美国经济思维导图准备校对版

这个思维导图整理了美国经济。内容包括美国经济历史和现在的美国经济。通过美国经济史，我们可以看到美国如何从最早的一个微不足道的殖民地发展壮大至世界第一强国，以及在发展过程中，技术变革与制度创新是如何解决发展中遇到的问题等等。

The U.S. economy

• History of American Economy
  • In 1894
    • The United States rose to become the world′s largest industrial nation
    • Its economic aggregate has officially surpassed that of the United Kingdom, making it the world′s largest economy
  • From 1920 to 1921
    • The first financial crisis
      • reason
        • Economic adjustment after the windfall of the First World War
        • External demand to reduce
  • From1929 to 1939
    • Second Financial Crisis (the Great Depression)
      • reason
        • The malignant development of the contradiction between the sociality of capitalist production and the private possession of the production results
      • Solution: Roosevelt′s New Deal
        • 1.The new policy calls for cutting government and social spending budgets and concentrating on restructuring industry
        • 2.Increase government control over the market and abandon the gold standard
        • 3.Agricultural production was reformed
      • characteristics
        • Last long
        • A wide range
        • destructive
        • It rippled across the capitalist world
      • influence
        • 1. Enhanced the government′s participation in economic policies
        • 2. Reinforce economic nationalism.
        • 3. In order to get rid of the Great Depression, Germany and Japan began to embark on the road of foreign aggression and expansion and the road of fascism.
  • 1938, just before World War II
    • The United States accounts for thirty-six percent of the industry of the capitalist world
  • 1948, just before World War II
    • The third financial crisis
      • A slight adjustment of 10 percent decline in industrial production
    • The United States accounts for 53.4 percent of the industry of the capitalist world and has been the superpower since the end of World War II.
  • The 1950s and late 1960s
    • The fourth financial crisis in 1954
      • reason
        • The end of the Korean War reduced military demand
      • result
        • Gross national product and industrial output declined
    • The fifth financial crisis in 1957
      • reason
        • Demand for cars and real estate fell
    • The sixth financial crisis in 1960 ~ 1961
      • Gross industrial production fell
    • From 1961 to 1969
      • Sustained economic boom
    • This was the golden age of American economic development.
      • reason
        • Expand the world market
        • Apply the achievements of the Third Scientific and Technological Revolution
        • Develop new industries
        • The government manages macroscopically
        • Continued and developed the social welfare policies of Roosevelt′s New Deal
      • status
        • The United States accounted for 53.4 percent of the industrial output of the capitalist world, 32.4 percent of its export trade, and 74.5 percent of its gold reserves
    • The United States was the economic hegemon of the capitalist world during this period.
  • In the 1970s
    • A period of economic depression
      • The seventh financial crisis from 1969 to 1972
      • The eighth financial crisis of 1973-1975
      • The economy is stagnant and inflation is high
  • In the 1980s
    • A period of economic recovery and prosperity
      • Ninth financial crisis, 1979-1982
      • The end of 1982-1988
        • The economy has recovered and is growing steadily
        • Inflation is under control
        • Employment increases
        • The national economy continued to grow
  • In the 1990s
    • "New Economy"
      • The tenth financial crisis of 1989-1993
        • The crisis has hurt Japan the most
      • The economy continued to grow after 1993
        • reason
          • Clinton Administration Measures
            • Increase public investment
            • Reducing the fiscal deficit
            • Streamlining Government
            • Reforming the tax system
            • Reforming the health care system
  • The 11th Financial Crisis (Internet Bubble) from 2000 to 2003
  • The Twelfth Financial Crisis in 2008 (Subprime Loan Crisis)
    • reason
      • Neoliberal policies
      • Excessive innovation in financial products
      • There was excessive speculation in financial markets
    • The solution
      • Authorizes the Treasury Department to create a plan to dispose of impaired assets
      • Allows the Treasury to insure financial institutions′ lossable assets
      • A Financial Stability Oversight Council and an independent commission were established to oversee the implementation of the Act
      • Curbs on executive compensation at companies receiving government aid
      • Cooperate with foreign financial regulators and central banks
      • Protecting taxpayers′ interests is a priority
      • Increase help for mortgage applicants in foreclosure
• Current American Economy
  • Agricultural
    • Advantage
      • The land is fertile and the rainfall is abundant
      • The climate is mild and suitable for growing crops
      • Nearly half of the world's crops are first grown in the United States
    • Farm characteristics
      • Most farms are family farms
      • Small family farms account for 90% of American farms
      • Most farms are part-time farms
      • Off-farm income is the main source of income for small family farms
      • Large farms are more likely to adopt contract farming
    • Export trade of agricultural products
      • Horticultural products (fruits, vegetables, nuts) are a major component of US agricultural exports
      • Oilseed products, mainly soybeans, are the second largest group of U.S. agricultural exports
      • Livestock products, poultry products, feed, wheat and cotton account for a large part of agricultural exports
    • Agricultural policy
      • Direct subsidies
        • Direct subsidies are provided to farmers based on historical sown acreage and yield
      • Counter cyclical subsidy
        • Farmers receive subsidies when the effective price of a particular crop is below the target price, and the lower the market price, the greater the subsidy
      • Marketing loan program
        • Producers of designated crops receive loans from the government in the form of collateral products or in exchange for loans with agricultural products
      • Food Assistance Program
        • Increase food costs and household income
      • Land fallow project
        • To establish long-term surface resources on environmentally sensitive land
      • Wetland Conservation Programme
        • Provide support and assistance to restore wetlands on agricultural land
      • Environmental quality incentive projects
        • Technical assistance and financial subsidies will be provided to farmers to improve environmental quality
      • Wild Habitat Incentive Scheme
        • Provide support to landowners for wildlife habitat improvement
      • Crop insurance
        • Provide farmers with the tools to fluctuate their incomes due to fluctuations in yields and prices
  • services
    • Characteristics
      • The service industry is developed and ranks in the world's leading position
      • The dominant position of the traditional service industry has been strengthened, while the emerging service industry has developed rapidly
      • Trade in services is quite developed
    • The drivers of rapid development
      • Government support
      • The transformation of the enterprise
      • Social and cultural
    • Impact on the economy
      • Benefits
        • We will create a large number of job opportunities and promote the upgrading of the country's industrial structure
        • Drives the national economy to develop rapidly, makes the United States obtains the strong position in the economic globalization era
      • disadvantages
        • Leading to the increasing hollowing out of American industry
        • The development of virtual economy is divorced from the real economy
  • manufacturing
    • Nearly 12 million Americans (9 percent of the work force) are directly employed in manufacturing
    • Four major manufacturing industries
      • Computers and electronics
      • Chemical products
      • Food, beverage, tobacco
      • Petroleum products
    • Military developed
      • Billions are made every year by selling military products abroad
    • American car manufacturers are the world's largest and most profitable companies
    • Boeing is the world's largest manufacturer of commercial jet transport aircraft
      • Military aircraft
      • The helicopter
      • Space vehicle
      • missile
  • High-tech industry
    • The world's first
    • Attach importance to technological innovation
    • We will greatly promote economic growth
    • World dominance
      • The computer
      • Engineering and technology
      • Information technology
    • Concentrate on high and new technology areas
      • Technology developed
      • Knowledge intensive
      • Talent aggregation
    • Mainly distributed in western region (Pacific coast)
    • Silicon Valley is the largest high-tech producing area in the United States
  • The ministry of foreign trade
    • Exports of goods and services are at record levels
    • Trade protection policy
      • Withdrawing from TPP, Pacific Partnership
      • Raising Trade Barriers
      • Tax policy to bring companies back to the United States
    • A major driver of economic growth
    • Imbalance of Import and Export
    • Main export commodities
      • Chemical products
      • Mechanical and electronic products
      • Transportation equipment
      • minerals