导图社区 语法
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编辑于2022-03-16 15:38:35语法梳理
语法基本概念
句子成分
1、主语
由名词、代词、不定式、动名词、相当于名词的从句或词组、引用充当
形式主语和真实主语
it称为形式主语,放于句尾的原主语为真实主语
2、宾语(object)
动词宾语和介词宾语:由名词、代词、名词化的形容词、动名词、动词不定式、介词短语或句子充当
直接宾语和间接宾语
授予动词要求接双宾语
形式宾语和真实宾语
3、表语
由名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语或句子充当
4、补语
由名词、动名词、介词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词充当。
主语补语和宾语补语
主动语态中的宾语补足语,可以转化为被动语态中的主语补足语。
1、后跟名词做宾补的动词有:call、name、think、make、choose。
2、后跟形容词作宾补的动词有:keep、find、get、think、make等。
3、后跟现在分词、过去分词、不带to的不定式作宾补的动词有: 感官动词:feel、 find、hear、listen to、see、watch、notice、observe、look at、smell。 现:I see him being beaten.(强调正在) 过:I saw him beaten in the school.(强调被动) (还有使役动词let have make)不带to不定式: I once saw him beat 3men in the party.(强调整个过程) 当感官动词变为被动语态时,不带to不定式转为带to。 That man has been seen to smile.
4、后跟带to不定式做宾补的动词:ask,get,forbid。 I can′t get him to sleep. Help后接宾补,不定式可带可不带to。(help sb. (to)do sth.)
5、若宾语和宾补是逻辑上的被动关系,则宾补用过去分词。 主动则为现在分词。
5、定语
6、状语
7、同位语
句子类型
句子结构
简单句
并列句
复合句
主语
What he needs is that book
表语
Feel and personal gain is what they're after
宾语
Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate
定语
This is the thing I want to say
状语
Strike while the iron is hot
同位语
Words came that he had been abroad
并列复合句
说话人的目的
陈述句
疑问句
祈使句
感叹句
词
名词
专有名词
通常专有名词前无冠词,特殊: A Mr.Lee 有位李先生
可加s如browns表示布朗一家
普通名词
可数名词
个体名词(pig)
集体名词(people)
作复数时
police; cattle; pourltry; vermin; clergy; militia.
谓语动词用复数;如the police are looking for him.
不可数时
clothing; furniture; baggage; equipment; jewelry; traffic; information; foliage; machinery; merchandise; produce;scenery.
a.形式上总是单数,谓语用单数;如our clothing protects us from cold.
b.不能直接与a或数词连用,要much;little;some;4 pieces of 等连用
若用代词我代替,则单数代词;如it is in box.
可单数可复数时
people; herd; family; team; government; crowd; committee; staff; army; public; mankind…page8
看作整体时,用作单数,且常与the连用;若考虑集体各个成员时,用作复数
补充:a committee/panel/board of +复数名词 , 谓语单数
不可数名词
物质名词(water、air)
p9 :根据语意的不同看是否可数,如water是水也是水域
抽象名词(品质感情等)
可数时
page9 1.2.3.4根据有些名词语意的不同,来判断可数不可数,如experience经验时不可数,经历可数。
用法
of+抽象名词 =形容词
with/in/by/on +抽象名词=副词:with kindness =kindly
抽象名词+itself=very+形容词; all+抽象名词=very+形容词
名词属格:′s或 ′.
表各自的所有关系时:a′s and b's desk .
有同位语在同位语后+′s .
名词属格独立存在称为独立属格(修饰部分在上下文提及/接家、教堂、学校、公司)
与名词属格相通的of词组
固定习语中两者不能互换P11
只能用of词组
表示同位关系时the city of Roma
名词后有短语或从句修饰的 the articles of the students who attended the class yesterday
以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人 the livelihood of the poor
代词宾格前用of 词组 three of us
代词(pronoun)
代替名词或名词短语
1、人称代词
1、单数人称代词并列作主语时,顺序为二三一:you,he and I; 复数人称代词并列作主语时,顺序为一二三:we,you and they.
2、物主代词
3、反身代词
4、指示代词
1、this、these、that、those的用法。
1、都可以与复数名词连用表示一段时间、一笔钱等。如that ten dollars、these 2 weeks。
2、that和those可以代指前文提到的名词,为避免重复后面总是接有修饰语。 His dress is that of gentle, but his speech and behavior are those of a clown.
3、this/these后者the latter下文;that/those前者the former上文
4、this和that可用作副词:this much这么多;that far那么远
5、常用语page17
2、such
指示代词
1、做主语:Such are the results
2、作as的宾语:He is a child, and must be treated as such.
3、such as to“如此…以至于”such是代词情况(拓展:so as(not) to以便/以免)
4、such that“如此…以至于”such是代词情况(拓展:so that以便):后面都跟完整句子。
形容词还是限定词我不知道
1、…such a good teacher(可数单数)that…
2、…such interesting books(复数可数)that…
3、…such bad weather(不可数)that…
4、与其他限定词some、any、no、all、few、another、other、many、one搭配, such作后位限定词在后,如All such problems…且不加a/an。
3、the same
主语、宾语、表语等
4、so
1、so用于代替对话中提到的内容,表示肯定,如I hope so。
2、置于句首,倒装强调。(细节在倒装)
5、相互代词
each other和one another
6、疑问代词
引出特殊疑问句的代词:what, which, who, whom,whose 等,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。 which book do you like best?(若没明确范围用what)
7、关系代词
1、关系代词用来引导定语从句,有连词和代词的双重作用。
1.who,whom指人,在定语从句中分别作主语和宾语。
2.that指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
3.which指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
4.whose可以指人可以指物,在定语从句中作定语。
8、不定代词
1、凡是重复one或one's的地方,可以用he或his来代替。 When one has good health.he should feel fortune.
2、no one或no body作主语时用单数谓语;none指三者或三者以上,作主语时用单数复数都可以。
3、either、neither、both
1、三个词都指两者,作主语时,either、neither与单数连用,both与复数连用。 作形容词时,后接名词。both sides ;either side。
2、both可直接接名词,也可 先接the或形容词物主代词 再接名词。 Both the boys 或者Both boys… both of 可接名词或代词,接名词时要先接the或形容词性物主代词。 Both of the boys… n/either of +人称代词 Neither of them… n/either of the/those/these +名词 Neither/either of the boys is clever.
限定词
冠词、物主、指示、不定、疑问、关系、名词属格以及数词
1、冠词(定the;不定:a,an;零冠词)
子主题
3、限定词与限定词的搭配关系。
错题注解
1、other表示“另外的”接复数名词other boys;如与具体复数名词连用,则置于数词之后two other boys; 但与定冠词the连用,other要放于数词前the other two boys。
2、more一般位于数词之后名词之前two more boys。
3、both会位于助动词和情态动词之后。
形容词
充当定语、表语、状语、补语和主语(往往成对出现)等
顺序:美小圆旧黄,中国木书房
后置情况:a修饰-thingonebody后置;前缀a-的形容词后置;成多出现的形容词后置
副词
充当状语、表语(time is up)、定语、介词宾语和宾语补足语(askmeout)
比较结构
1、原级比较
as...as…"和什么一样"/as much a/an 名词 as…“是…也是…”
not so much…as…′′与其…不如…"
A is to B what C is to D
as…as…可否定可肯定,so…as…只能放于否定句中
2、比较级
1、常用形式:形容词/副词比较级+than,否定形式:less+原级+than。比较级前可用 A bit, a little, a lot, even, far, greatly, many, slightly, still 等程度词修饰。如: Mike is less heavy than before. 当more后面接复数名词时,不能用much修饰,只能用many或far等词。 They need many more pens than we think.
2、“the+比较级…,the+比较级”
3、比较级的特殊结构
1、more A than B或rather A than B“与其说是B,不如说是A” less B than A或not so much B as A
2、none other than 不是别的…正是…
3、no other… than除…之外,没有;只有。 There were no other errors than a few misspelled words.
4、more than 不只是,极其,岂止; no more than 仅仅;只不过 He visit new York was more than sightseeing.
5、no more … than与…一样不…
4、as much/little of a/an +n+ as more/less of a/an +n +than
3、最高级
1、the+最高级+比较范围
2、more…than (any of us)
3、否定词+比较级:Nothing is more attractive than reading.
4、among+最高级+复数名词:The CJ River is among the longest rivers.
4、as/than引导比较状语从句
1、在as…as和more…than等比较结构中,as/than可作连词,引导比较状语从句,充当从句中的 主语、表语、宾语作用,其功能类似于定语从句中的关系代词。如: Children should not have more money than is needed.
2、不定式的使用:若前面比较的动词带to,后面可带可不带;若前面不带to,则后面不带to。 It is as easy to do right than do wrong.
5、倍数表达法:A is 倍数+the size/length/width of B“A是B的几倍。(不可用于不可数抽象名词strength等) A is 倍数 as 形容词或副词原级+as B。
6、特殊情况的比较
1、senior to高于,年长于、junior 低于,年少于、anterior/prior to先于、posterior晚于、prefer to、superior to优于、inferior to差于。
2、对比的标志性词语:like、unlike、in contrast、in comparison with、compared with。
3、不能采用比较结构的形容词:absolute correct false complete excellent empty perfect……
介词
情态助动词
主要情态动词的用法
1.can\could
1、could语气更委婉;回答是一般用can
2、表示能力(ability):can表示现在或将来;could表示过去的一般能力。 She can swim, but she couldn't last year .
3、can 和 be able to的异同 can 只有原型和过去式could,be able to 可以有各种时态。
4、can′t…too…再…也不为过
5、表示可能性,用于否定句和疑问句中。
2.may\might
1、表示允许permission: May I…… Yes, you may.//No, you must not//may not.
2、表示可能possibility: might 比may 更委婉:it may/might be true.
3、may/might…as well“不妨,还是…的好” You may/might as well stay here.
4、may well 固定搭配“很可能”
3.will\would
1、用于第二人称疑问句中,表示请求建议。would或won't的语气较will更委婉,不表时态。 would you 提问,接受请求只能用will,不可用would。
2、过去式would,相当于used to。
4.shall
1、一三人称疑问句中,表示征求意见;二三人称陈述句中表示强制。
5.should
1、表示惊奇、愤怒、失望:i am sorry that she shoud be so stubborn.
2、应该,按道理应该。
6.must
1、表示必须:must提问,否定回答用needn't或者don't have to mustn't表示禁止或劝告。
2、must表示推测:用于肯定句中;在否定句和疑问句中用can't\couldn't和can\could
7.need
1、need作情态动词,表示必要时,needn't表示不必,通常用于疑问句或否定句当中。 对于need引起的疑问,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn't。
2、need可用做作实义动词。注意need doing 表示被动意义=need to be done。
8.dare
1、dare作情态动词,跟动词原形,用于疑问句、条件句、否定句当中。
2、dare作实义动词,有人称数时态变化,一般肯定句中带to,否定句疑问句中可带可不带to。
情态动词+have+过去分词
1、must have done"过去一定做过某事" 否定:can't/couldn't have done
2、may/might have done"过去可能做了某事" 否定:过去可能还没做某事
3、could have done "本可以,本能够"有遗憾和惋惜
4、should have done 和ought to have done "本应该" 否定:shouldn't have done 和ought not to have done"本不该" (有责备和遗憾的语气)
5、needn't have done"本不必做"
非谓语动词
主谓一致
语法一致原则意义一致原则就近原则
1、不定式、动名词、从句做主语谓语动词用单数; 若用and连接两个不定式、动名词、从句做主语,谓语动词用复数。
2、主语用and连接,表示同一概念,谓语用单数,(仅有一个冠词) The composer and singer is good.
3、由and连接的两个或更多主语前有each、every、many、a、no时,谓语动词用单数。 each book and (each)student was there .
4、each、every、each and every、either,neither,one,another,little,a little 和much 做主语或修饰主语时,谓语动词用单数。each of us has a pen . 复数主语+each 谓语用复数 :five each of these items are required .
5、every·,some·,any·,no·词汇作主语时,谓语用单数:there is something wrong .
6、none,some,any,more,most,all等代词作主语时,动词的单复数由其指代的词的的单复数决定. all is right .
7、all, none, most, majority, part, enough, some, one, half, the rest, more than~短语作主语时 谓语动词的单复数由其修饰的名词或代词决定。more than 10 people are losing their jobs .
8、度量,时间,距离,价格,等复数名词做主语,谓语用单数。 two miles is a short distance .
9、不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数。 ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year .
10、主语后面有including, with, together with, along with, like, in addition to, as well as, rather than, as much as, more than, no less than, but, except, accomanied by连接的短语,谓语动词与主语一致。 he as well as i wants to go shopping.(主谓一致)
11、there is somebody who wants to talk to you . 定语从句中引导词充当主语,谓语与先行词一致。
12(就近原则)、 当or, either or, neither nor, not only but also连接两个以上主语时,谓语动词与邻近主语保持一致 either you or she is to go . 当句子由here,there引导,主语不止一个时,谓语动词也与临近的主语一致。 here is a pen and some paper for you .
13、一本书或一句格言谓语用单数。
14、the+形容词 作主语,根据代表的名词单复数选择谓语单复数。
15、疑问代词which作主语,根据which所指的单复数而定。
时态与语态
1| 时态
子主题
子主题
子主题
子主题
子主题
子主题
6、时态的一致:在复合句、从句(主要是宾语从句)中的时态,常受主句谓语动词的影响。
1、主句谓语动词为现在时或将来时,从句谓语动词不受影响。 She knows you have been in Beijing for8 years.
2、如果主句中的谓语为一般过去式, 从句动作与主句动作同时发生,则从句一般过去时或过去进行时; Lucy said she was busy then. 从句动作发生在主句之前,则从句过去完成时; I didn't know that she had been to Paris twice. 从句动作发生在主句动作之后,则从句过去将来时。 They didn't know when they would have a rest.
3、如果从句说明一般事实,不论主句时态,从句一般现在时。
4、若从句表示的仍是将来或现在的时间,其时态不受主语影响。 She said that she is flying to new York next week.
5、若是为了表达思想,特别是在状语从句或定语从句中,不影响。 The girl who spoke at the meeting is my sister.
6、并列句中可以有不同时态。
2| 语态:主动语态(动作执行者)和被动语态(动作承受者)
1、不能用于被动语态的若干情况。
1、系动词、不及物动词、不及物动词短语(take place, come true, break out, belong to) 不能用于被动语态。 有的不及物动词后面跟上一个介词或副词,形成动词短语,其作用与及物动词一样,有被动。 She looks after them. -They are looked afer by them.
2、表示某种状态而非动作不能用于被动语态,如“possess, hold, have, contain, suit, lack, fit, beg, resemble, cost, fail, benefit,equal 等”部分是及物动词。 The book costs me10 bucks.
2、主动形式表被动。
1、有些动词后+某些副词,用主动形式表示被动意义。wash write sell lock shut clean swear 等。 The cloth washes very well.耐洗
2、某些感官动词或系动词 +形容词表示被动含义。look smell taste feel sound 等。 The cloth feels soft.
3、在want、deserve、need、worth、require等动词后用动名词的主动语态表示被动意义。 也可以接不定式的被动语态做宾语(worth除外)。如 The shoes need mending(=need to be mened). That boy deserves looking after(=to be looked after)
4、当不定式做表语(或宾补)形容词的状语,又与句中的主语(或宾语)有逻辑上的动宾关系时,虽然不定式有被动意义,但只能用主动形式。如: We found the subject hard to understand.
3、使役动词的语态。
使役动词make、have及感官动词see、hear、notice、feel、observe、listen to在主动语态中, 后面跟省去to的不定式作宾语补足语,但当这些动词变成被动语态时,要加上to。如: The boss made the secretary work overtime.(主动) The secretary was made to work overtime.(被动)
4、宾语从句的被动句
一些表示“相信”、“据说”的动词如believe consider expect hope report say suppose think suggest 等后面接宾语从句时,其被动有两种: 原句:We believed that he would succeed. It was believed that he would succeed//He was believed to succeed.
特殊句式
虚拟语气
1、if条件句中的虚拟语气
2、介词或介词短语表示虚拟条件
3、宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1.wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟语气主要形式: 对 现在 的假设,从句谓语为一般过去式(be动词用were): I wish I lived in a good house. 对 过去 的假设,从句谓语为“had done”或“could/would have done” He does wish he had been(could/would have been) there yesterday. 对 将来 的愿望,从句的谓语动词用“would/could/might+动词原形” I wish you could stay with me.
2.had hoped表示过去没有实现的愿望,意为“本来想要,但愿”, 其后的宾语从句用“would+动词原形”表示虚拟。 I had haped i wouldn't bore you.
3.would rather ,would sooner, (would just as soon, might as well, would prefer) 之后的宾语从句用虚拟语气表示愿望、意为“宁愿” 表示对现在或将来的愿望:would rather/sooner +主语+动词过去时(be动词用were) I would rather/sooner you came tomorrow. 表示对过去的愿望:would rather/sooner+主语+动词过去完成时。 I would rather i had not gone to the party yesterday.
4、在表示建议、命令或要求等动作后的宾语从句中要求用虚拟语气, 谓语形式为“(should)+动词原形”。 Ask, advise, suggest, request, commend, decide, determine, insist, intend Prefer, propose, order, recommend, imagine等 I suggested that you (should) try to understand him.
4、主语从句中的虚拟语气
5、表语从句中的虚拟语气
6、状语从句中的虚拟语气
1、在 as if 或 as though 引导的方式状语从句中,若从句并非现实,则需要用虚拟语气。 从句表示与现在事实相反,从句谓语一般过去式。 He talks as if he knew all about it. 从句表示与过去事实相反,从句谓语“had+过去分词” Gary was behavimg nothing had happened. 注意:如果说话人很有把握或者主句谓语动词是look,seem,smell等,此类从句用陈述语气。
2、虚拟语气用在even if,as等让步状语从句中,参照if引导的虚拟条件从句。eventhough是就事论事,不用虚拟。
3、whatever,whichever,whenever,whoever,wherever,however,no matter wh~等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气的结构为“may+动词原形(现在、将来)”或“may+完成式(过去式)” I will be waiting for him no matter how late he may come.
4、在though,although引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气为“should+动词原形”,主句不限。 Although/though he should often be late, he is a good student.
5、lest,in case,for fear that“以防,万一,唯恐引导的目的状语从句常用虚拟语气,谓语动词常用 “(should)+动词原形”。in case中的should通常不省略,但它可以引导陈述句。
7、其它句型中的虚拟语气
反意疑问句
1、疑问部分的主语通常与陈述部分主语一致,但需注意:
1、every/some/nothing等物的合成词为陈述部分主语时,疑问部分主语用it。 Everything is good,isn′t it? every/some/no one、every/some/nobody等人的合成词,正式用he,不正式用they。 Someone is sick, isn′t they?
2、there be,疑问主语用there。
3、不定式、动名词、从句、this/that,用it。
4、one,用one/you?
5、主从复合句,一般情况疑问句与主句主语谓语一致,如果是 第一人称+想象或是认为 从句 则疑问部分主语和谓语与从句一致。
2、特殊反义疑问句
1、 祈使句,—will you,won′t you,would you。 否定祈使句(don′t…),—won′t you。 Let's祈使句,—shall we。 Let us祈使句,—will you。(表示allow us)
2、陈述部分含否定意义词如few、little,hardly,rarely等,疑问部分用肯定。
3、当have/has/had作为实意动词不表示“有”如“吃”时,用do/does/did。 You had breakfast, didn′t you?
4、I am结构—am I not/aren′t I?
5、I wish结构表示询问或征求意见时—may I?
6、 ought to—ought/should used to—used/did 情态need或dare—need或dare 实义need或dare—do/does/did must—must必须;need有必要;do/have…推测
倒装与省略
1、倒装
2、省略(ellipsis)
1、并列句中,前句与后句有相同成分,往往都会省略。 To some smile is very easy, and to others (smile is)so hard.
2、复合句中,从句的句尾和主句的句尾相重复时从句的句尾可以省掉。 He may leave if he wishes to(leave)一般
3、在以if,when,though,although,as,as if等连词引导的从句中, 如果从句主语与主句主语一致,且从句谓语中含有be动词时,可讲主语和be动词省略。 When(he was)asked about the product,the manager said it was a success.
4、用do,so,do so,not等替代句中的一部分,构成省略。
1、do代替助动词
2、do so替代谓语结构,有时可以和do that,do it交替使用。
3、so+助动词+主语“…也是如此”
4、so+主语+助动词 表示“可不是嘛”主语需要一样
5、so或not替代that从句,与I'm afraid,believe,expect,fear,guess,hope,suppose 等搭配。
6、so或not替代if后面的从句。if so/if not……
从句
名词性从句:在句子中起名词作用的句子,功能相当于名词词组。
1、引导名词性从句的连接词。
1、连接词:that, whether,if, as if/though。
1、that用来引导陈述句,本身没有意义,在表语从句(尤其非正式)和宾语从句中通常省略; 但在介词之后 或引导主语从句 同位语从句时,that不能省略。 I know nothing about him except that he is from America. That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news about our team had won.
2、whether 和 if 引导一般疑问句(从句中的一般疑问句用陈述语序)。
3、as/ if引导表语从句。 It looks as if/though it is going to snow.
2、连接代词:who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever,whoever等。 该类词由于在从句中作相应成分,不能省略。
3、连接副词:when,why,how,where等。作成分。
2、主语从句:在复合句中作主语的从句。
1、主语从句一般出现在句首,许多情况下,为了平衡句子结构,用it作为形式主语,主语从句后置。 It is not important who will go. 连接代词what,whatever,whoever等引导的主语从句不能用it作形式主语。 What he found suprised me greatly. Whoever is finished may rest.
2、whether与if引导主语从句的区别: whether引导的主语从句可句首可句末,if只能句尾。 Whether she comes or not makes no difference. Whether 后可接or或or not,其中or not 可紧贴whether可不贴;if通常不接or not,有则与if分开。
3、宾语从句:作及物动词的宾语或介词的宾语。
1、某些系表结构的形容词有及物动词的作用,其后可接宾语从句
2、当句中动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时,后面的that不能省略。
定语从句
限制性定语从句是先行词不可或缺的部分,去掉后主句意思不明确; 非限制性定语从句不是。
1、定语从句的引导词
1、先行词是人,在从句中作主语,用关系代词who/that; The man who/that lives in that house is my uncle. 先行词是人,在从句中作宾语时,用who/whom/that,或者省略; That is the girl (who/whom/that) I met at the party.
2、先行词是物,可用关系代词which/that充当从句中的主语或宾语,做宾语时可省略。 My favourite place is km which/that is called as the spring city. This is the place (which/that) he would like to visit. (Which) 可指物、单数集合名词、属性等.
3、先行词是人或物,且在从句中作定语时,用whose引导,相当于先行词的所有格, whose也可以替换成of which(物);of whom(人). You are the only one whose(of whom) advice he might listen to. They live in a room whose(of which) window opens to the South.
4、先行词是时间、地点、原因,且在从句中作状语时,分别用关系副词when、where、why引导。 When和where可以用“介词加which”替换;why的先行词,只能是reason,why可以用for which替代。 This is the reason why(for which) you should leave.
5、只能用that不用which引导定语从句的特殊情况:
当先行词是everything, something, nothing, little, none, few等不定代词时 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如The first lesson that… 当先行词被no, every, some, any, only, very, much的限定词修饰时。He is the only person that… 当先行词既有人又有物时。The passengers and parcels that… 当先行词为主句的表语或关系代词为从句的表语时。 Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. He is no longer the man that he was. There be句型中,先行词为物时。There is a room that is still free。 当先行词前面有what,who,which等特殊代词时。WHO is the lady that is waiting at the school gate.
状语从句
1、时间状语从句
1、引导时间状语从句的常用连接词有
连词:after, as, before, once, since, till, (not) untill, as soon as, when, whenever(no matter when) While, as long as, no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when…等
副词:immediately, directly, instantly 等
名词短语:the moment, the minute, the instant, the second, every time 等
介词短语:by the time等
2、在no sooner…than 和scarcely/hardly/barely…when(刚…就)结构中,放于句首则倒装。 No sooner had i reached home than it began to rain. Hardly had i sat down when he stepped in.
3、till和until一般情况下可以互换,当从句位于句首时,只能用until,强调句中多用until, 为“It is not until…that…”。 1.如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定。“直到…才…” 瞬时否定:I didn′t go to bed until/till my father came back. 瞬时否定:It was not until the meeting was over that he made a phone call. 2.如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词,肯定、否定都可以。“直到…才”,“直到…为止” 延续肯定:Please wait until I finished the book.
2、
子主题
4、原因状语从句
1、引导原因状语从句的连词或复合连词有because,as,since,for,now that,in that,seeing that considering that,on theground(s) that等。
2、because,since,as语气由强到弱,在强调句中若强调原因状语从句,则只能用because。 It was he was late that he didn't go there.
3、for引导的分句只能后置。 The fuel must have been finished, for the engine stopped.
4、not…because不是因为 The tree is not famous because it′s high.这树有名,不是因为它高。
5、让步状语从句
1、让步状语从句的引导词有:though/although/while(虽然), as,even if/though(即使), however(尽管),whatever(不管),no matter how/what/where/when(不管…), whether…or…(不管是…还是…),granted that(即使),for all that(尽管如此), in spite of the fact that(尽管),regardless of the fact that(尽管)等。 (despite、in spite of、for all也表示尽管,后接名词结构,不接从句)
2、no matter+疑问词(who,what,where,when,how)引导让步状语从句,表示无论… 相当于“疑问词+ever”。 Don′t trust him, no matter what(whatever) he says. No matter how(However) hard i work, there is always more to do. “疑问词ever”引导名词性从句时,不可用“no matter 疑问词”互换。 I will eat whatever(不可用no matter what) you give me.
3、(no matter) whether…or(not): whether you believe it or not,it′s true. 当从句中含有be动词时,可进一步省略。“be+主语+…or…” She listen to the music every day, be she free or busy.(whether she should be free or busy.
4、as、though引导的让步状语从句,as必须用倒装,though可不用。 这种倒装将从句中的表语、状语或谓语动词放在句首。 Selfish as/though he is, he is… Much as/though I like English, i am … 省略做表语名词前的a/an Fool as he is, he is…
5、While 引导状语从句时,只能放于句首,意思相当于although。
注意:as常引导方式和原因 状语从句,引导让步时用倒装结构; even不是连词不能引导句子。
虚拟拓展
一、be型虚拟式的运用
if,whether,lest,so long as等这类词引导的条件或让步状语从句表示假定推测时,从句谓语应用原形。 Whether my judgement be right or wrong, i will continue my reserch.
拓展提高
一、动词不定式的完成体
1、常见可接不定式完成体的有:happen、seem、appear、prove、pretend、seem等。 They seem to have experienced a destructive earthquake.
2、“主语+be said+to have done/been”相当于主动句“people say that…”类似的结构有: Be thought/reported/supposed/expected/believed to have done He husband is said to have given up smoking.
3、常见的可接不定式完成体的形容词有:glad,happy,sad,sorry,surprised等。 I'm sorry to haven't given you so much trouble.