demonstratIve 指示代词
          • this，that，these，those
        • interrogative 疑问代词
          • who，where，what，when，how
        • relative 关系代词
          • whom，whose，which，that
      • 冠词 article
        • indefinite article 不定冠词
          • a，an
        • definite article 定冠词
          • the
        • /
      • 限定词 determiner
      • 助动词 auxiliary
    • 开放词类 open class
      • 实义词 lexical word
        • 动词 verb
          • main verb主动词
            • transitive verb 及物动词
              • monotransitive 单宾及物动词
                • eg：He is always causing trouble for people.
              • ditransitive verb 双宾及物动词
                • eg：She teaches me my English.
              • complex transitive verb 复宾及物动词 宾语+宾语补语
                • eg：She found the man difficult to understand.
              • dynamic verb 动态动词
            • intransitive verb 不及物动词
              • arrive, come, doze, go, happen, appear, arise
              • dynamic verb 动态动词
            • linking verb 连系动词
              • 表示事物处于何状态或具有某种性质的连系动词
                • 主动词be, feel, look, smell, taste, seem, prove 等
              • 表示变为某种状态或逐渐具有某种性质的连系动词
                • become, get, go, grow, turn 等
              • 表示继续保持某种状态或性质的连系动词
                • continue，hold, remain, rest, stay 等
              • stative verb 静态动词
          • auxiliary verb 助动词
            • primary auxiliary 基本助动词
              • do
              • have
              • be
            • modal auxiliary 情态助动词
              • can，could，may，might，would，shall，should，must，need，dare，dared（偶尔见于文学领域），ought to，used to
            • semi-auxiliary 半助动词
              • be-型
              • have-型
              • seem-型
          • compound verb 复合动词
            • 两个词合二为一形成一个动词
              • 组成部分的两个词可以是"宾语+动词"关系
                • baby-sit ( to care for someone else' s baby)
              • 组成部分的两个词可以是"状语+动词"关系
                • day-dream ( to dream in daytime )
              • 组成部分的两个词可以是"动词+动词"关系
                • jog-trot (缓步)
          • phrasal verb 词组动词
            • 组成部分并不连成一个词，而是结成一个词组，在语法和意义上相当于一个单词动词
              • look into = investigate (调查) send for = summon (派人去请) come by = obtain (得到) put off = postpone (推迟) ring up = telephone (打电话) make up = invent (编造，虚构)
                • 按照结构形式分为
                  • 动词（+宾语）+介词
                    • eg:The police are looking into (= investigating) the matter. eg: Why didn't you inform me of the change of plan?
                  • 动词+副词小品词
                    • eg: I'll bring up (= raise) this question at our next meeting.
                  • 动词+副词小品词+介词
                    • eg:I couldn't put up with (= bear) the noise any longer.
                  • "动词+名词"（相当于不及物动词）和 "动词+名词+介词"（相当于及物动词）
                    • 动词+名词
                      • eg: The house has changed hands several times.
                    • 动词+名词+介词
                      • eg: I'll take care of your children when you're away.
                  • "动词+形容词"和"动词+动词"
                    • 动词+形容词 bang shut, blow open, come true, go bad, go blue, grow pale, let alone, make good, make sure, make certain , turn red 等
                      • eg: David wondered if his dreams would ever come true.
                    • 动词+动词 make believe, make do ( with ), let fly, let go ( of ), hear tell ( of ), leave go ( of )等
                      • eg: He made believe that he had a stomach ache and left the room.
        • 名词 noun
          • person
          • thing
          • quality
        • 形容词 adjective
        • 副词 adverb
        • 主动词 main verb
          • do
          • have
          • be
          • take
          • give
          • read
    • 数词 numeral
    • 感叹词 interjection
      • Oh 表示惊讶、指责、痛苦、称赞、懊恼等，可译为“哦”、“哎呀”、“噢”“啊”、“呃”等
        • 'Oh!' Kenny blinked. 'Has everyone gone?'
      • Ah 表示惊奇、高兴、讨厌、懊悔、藐视、威胁等，可译为“呀、啊”等
        • Ah, yes, Jeanne married a man with a lot of money.
      • come表示鼓励、不耐烦、引起注意、安慰等，可译为“喂、好吧、说吧、得啦”等
        • Come, we must hurry.
      • dear表示后悔、难过、怜悯、同情、吃惊、盼望等，可译为“哎呀、天哪”等
        • Dear! What awful weather!
      • well表示快慰、让步、期望、讥讽、解释、责备、犹豫等，可译为“好吧、不过、好啦、嗯”等
        • Are you sure? Well, perhaps you, are right.
      • there表示得意、鼓励、同情、悲哀、不耐烦、失望、安慰、挑衅、引起注意等，可译为“哟、瞧、好啦、得啦”等
        • There! There! Never mind, you'll soon feel better.
      • boy表示高兴、兴奋、惊奇等，可译为“嘿、哇、哼、怎么样”等
        • Boy, oh, boy! Our team's going to win! How fantastic!
      • hey(喜悦、打招呼)
        • Hey! I didn't expect to meet you here.
      • sh(制止、引起注意)
        • They were about to go down. When Tum suddenly whispered. "Sh! Keep still. Don't move!"
      • Good heavens(惊异、不高兴)
        • Good heavens! Listen to that silly child," said the father
• 词组 phrase
  • 名词词组 noun phrase
  • 动词词组 verb phrase
    • 限定动词词组 finite verb phrase
      • 受"时"的限制，受主语的人称和数的限制
    • 非限定动词词组 non-finite verb phrase
      • 不定式 infinitive
      • -ing分词
      • -ed分词
  • 形容词词组 adjective phrase
  • 副词词组 adverb phrase
  • 介词词组 prepositional phrase
• 句子 sentence
  • full sentence 完全句
    • simple sentence 简单句
      • 只包含一个独立分句而且它的主要成分都是由词组表示，便是简单句
        • The neighbours are always slamming doors and shouting during the night.
    • compound sentence 并列句
      • 两个或两个以上的简单句由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来便构成并列句
        • Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is a key of it.
    • complex sentence 复杂句
      • 带有从句作为自己的直接成分
        • Poison is poison though it comes in a golden cup.
    • compound-complex sentence 并列复杂句
      • 有一个或一个以上的并列分句是复杂结构，那便是并列复杂句
        • The man stole the jewellery, and he hid it in his house until he could safely get out of town.
    • 多用于正式语体，比如在政治文件和法律文书中
  • minor sentence 不完全句
    • 用于非正式语体，特别是在日常口语中
• 分句 clause
  • independent clause 独立分句
    • I'm not feeling well today.
  • subordinate/dependent clause 从属分句/从句
    • As I'm not feeling well today, I won't be able to go to work.
  • main clause & subordinate clause 主句与从句
    • 一个带有从句的独立分句就是主句
    • 依附于主句的分句便是从句
    • 概要
  • finite clause 限定分句
    • 以限定动词词组作谓语动词的分句
  • nonfinite clause 非限定分句
    • 以非限定动词作谓语动词的分句
      • infinitive clause 不定式分句
        • I rejoice to have finished it so soon. (NP)(I)+ VP ( to have finished)+ NP ( it)+ Advp ( so soon )
      • -ing participle clause -ing 分词分句
        • Strolling about the park, I pondered on the problem. ( NP)(I)+ VP ( strolling)+ PrepP ( about the park )
      • -ed participle clause -ed 分词分句
        • Most of the people invited to the reception were his wife' s friends. ( NP)( the people)+ VP ( invited)+ PreP ( to the reception )
  • verbless clause 无动词分句
    • 不带任何形式的谓语动词的分句结构（即省略了谓语动词）
      • Full of apologies, the manager approached us. The oranges, when ripe, are picked and sorted machanically.
• 按词汇意义分"动态"和"静态"
  • dynamic verb 动态动词
    • 表示持续动作的动词
      • drink, eat, read, write, play, talk, work, walk, run, rain, snow, fly 等
    • 表示状态改变或位置转移的动词
      • get, become, grow, turn, change, arrive, reach, leave 等
    • 表示短暂动作的动词
      • hit, jump, tap, knock, open/close ( a book/ a door), put ( something on the table ), take out 等
  • stative verb 静态动词
    • 动词be和have
      • eg：I am a student.
    • 含有静态动词be或have意义的动词
      • apply to, belong to, compare, concern, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve, differ from, equal, exist , hold , interest , involve , fit , lack , matter , measure , own , possess , resemble , stand for , weigh 等
    • 表示感觉的动词
      • feel，hear, see, smell, taste 等
    • 表示心理或情感起伏的动词
      • assume, believe, care, consider, detest, envy, expect, fear, feel(= think), find (= consider ), forget , hate, hope, imagine , know, like , love , mean , mind , notice , prefer , regret , remember , suggest , suppose , think , understand , want , wish 等