国际贸易实务双语教程(第四版)第一章

大致内容归纳，包括各种有关国际贸易的知识点及其总结。

International trade

• Definition 
  • A business which involves the crossing of national borders 
  • International trade, manufacturing
  • Services industry
    • Transportation, tourism,banking, advertising, construction, retailng ,wholesaling, mass communications.
• Reasons 
  • Resources acquisition 
    • resources over the world are affected by climates and geographic factors
  • Benefits acquisition
    • the price difference caused by different production costs makes economic benefits
  • Diversification
    • avoid the impacts caused by the depression
  • Sales expansion
    • seeking for larger markets
  • International balance of payments
    • the national trade to keep the international balance of payments
• Problems 
  • Cultural differences
    • Business people should be on alert against different local customs and business norms
  • Monitoring conversion
    • Curencies have a value varying from country to countryIt affects the price of goods
  • Trade barriers 
    • It's the government′s economic means to protect domestic economy
• Forms
  • Merchandise exports and imports
    • Exporting 
    • Direct exporting
    • Indirect exporting
    • Importing 
  • Service exports and imports 
    • Tourism and transportation
    • Performance of activities abroad
    • Use of asserts from abroad
  • Licensing 
    • Little risk
    • May lose control of the manufacturer fitsproducts and right to sell them itself New competitors
  • Trading companies
    • They handle all the details required to move goods from one country to another
  • Joint ventures
    • A form of partnership.less expensive But may encounter controlling problems, Problems concerning percentage of ownership, amount of investment...
  • Investment
    • Direct investment (Only when control follows the investment)
    • Portfolio investment (Control doesn′t follow investment)
  • Visible and invisible trade
    • Visible(The importing and exporting of tangible goods)
    • invisible (The services exchanged between countries)