高中英语笔记：三大从句与特殊句式

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三大从句与特殊句式

• 定语从句
  • that/which/who/whom
    • 作主语：She is a girl that(who) loves reading.
    • 作宾语：She is a girl that(who/whom) teachers often praise.
    • 关系词指物由形容词或副词最高级、序数词等修饰，或者是关系词是不定代词，或关系词又指人又指物时，只能用that：Everything that……/both people and monsters that are discribed in it.
  • as/which/whose
    • as引导定语从句，位于句首，作主语或宾语：As we all know/as is known to all
      • 常用as的结构：as anybody can see/as has been announced/as is often the case
    • whose定语从句中作定语，表示“……的”：She is a student whose name is Jessica.
      • whose可以指人也可以指物
    • 用于带逗号的非限制性定语从句中，作主语指物或前面整个句子时，用which不用that：……, which made many people sad.
    • 当介词提到关系代词之前，先行词指物用which，指人用whom：1.We miss the boy for whom we have written many stories and we have prepared many situations in which he……
  • when/where/why
    • 从句不缺主语：the day when/the reason why/a room where
    • 从句缺主语或宾语，用that/which：He told her about the days that/which he spent earning school fees by doing part time jobs.(先行词作成分）
    • 当先行词为抽象地点且关系词做状语，用where引导定语从句，关系词作主语或宾语时用which/that
    • “介词+关系代词”
      • 根据动词的习惯搭配：I bought many books, on which i spent all my money.
      • 根据先行词的习惯搭配：the time during which……
      • 根据所表达意思：the colour gas without which we cannot live is……
• 并列句和状语从句
  • 并列句
    • not only……but also可使用部分倒装，但只倒装not only引导的分句：Not only does she treat us friendly but also she teaches in a humorous way.
    • 祈使句+and/or+陈述句
    • when=and at this/that time：He was about to go out when the telephone rang.
  • 时间状语从句
    • by：+过去/现在/将来的时间，主句用过去/现在/将来完成时
      • I had remembered about 2000 words by the time i graduated from school.
      • By the time you come back, we will have finished the job.
    • before的特殊用法
      • It will be+时间段+before从句（一般现在时）：It will be fore hours before his plane arrives.
      • It was+时间段+before从句（一般过去时）：It was ten years before the couple met again.
  • 其他状语从句
    • 让步状语从句
      • although引导让步状语从句只能用正常语序，though正常/倒装都可以，as只能用倒装
      • akthough,though都可以和yet, still, neverthless连用，但不能和but连用
      • While引导让步状语从句时一般位于句首：While I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they cannot be solved.
    • 目的状语从句
      • In order that可置于主句前或后，so that只能置于主句之后
        • Speak louder so that/in order that the people in the hall can hear.
        • In order that we get there on time, we should set out early.
      • in case以免；for fear that唯恐，生怕
    • 结果状语从句
      • So……that和such……that位于句首时主句要部分倒装
        • So fast did he runned that……
        • So anxious am i that……
    • 条件状语从句
      • unless=if not：You will fail the exam unless you work hard.
• 特殊句式
  • 感叹句/祈使句/强调句
    • 强调句式：It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他
      • 除强调部分为人且作主语时用who/that，其他全部用that
      • 一般疑问句结构：Is/Was it+被强调的部分+that/who+其他
        • Was it in the library that you met tom?
      • 特殊疑问句
        • Where was it that you met tom?
      • It was/is not until…+被强调部分+that+其他
    • do用于祈使句
      • I do hope to receive your early reply.
      • Do remember to lock the door when you leave the office.
  • 倒装
    • 部分倒装
      • never/seldom/hardly/rarely/little等位于句首时引起部分倒装
        • Never will my mother go to park again.
      • so/such……that
      • Only+状语位于句首
        • Only when she shouted at me could i hear what she was saying.
      • neither/so/nor+助动词/系动词/情态动词+i
        • If mother won't go, neither will I.
      • as/though引导让步状语从句
        • 若位于句首的是单数可数名词，则其前不加冠词
          • Child as he was, he finished his task with great courage.
        • 形容词/副词+as/though+主语+动词
          • Tired as/though he was
          • Much as I like Paris
    • 全部倒装
      • 表地点的介词短语位于句首
        • On the platform was a student.
      • 表示时间的副词then/now位于句首时
        • Then came the boy.
      • 直接引语位于句首
        • "……",said the teacher.
      • 表示方位的副词here/there/out/in/up/down/away位于句首
        • There went the boy.
        • 主语只能是名词不能是代词（here it comes.)
  • 省略
    • 在while/where/when/as if/though/no matter what/until等引导的状语从句中，谓语部分含be动词，从句主语和主句主语一致或从句主语是it，主语和谓语中be动词可以一起省略
      • You should't read books while having meals.
    • if so/if eve如果曾发生的话r/if busy/if not/if necesssary/if any如果有的话
    • I'd like to(do sth.)
    • I'm afraid/hope/think/guess/believe(that……)
• 名词性从句
  • 引导词
    • 从属连词
      • that：不充当成分
        • 不可省略的情况
          • that引导主语从句位于句首，that引导表语从句或同位语从句，it作形式宾语that引导真正的宾语
          • 主句谓语后跟两个或两个以上宾语从句，第一个可省略其他不可省略：She said (that) she had broken up with him, that she was heartbroken, and that she will never fall in love again.
        • （同位语从句）位于某个抽象概念名词之后，起解释说明作用（news, idea, fact, promise, conclusion, theory, doubt, hope, word消息, possibility等）
      • whether,if
        • 主语、表语、同位语从句中表示“是否”只能用whether，it作形式主语时可用if
        • 宾语从句中可通用，除1.介词后2.其后跟不定式3.其后紧跟or not4.引导让步状语从句时用whether
      • because,as if/though
    • 连接代词
      • who(ever), whom, what(ever), whose, which(ever)
    • 连接副词
      • when(ever), where, wherever, why, how
• 语序是陈述语序