基础会计学

香港大学硕士基础会计学课程笔记，包含框架的目的 持续经营假设、 财务报表要素的定义、 财务报表要素的确认等。

IASB Framework

purpose of a conceptual framework

The purpose of a conceptual framework is to provide a coherent set of principles:

to assist standard setters to develop a consistent set of accounting standards for the preparation of financial statements

to assist preparers of financial statements in the application of accounting standards and in dealing with topics that are not the subject of an existing applicable accounting standard 协助财务报表编制者应用会计准则和处理现行适用会计准则不涉及的主题

to assist auditors in forming an opinion about compliance 服从遵守 with accounting standards 对审计原则的合规性形成意见

to assist users in the interpretation of information in financial statements 帮助财报使用者理解财报

Qualitative characteristics of useful financial information

Fundamental qualitative characteristics

Relevance

it is capable of making a difference in the decisions made by the capital providers as users of financial information (i.e. the information will affect their decision making) 信息影响决策

predictive value

confirmatory value

Faithful representation

completeness

adequate or full disclosure of all necessary information

neutral

absence of bias

free from material error

no inaccuracies and omissions

Enhancing qualitative characteristics

Comparability

Verifiability

Timeliness

Understandability

Cost constraint on useful financial reporting

Materiality

Going concern assumption

the going concern assumption 持续经营假设

e.g. depreciation-assumed that the assets will not be sold in the near future but will continue to be used in operating activities,资产的当前市场价值就不那么重要，除非企业面临破产清算，则需要“强制”出售资产。在这种情况下，资产不应按其账面价值入账，而应按其清算价值入账

Definition of elements in financial statements

Assets

definition

A resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity 由于过去的事件而被主体控制的资源，预计未来的经济利益将由此流入主体

This definition identifies three essential characteristics of an asset

it can be exchanged for another asset

inventory

it can be used to settle a liability

cash

it can be used singly or in combination with other assets to produce goods or services to be sold by the entity

equipment

The entity must have control over the future economic benefits in such a way that the entity has the capacity to benefit from the asset in the pursuit of the entity's objectives, and can deny or regulate the access of others to those benefits. 企业必须能够控制未来的经济利益，使其能够在追求企业目标的过程中从资产中获益，并能够拒绝或限制他人获得这些利益

Items that we have no control over their future economic benefits: superior workforce, company reputation and political connections, etc.

一定是过去发生了什么事;也就是说，使主体对未来经济利益产生控制权的一个或多个事件必须已经发生

例如，仅仅签署一份未来购买电脑的协议可能不是过去的事情，因为该协议可以撤销，并且不会让你“控制”电脑未来的经济利益。通常情况下，只有当您实际获得计算机时(例如，您已经支付了费用或有责任支付费用)才具有这种控制权，而这是过去的事件

Liabilities

definition

A present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits. 因过去事件而产生的当前债务，其结算预计将导致体现经济利益的资源从主体流出

There are a number of important aspects concerning this definition:

Equity

Income

Revenue

income which has arisen from ‘the ordinary activities of an entity’

Gains

income that does not necessarily arise from the ordinary activities of the entity

Expenses

Recognition of elements of financial statements

IAS 2 INVENTORIES

The nature of inventories

one of the most important assets

make up a significant proportion of current assets

The cost of sales during the period is normally the largest expense of such entities

IAS 2.6 defines inventories as assets that are

held for sale in the ordinary course of business

finished goods / merchandise

in the process of production for such sale

work-in-progress

in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or in the rendering of services

在生产或提供服务的过程中被consume

raw materials and supplies

Measurement of inventory

Initial Recognition

存货按成本确认

Subsequent Recognition

存货在后续核算中应以成本cost和可变现净值realisable value中较低者计量

Determination of cost

IAS 2.11：costs of purchase of inventories

purchase price

tax：import duties and other taxes

向税务机关追缴的除外 other than those subsequently recoverable by the entity from the taxing authorities

cost e.g. transport

directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods, materials and services

Trade discounts, rebates退还款 and other similar items are deducted in determining the costs of purchase

Trade and cash discounts

从存货成本中扣除

参考例题1：Cash Discount---借记inventory-----数据：the amount of discount

Deferred payment terms 递延付款

the difference between the amount paid and a purchase on normal credit terms

which must be recognised as interest expense over the period of deferral

the purchase cost contains financial element

Other costs

只有在“将存货运至其现有地点和状况时发生”

e.g. transportation costs, import duties, and taxes

Excluded costs

不能包括在存货成本中的成本，必须在发生时确认为费用

abnormal amounts of wasted materials, labour or other production costs

储存费用 storage costs, unless necessary in the production process before a further production stage

管理费用 administrative overheads that do not contribute to bringing inventories to their present location and condition

销售费用 selling costs

Accounting for inventory

Periodic method 定期盘存

conducting a physical count 单位×数量

Cost of sales (or cost of goods sold COGS)=Opening inventory+Purchases+Freight inwards进货运费−Purchase returns−Cash discounts received−Closing inventory

Advantage & Disadvantage

cost effective and easy to apply

exact quantity and cost of inventory cannot be determined on a day-to-day basis; it is not possible to identify stock losses or posting errors

不可能确定股票损失和发布错误

Perpetual method 永续盘存

Advantage & Disadvantage

up-to-date information about the quantity and cost of inventory on hand will always be available

及时

more complicated and expensive than the periodic method

End-of-period accounting 期末

为了确保报告的存货、销售成本和其他费用的数字准确和完整，必须在每个会计期末执行某些程序

Physical count 实物盘点

Perpetual method

存货必须在每个会计期末清点，以确定期末存货的账面价值

清点完成，在永续法下，将手头的数量与记录的数量进行比较，并调查所有差异

记录错误可以纠正，但已损失的货物价值应予以核销

Recording errors can be corrected, but the value of goods that have been lost should be written off

例题---期末调整的会计分录

Periodic method

根据定期方法进行定期盘点，以核实每个存货项目记录数量的准确性，但如果历史上发现存货差异不大，则不必在报告期末进行定期盘点

盘点完成，根据这种方法，盘点数量就会被分配成本，并记录存货的账面价值，并据此计算销售成本

Goods in transit 在途商品

Where goods are purchased on an FOB shipping basis, the goods belong to the purchaser from the time they are shipped, and should be included in inventory/accounts payable at the end of the reporting period. 如果货物是以离岸价装运方式购买，货物自装运之日起就属于买方，应在报告期末计入存货/应付帐款

If goods are purchased on FOB destination terms, no adjustment will be required because the goods still legally belong to the supplier 如果货物是按FOB目的地条款购买的，则不需要调整，因为货物在法律上仍然属于供应商

Under the periodic method, the amount of inventory is determined periodically (normally annually)

Consignment inventory 寄售库存

Under a consignment arrangement, an agent (the consignee) agrees to sell goods on behalf of the consignor on a commission basis. The transfer of goods to the consignee is not a legal sale/purchase transaction. Legal ownership remains with the consignor until the agent sells the goods to a third party 在寄售安排下，代理人(收货人)同意在佣金的基础上代表发货人销售货物。将货物转让给收货人不是合法的销售/购买交易。在代理将货物出售给第三方之前，法定所有权仍属于发货人

Goods owned by the entity that are held by consignees must be added to the physical count 代理人持有的实体所有的货物必须加到实物盘点中

Assigning costs to inventory on sale

First-in, first-out (FIFO)

先购买的先出售

Weighted-average 加权平均

weighted average：The average may be calculated on a periodic basis

moving average：each additional shipment is received

Consistent application of costing method 成本核算方法的一致性应用

一旦选择了成本核算方法(会计政策)，管理层就不能随意地从一种方法切换到另一种方法

根据IAS 2.19，从一种成本计算方法改为另一种成本计算方法需要对财务报表进行调整，以显示好像一直采用了新方法的信息(即追溯 retrospectively)

Net realisable value

在正常业务过程中估计的销售价格减去估计的完成成本和估计的进行出售所需的成本

资产的销售价格在扣除所有销售费用后的实际售价

Write-down to net realisable value

Inventories are usually written down to net realisable value on an item-by-item basis or on a group basis provided that the products have similar purposes or end uses, and are produced and marketed in the same geographical area 如果产品具有相似的目的或最终用途，并且在同一地理区域生产和销售，则存货通常按逐项或按组记入可变现净值

Reversal of prior write-down to net realisable value

如果(先前导致存货低于成本减记的)情况发生变化，或者如果新的评估确认可变现净值增加，则先前减记的金额可以反转(以原始减记的上限为限)

NPV变为13000，超过存货成本，转回； NPV比成本高，就不用记write-down expense

成本与NPV孰低

IAS 16 PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

The nature of PPE

IAS 16.6将PPE定义为tangible items有形项目

用于生产或提供货物或服务，出租(经营租赁)给他人，或用于管理目的

production or supply of goods or service

rental (operating lease) to others

for administrative purposes

are expected to be used during more than one period

recognition criteria

PPE应确认为资产，当且仅当

it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the entity

the cost of the item can be measured reliably

Initial measurement of PPE

符合确认为资产条件的财产、厂房和设备项目应按其成本计量

purchase price

not necessarily in cash

the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value 公允价值 of the other consideration (form of payment) given to acquire an asset at the time of its acquisition or construction. E.g. investment shares

The date on which the fair values should be measured is the date on which the acquirer obtains control of the asset or assets acquired 取得该资产控制权的日期. At this date, the acquirer must be able to reliably measure the cost of the asset 资产能够可靠计量

公允价值如果不能可靠计量，那就不能确认资产成本

The cost of acquiring the bundle of assets shall be allocated to the individual identifiable assets 个人可辨认资产and liabilities on the basis of their relative fair values at the date of purchase在购买日的相对公允价值为基础的负债 取得该捆资产的成本，应当按照购买日的相对公允价值比例，分摊到个别可辨认资产和负债中

directly attributable costs 直接可归属成本

necessary cost, directly attribute to PPE

capitalize into asset cost

The key feature of those costs included in the cost of acquisition is that they are directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management 这些成本包含在收购成本中的关键特征是，它们直接归因于将资产带到能够以管理层预期的方式运作的必要位置和条件

costs of employee benefits arising directly from the construction or acquisition of the item of property, plant and equipment 因建造或购置物业、厂房和设备而直接产生的员工福利成本

costs of site preparation

initial delivery and handling costs

installation and assembly costs — where buildings are acquired, associated costs could be the costs of renovation 翻新，整修

costs of testing whether the asset is functioning properly

professional fees

initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item or restoring the site on which it is located 对拆除和移走物品或修复其所在场地的费用进行初步估计

拆撤成本decommissioning cost：Costs of dismantling拆卸, removal or restoration

capitalized into the asset

在资产最初确认之日，企业需要估计最终拆除和移除资产并恢复其所在地所需的任何费用

The expected costs, measured on a present value basis, are capitalised into the cost

As with directly attributable costs, the dismantling and removal costs are depreciated over the life of the asset

Measure subsequent to initial recognition

IAS 16.29 recognises two possible measurement models

The choice of PPE measurement model is an accounting policy decision

use one model only

That policy is not applied to individual assets but to an entire class of PPE

cost model

Revenue and capital expenditures 收入和资本支出

是否在未来能够带来更多经济利益

能--capital expenditures

asset

不能--revenue expenditures

expense

PPE确认为资产后，应按其成本减去累计折旧和累计减值损失入帐

Depreciation

没有规定使用任何特定的折旧方法。企业选择的方法应当以最能反映资产所体现的未来经济利益的预期消耗方式的方法为基础；如果盈利模式改变，则应更换最适合的折旧模式

Under the cost model, after initial recognition, an asset continues to be recorded at its original cost. The subsequent carrying amount is determined after adjustments are made only for depreciation and impairment losses

three methods for estimating depreciation

直线法 Straight-line method

用于期望在资产的整个使用寿命期间平均获得收益的情况

cost less residual value 成本减去残值

余额递减法 Diminishing-balance method

如果收益模式是在资产生命周期的早期获得更多收益，则使用此方法。随着资产年龄的增长，预计每年的收益会减少

产量法 Units-of-production method

基于资产的预期使用或产量。使用的变量可以是生产小时数或生产产量

Depreciable amount

the cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for cost，less its residual value

资产成本-剩余价值

Residual value

如果资产在其使用寿命结束时已达到预期使用年限并处于预期使用状态，则主体在扣除估计处置成本后，当前从资产处置中获得的估计金额 if the asset were already of the age and in the condition expected at the end of its useful life

Residual value could be zero when the assets are to be used for the whole or majority of their useful lives

Useful life

预计某项资产可供主体使用的期间

预计从该资产获得生产单位或类似单位的数量

e.g.

物理磨损 physical wear and tear

技术过时 technical or commercial obsolescence

租赁到期 expiry dates of related leases

There is no necessary relationship between useful life to the entity and the economic life of the asset.

Several factors affect the depreciation estimation

other choice of depreciation methods

othe assessment of residual value

the assessment of useful life

revaluation model

After recognition as an asset, an item of property, plant and equipment whose fair value can be measured reliably shall be carried at a revalued amount, being its fair value at the date of the revaluation less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and subsequent accumulated impairment losses. 公允价值能够可靠计量的财产、厂房、设备，确认为资产后，应当按重估日的公允价值减去后续累计折旧和后续累计减值损失，以重估金额记帐

需定期进行，确保不出现重大差异

IAS 16.39-40分别包含将公允价值方法应用于重估增加和减少的原则

Revaluation increases

the increase作为损益profit&loss(other comprehensive income)，计入equity；

be recognised in other comprehensive income

Revaluation decreases

the decrease shall be recognised in profit or loss.

be recognised in P&L

Application of the revaluation model

class by class 按类别对财产、厂房和设备项目应用公允价值计量基础

在对重估的增减进行会计处理时，会计处理以该类内的单个资产为基础

do revaluation for Building A, Building B, Building C,....separately(asset by asset)

Transfers from asset revaluation surplus: to Retained Earnings 由盈余转向留存收益(Equity)

two circumstances where the asset revaluation surplus may be transferred to retained earnings

where the asset is derecognized

where an asset is being used up over its useful life

Depreciation of revalued assets

Derecognition

IAS 16.67 identifies two occasions where derecognition of an item of property, plant and equipment should occur:

处置，例如出售资产

未来使用或处置均无经济效益

当PPE出售时，无论剩余经济利益是多还是少，出售主体均应确认该资产的利得或损失，该损益应确定为出售所得净额与出售时资产账面金额之间的差额

损益=售价-资产账面价值

Compare the CA at the time of disposal with the net proceeds received

Proceeds > CA

Gain

Proceeds < CA

Loss

分录难搞，例题多看看

Summary

Cost Model

CA=Cost-Accumulated Depreciation - Accumulated Impairment Loss

Revaluation Model

CA=Fair Value(in the last revaluation)- Accumulated Depreciation (since last revaluation)- Accumulated Impairment Loss (since last revaluation)

IAS 40 INVESTMENT PROPERTIES

Definition and classification of investment properties

Investment property is defined in IAS 40.5

land or buildings (or both, or part of a building), held by an owner or by a lessee

to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both

investment purpose

rather than for use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes or sale in the ordinary course of business

investment properties examples

classified as investment property

property held for long-term capital appreciation;

a building that is leased out to a third party under an operating lease; or a vacant building that is held with the intention to lease it out under an operating lease;

a property being constructed or developed for future use as an investment property; and

land whose use is undecided (the standard assumes that the land is held for capital appreciation)

not classified as investment property

property that is owner-occupied (should be under IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment);

property that is leased out to a third party under a finance lease (should be under IFRS 16 Leases);

property held for sale in the ordinary course of business (should be under IAS 2 Inventories)

property being constructed or developed on behalf of third parties (should be under IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers).

Measurement of investment properties

initially measurement

On acquisition, an investment property is initially measured at cost 在收购时，投资物业最初是以成本计量的

Subsequent measurement

Subsequent measurement permits a choice between the cost model and the fair value model. However, cost model is compulsory if the fair value is not reliably measurable on a continuing basis 后续计量允许在成本模型和公允价值模型之间进行选择。但是，如果公允价值不能可靠地以持续基础计量，则必须采用成本模型

IAS 40.55 does not permit a change from the fair value model to the cost model if the fair value becomes difficult to measure. If fair value is not readily available, the property is then measured at the last known fair value until such time that a revised fair value becomes available 如果公允价值难以计量，IAS 40.55不允许从公允价值模式改为成本模式。如果公允价值不容易获得，则以最后已知的公允价值计量该财产，直到修订后的公允价值可用为止

Use of the cost model Same as IAS 16

CA=Original cost-accumulated depreciation-accumulated impairment loss

Use of the fair value model Very different from Revaluation Model under IAS 16

A must

The fair value model requires that the investment property be initially measured at cost and at the end of the reporting period it is remeasured to its fair value 公允价值模式要求投资性房地产最初按成本计量，并在报告期末重新计量为公允价值

任何因投资物业的公允价值变动而引致的后续利得或损失，均于该等损益产生当期确认

以公允价值计量的投资物业不计提折旧或进行减值测试

Transfers in and out of investment property

Transfers out of investment property

当投资物业成为业主自住时-在这种情况下，它必须转移为PPE

当投资性物业开始开发，目的是转售resale-在这种情况下，必须转移为inventory

Reclassify from IP under IAS 40 to inventory under IAS 2

Transfers in of investment property

当业主自住的物业不再由业主占用时-在这种情况下，该物业立即从物业、厂房和设备转移到投资性物业

在正常经营过程中出售的物业在经营租赁operating lease下出租时，立即从存货转入投资物业

IP(FV) -> deemed cost of the PPE/Inventory

从以公允价值记帐的投资性财产转移到自住财产或存货的，按照IAS 16或IAS 2对该财产进行后续核算的视同成本应为其在使用变更之日的公允价值

Deemed Cost = FV at the date of change

PPE(revaluation) -> IP(FV)

如果业主自住物业成为将以公允价值记帐的投资性物业，则主体应适用IAS 16至使用变更之日。在该日期，主体应以与按照IAS 16进行重估相同的方式处理按照IAS 16进行重估的财产账面金额与其公允价值之间的任何差异

Difference between CA and FV at the date of change

Treat it as revaluation upwards (OCI) / downwards (P&L) under IAS 16

Inventory (remeasurement）-> IP(FV)

从存货转至投资性财产并以公允价值记帐的，该财产在该日的公允价值与其先前的账面价值之间的差额，应确认为损益

Difference between CA and FV at the date of change

Treat it as revaluation gain / loss through P&L

当主体采用成本模式时，投资物业、自住物业和存货之间的转移不会改变转移物业的账面金额，也不会改变该物业的成本以进行计量或披露

IAS 38 INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The nature of intangible assets

Defination

An identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance. 无实物的可识别非货币性资产

e.g. licences 许可证, franchises 特许权, copyrights, patents

Recognition and initial measurement

Recognition criteria

it is probable that the future economic benefits attributable to the asset will flow to the entity (i.e. the entity must have 'control' over those future economic benefits); and

the cost of the asset can be measured reliably

同时满足

initial measurement

purchase price

购买价格+税

including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates 包括进口关税和不可退还的购置税，扣除贸易折扣和回扣后

any directly attributable cost of preparing the asset for its intended use

Most internally generated intangibles 内部产生的无形资产 (e.g. goodwill 商誉) shall not be recognised as an asset

To assess whether an internally generated intangible asset meets the criteria for recognition, an entity classifies the generation of the asset into:

(a) a research phase

Expenditure on research phase shall be recognised as an expense when it is incurred as it cannot demonstrate this expenditure will generate probable future economic benefits

expense

(b) a development phase

An intangible asset arising from development (or from the development phase of an internal project) shall be recognised if, and only if: an entity can demonstrate technical feasibility, intention to complete and use or sell it, the probability to generate future economic benefits, the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and reliable measurement of the expenditure during development

expense/intangible asset

The cost of an internally generated intangible asset

Sum of expenditure (e.g. costs of materials and services, costs of employee benefits, fees to register a legal right) incurred from the date when the intangible asset first meets the recognition criteria at the development phrase

Summary

Purchased intangibles can be recognized on the balance sheet in general

Identifiable (can be separately acquired)

Probable future economic benefits (legal ownership over the asset and the market price indicates future economic benefits)

Reliable measurement of asset cost (price of the purchased item)

Internally generated intangibles cannot be recognized on the balance sheet in general

May or may not be identifiable (e.g. customer list may be identifiable but reputation is not)

Future economic benefits are not probable (minimal or no control over the future benefits)

No reliable measurement of asset cost

Measurement subsequent to initial recognition

Cost model

the asset is recorded at the initial cost of acquisition and is then subject to amortisation 摊销 and impairment testing. 在成本模型下，资产按初始收购成本入账，然后进行摊销和减值测试。

Carrying amount = Original cost – accumulated amortization – accumulated impairment losses

Revaluation model

the asset is carried at fair value, and is subject to amortisation and impairment charges.

Carrying amount (i.e. revalued amount)= FV (from last revaluation date) – accumulated amortization (since last revaluation date) – accumulated impairment losses (since last revaluation date)

Fair value must be measured by reference to an active market

intangibles such as brands, newspaper mastheads, patents and trademarks 商标

cannot be measured at fair value, as there is no active market for these assets because they are unique.

These intangible assets can be measured only at cost

-Accounting for intangible assets measured using the revaluation model is exactly the same as for PPE

revaluation increase

revaluation decrease

Amortisation of intangible assets

A key determinant in the amortisation process for intangible assets is whether the useful life is finite or indefinite 摊销的measurement关键是确定使用寿命是有限的还是无限的

finite

the asset has to be amortised over that life

indefinite

there is no annual amortisation charge

IAS 36 IMPAIRMENT OF ASSETS

The purpose and scope of IAS 36 Impairment of assets

Defination of impairment loss

An impairment loss is the amount by which the carrying amount of an asset or a cash-generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount 减值损失是指资产或现金产生单位的账面价值超过其可收回价值的数额

IAS 36.2 states that not all assets are subject to impairment testing. Assets to which IAS 36 does not apply include, for example, inventories (under IAS 2 Inventories), financial assets (under IFRS 9 Financial Instruments), investment properties measured at fair value (under IAS 40 Investment Properties) etc.

When to undertake an impairment test

Only assets are considered to be more uncertain and these assets are not subjected to an annual amortisation charge 摊销 must undertake impairment test every year. IAS 36.10 identifies these assets as follows:

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives

Intangible assets not yet available for use

Goodwill acquired in a business combination

Other than the above assets, an entity has to consider various sources of information whether there is sufficient evidence to suspect that an asset may be impaired.

Management should consider internal and external sources of evidence that might indicate the possibility of impairment listed under IAS 36.12.

External sources of evidence such as asset's value, entity's environment/market, interest rates and market capitalization 市值.

Internal sources of evidence such as obsolescence 废弃淘汰 or physical damage, changed use within the entity and economic performance of the asset 该资产在实体内的用途和经济效益发生了变化.

Impairment test for an individual asset

公允价值与使用价值孰低

Impairment test involves comparing the carrying amount of an asset with its recoverable amount 可回收金额.

Under IAS 36.6, recoverable amount of an asset or a cash-generating unit is defined as the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. 公允价值减去处置成本与使用价值比较，以较高者为准

Fair value is defined as an exit price and can be measured using a number of valuation techniques in accordance with IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement.

Costs of disposal 处置成本 is the cost that directly associated with either the sale of the asset or getting the asset ready for sale such as legal costs, stamp duty and similar transaction taxes, costs of removing the asset, and direct incremental costs to bring the asset into condition for sale (IAS 36.28) 法律费用，印花税和类似的交易税，移除资产的成本，以及使资产进入出售状态的直接增量成本

Value in use is the present value of future cash flows relating to the asset being measured 未来现金流量现值

在进行减值测试时，并不总是需要同时计量扣除处置成本后的公允价值及其使用价值。如果这些金额中的任何一个大于账面金额，则资产未减值

Recognition and measurement of an impairment loss for an individual asset 确认和计量资产减值损失

the recoverable amount of an asset< carrying amount

an impairment loss occurs, and the asset must be written down from its carrying amount to the recoverable amount

Where an asset is measured using the cost model

Impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss

There is no need to write off any existing accumulated depreciation or create a separate accumulated impairment account

Where an asset is measured using the revaluation model (i.e. at fair value)

Impairment loss is treated as a revaluation decrease in accordance with IAS 16.

Regardless of whether the cost model or the revaluation model is used, once the impairment loss is recognised, any subsequent depreciation/amortisation is based on the new recoverable amount 无论采用成本模型还是重估模型，一旦确认减值损失，任何后续折旧/摊销均以新的可收回金额为基础

Cash-generating units (no goodwill)

一些资产产生现金流是由几个资产的组合而不是单独产生的。例如，工厂中的机器与工厂中的其他资产一起工作以生产可销售的商品。

IAS 36.6 defines CGU as:‘A CGU is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets.’ 《国际会计准则第36.6号》将CGU定义为:“CGU是产生现金流入的最小可识别资产组，其现金流入在很大程度上独立于其他资产或资产组的现金流入。”

An impairment loss occurs when the carrying amount of the assets of a cash-generating unit (CGU) exceeds their recoverable amount. 当现金产生单位(CGU)的资产账面价值超过其可收回金额时，就会发生减值损失。

如果减值损失在未记录任何商誉的现金产生单元中确认，IAS 36.104规定，减值损失的分配应根据该单元中每项资产的账面价值按比例分配，以减少该单元资产的账面价值。

IAS 36.105 places some restrictions on an entity's ability to write down assets due to impairment. For each asset, the carrying amount should not be reduced below the highest of

(1) its fair value less costs of disposal (if measurable)

(2) its value in use (if determinable)

(3) zero.

We cannot write down assets below zero or below their recoverable amounts.

Cash-generating units (with goodwill)

What is goodwill

Goodwill is recognised only when it is acquired in a business combination

Goodwill, which has no definite life, is not subject to amortisation 不需要摊销. It must be tested for impairment annually or more frequently if there is an indication the unit may be impaired

Impairment loss must be allocated to reduce the carrying amount of the assets of the unit in the following order: 减值损失必须按以下顺序分配，以减少单位资产的账面金额

firstly, to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the cash-generating unit 首先，减少分配给现金产生单位的商誉的账面金额

then, to the other assets of the unit pro rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset in the unit 按本单位各项资产的账面价值按比例分配给本单位的其他资产

Corporate Assets

Corporate assets e.g. head office (for admin support), R&D centre (for R&D support) are integral to all CGUs generating cash flows but do not by themselves independently generate cash flows. 公司资产，例如总部(用于行政支持)、研发中心(用于研发支持)，是产生现金流的所有cgu的组成部分，但它们本身并不能独立产生现金流。

According to IAS 36.102, corporate assets shall be allocated to CGUs on a reasonable and consistent basis (e.g. based on CGU’s carrying value). 根据IAS 36.102，公司资产应在合理和一致的基础上分配给CGU(例如，基于CGU的账面价值)。

Reversal of an impairment loss

IAS 36.110 requires an entity to assess at the end of each reporting period whether there are indications that an impairment loss recognised in previous periods may not exist or may have decreased. IAS 36.110要求主体在每个报告期末评估是否有迹象表明以前期间确认的减值损失可能不存在或可能减少。

Reversal of an impairment loss — individual asset

Where the recoverable amount is greater than the carrying amount of an individual asset (other than goodwill), the reversal of a previous impairment loss requires adjusting the carrying amount of the asset to recoverable amount. 当可收回金额大于单项资产(商誉除外)的账面金额时，先前减值损失的逆转需要将该资产的账面金额调整为可收回金额。

Carrying amount cannot be increased to an amount in excess of the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized (IAS 36.117). 账面金额不能增加到超过在未确认减值损失的情况下本应确定的账面金额(IAS 36.117)。

Reversal of an impairment loss — cash-generating unit

Reversal of the impairment loss is allocated pro rata to the assets of the unit, except for goodwill, with the carrying amounts of those assets (IAS 36.122).

For the individual assets, carrying amount of an asset cannot be increased above the lower of its recoverable amount (if determinable) and the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset in previous periods (IAS 36.123).

Reversal of an impairment loss — goodwill

Impairment loss recognised for goodwill shall not be reversed in a later period

IFRS 5 NON-CURRENT ASSETS HELD FOR SALE AND DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS

Scope of IFRS 5 Non-Current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations

The classification and presentation requirements of IFRS 5 apply to all recognised non-current assets and to all disposal groups of an entity, except for those covered in other standards

e.g. deferred tax assets under IAS 12 Income Taxes, investment properties measured at fair value under IAS 40 Investment Properties, financial assets under IFRS 9 Financial Instruments

Disposal group is defined as a group of assets to be disposed of, by sale or otherwise, together as a group in a single transaction, and liabilities directly associated with those assets that will be transferred in the transaction. (Appendix A of IFRS 5) 处置组的定义是在单一交易中以出售或其他方式作为一个整体处置的一组资产，以及将在该交易中转让的与这些资产直接相关的负债。

Classification of non-current assets (or disposal groups) as held for sale

An entity shall classify a non-current asset (or disposal group) as held for sale if its carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use (IFRS 5.6). In order for this to be the case: 如果非流动资产(或处置组)的账面金额主要通过出售交易而不是通过持续使用收回，则主体应将其归类为持有以供出售

Asset (or disposal group) must be available for immediate sale in its present condition

its sale must be highly probable.可能性高

management管理层 must be committed to a plan to sell the asset (or disposal group)

there must be an active programme to locate a buyer

the asset (or disposal group) must be actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value

the sale should be expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year from the date of classification. The sale could be completed in one year

probability of shareholders’approval (if required in the jurisdiction) should be considered

An extension of the period required to complete a sale does not preclude阻止 an asset (or disposal group) from being classified as held for sale if the delay is caused by events or circumstances beyond the entity's control and there is sufficient evidence that the entity remains committed to its plan to sell the asset (or disposal group).

An entity shall not classify as held for sale a non-current asset (or disposal group) that is to be abandoned. This is because its carrying amount will be recovered principally through continuing use. 企业不得将拟放弃的非流动资产(或处置组)归为持有待售资产。这是因为其账面金额将主要通过继续使用来收回

Measurement of non-current assets classified as held for sale

An entity shall recognise an impairment loss for any initial or subsequent write-down of the asset (or disposal group) to fair value less costs to sell. 主体应将资产(或处置组)的任何初始或后续减记确认为公允价值减去出售成本的减值损失。

An entity shall not depreciate (or amortise) a non-current asset while it is classified as held for sale or while it is part of a disposal group classified as held for sale. 当非流动资产被归类为待售或属于待售处置组时，主体不得对其进行折旧(或摊销)

Non-current assets classified as held for sale (or non-current assets being part of a disposal group classified as held for sale) are included in the statement of financial position as current items. 分类为持有待售的非流动资产(或分类为持有待售的处置组中的非流动资产)作为流动项目包括在财务状况表中。

Re-measurement (another impairment testing) is needed if, by the year end, the non-current asset (or disposal group) classified as held for sale is unsold and the FV less costs of disposal has changed. 如果到年底时，分类为待售的非流动资产(或处置组)未售出，且处置成本减现值发生变化，则需要重新计量(另一次减值测试)。

Discontinued operations

A discontinued operation is a component of an entity that either has been disposed of, or is classified as held for sale, and 已终止经营是指一个实体的一个组成部分，该部分要么已被处置，要么被归类为待售，并且

(a)represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations, 代表一个独立的主要业务线或运营的地理区域;

(b)is part of a single coordinated plan to dispose of a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations or 是一个单独的协调计划的一部分，以处理一个单独的主要业务线或地理区域的操作或

(c)is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale. 是专门为转售而收购的子公司

According to IFRS 5.33, an entity shall present a single amount in the statement of comprehensive income comprising the total of: 根据国际财务报告准则5.33，主体应在综合收益表中列报由以下总额组成的单一金额:

i.the post-tax profit or loss of discontinued operations and 已终止业务的税后利润或亏损

ii.the post-tax gain or loss recognised on the measurement to fair value less costs to sell or on the disposal of the assets or disposal group(s) constituting the discontinued operation. 按公允价值计量确认的税后利得或损失减去构成已终止经营的资产或处置组的出售成本或处置成本。

IAS 23 BORROWING COSTS

Definition of borrowing costs

An entity shall apply IAS 23 in accounting for borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset 主体应适用《国际会计准则第23号》，对可直接归属于符合条件的资产的收购、建造或生产的借款成本进行会计处理

Defination

interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds

Recognition criteria for borrowing costs

An entity shall capitalize borrowing costs as part of the cost of a qualifying asset

qualifying asset

an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale 需要相当长的一段时间才能准备好使用或出售的资产

我们必须确保这是一项合格的资产，然后才能将借款成本资本化。无论我们最终出售或使用符合条件的资产，只要它是符合条件的资产，我们都可以将借款成本资本化

two types of borrowings

specific borrowings

These are loans exclusively for financing the asset acquisition/construction/production of the qualifying asset. The interest expense incurred in relation to such specific borrowings can be capitalized 这些贷款专门用于为qualifying asset的收购/建设/生产提供资金，与这类借款有关的利息费用可以资本化

In case there is interest income arising from the investment of excessive funds, such income cannot be recognized on the P&L. Instead, the interest income will offset the interest expense of the specific borrowings (i.e. it will reduce the borrowing costs that can be capitalized) 超额资金投入产生利息收入的，不能在损益表上确认。相反，利息收入将抵消特定借款的利息费用(即，它将减少可资本化的借款成本)。

general borrowings

These are loans for supporting the company's operation in general

We capitalize the interest expense of the general borrowings based on:

the weighted-average cost of borrowings 加权平均借款成本 and

the actual period that we utilize the general borrowings for funding the asset acquisition/construction/production in the current year.

TIPS

在任何情况下，我们将首先使用specific borrowings(如果有的话)来支付收购/建造/生产qualifying asset的支出。如果这还不够，我们将使用general borrowings

企业在某一期间资本化的借款成本金额不得超过该期间发生的借款成本金额

【Important！！！】Concept Quiz #1

Commencement, suspension and cessation of capitalization

Commencement of capitalization 资本化的开始

An entity shall begin capitalising borrowing costs as part of the cost of a qualifying asset on the commencement date 主体应在开始日期开始将借款成本资本化，作为合格资产成本的一部分

when the entity first meets all of the following conditions:

(a) it incurs expenditures for the asset; 引起了资产的支出

(b) it incurs borrowing costs; and 产生借贷成本

(c) it undertakes activities that are necessary to prepare the asset for its intended use or sale. 企业进行了为资产准备其预定使用或出售所必需的活动

Suspension of capitalization 资本化暂停

An entity shall suspend capitalisation of borrowing costs during extended periods in which it suspends active development of a qualifying asset. 暂停qualifying asset的积极开发

However, an entity does not normally suspend capitalising borrowing costs during a period when it carries out substantial technical and administrative work or when a temporary delay is a necessary part of the process of getting an asset ready for its intended use or sale. 进行重大技术和行政工作期间， 或者在资产准备使用或出售的过程中，暂时延迟qualifying asset的开发是必要的一部分时 不暂停资本化

Cessation of capitalization 资本化停止

An entity shall cease capitalising borrowing costs when substantially all the activities necessary to prepare the qualifying asset for its intended use or sale are complete. 为准备qualifying asset的预期使用或出售而进行的所有必要活动基本上都已完成

When an entity completes the construction of a qualifying asset in parts and each part is capable of being used while construction continues on other parts, the entity shall cease capitalising borrowing costs when it completes substantially all the activities necessary to prepare that part for its intended use or sale. 当主体完成了部分合格资产的建造，并且在其他部分继续建造时，每一部分都能够使用，则当主体完成了为准备该部分的预期使用或出售而进行的基本所有必要活动时，应停止将借款成本资本化

Disclosure

Paragraph 26 of IAS 23 requires an entity to disclose

(a) the amount of borrowing costs capitalised during the period; and

(b) the capitalisation rate used to determine the amount of borrowing costs eligible 符合条件的 for capitalisation

IAS 37 – PROVISIONS, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND CONTINGENT ASSETS

Definition of a provision

Liability

a present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits.

Provision

a subset of liabilities

“estimated/unknown” liability

Examples

A provision is recognised for warranty of goods sold

Provision for warranty

A provision is recognised for a legal obligation of restoring a landscape or cleaning up contaminations

Provision for restoration costs

The key distinguishing factor between provisions and other 'known' liabilities (e.g. accounts payable) is the uncertainty relating to either the timing of settlement or the amount to be settled.

1.When to settle the liability

2.How much to settle the liability

3.To whom to settle the liability

'known' liabilities' these questions are certain

Constructive Obligation

Legal enforceability is not a necessary requirement to demonstrate the existence of a liability. An entity may have a constructive obligation, arising from normal business practice or custom, to act in an equitable manner. 法律的可执行性并不是证明责任存在的必要条件

A constructive obligation is defined as an obligation that derives from an entity's actions where an established pattern of past practice (including published or sufficiently specific current statements) indicates to other parties that the entity will accept certain responsibilities, consequently creating a reasonable expectation from those parties that the entity will discharge those responsibilities (IAS 37.10). 建设性义务被定义为一种源于实体行为的义务，在这种行为中，过去惯例的既定模式(包括已公布的或足够具体的当前报表)向其他各方表明该实体将接受某些责任，从而使这些各方产生该实体将履行这些责任的合理期望

建设性义务：指企业在某些情况下，虽然没有法律上的义务，但是由于过去的行为或者其他原因，已经形成了一种道德上或者实际上的义务

you should consider to recognize a liability on the balance sheet.

For example

a constructive obligation arises when an entity has a long-standing policy that allow customers to return the products within a certain period.

a constructive obligation also arises when an entity makes a public announcement to implement a plan or project within a timeframe.

e.g. ABC Limited announced today that it is going to lay off 6,000 workers. A constructive obligation arises and a provision of the redundancy compensation冗余补偿 has to be made

Definition of a contingent liability

A contingent liability is defined in the standard as

legal litigation(court decision is the future event)/ loan guarantee(whether the borrower defaults on the loan is the future event)

A.a possible obligation that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the entity; or

B.a present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognised because:

(i)it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; or 不太可能需要流出体现经济利益的资源来偿还债务

(ii)the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability. 债务数额不能以足够可靠的方式计量

A contingent liability is to be disclosed in the financial statements unless the probability of any outflow is regarded as remote 除非认为或有负债流出的可能性很小，否则应在财务报表中披露

Very low probability/ very unlikely

The recognition criteria for provisions

IAS 37.14 requires a provision to be recognised when

A.an entity has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event; 一个实体由于过去的事件而负有现在的义务(法律上的或建设性的)

B.it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; and 很可能需要流出体现经济利益的资源来偿还债务

C.a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. 可以对债务数额作出可靠计量

If these conditions are not met, no provision shall be recognised

Measurement of provisions

Provision is measured using the best estimate which represents, as closely as possible, what the entity would rationally pay to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period or to provide consideration to a third party to assume it. Provision是用最佳估计数来计量的，该估计数尽可能接近该实体为在报告期间终了时结清现有债务或向第三方提供承担该债务的对价而合理支付的数额

The standard has provided guidance on estimation of a provision which involves a large population of items. e.g. expected value method (weighting all possible outcomes by their associated probabilities) and most likely outcome method 该标准为涉及大量项目的准备金的估计提供了指导。例如期望值法(通过相关概率对所有可能结果进行加权)和最可能结果法

most likely outcome就是自己估计一个最合适的数

Provisions are required to be discounted to present value where the effect of discounting is material (IAS 37.45). 在折现影响重大的情况下，Provisions须折现为现值

Risks and uncertainties surrounding the events and circumstances should be taken into account in reaching the best estimate of a provision. Risk is usually adjusted in the future cash flows or the discount rate. 在对一项拨备作出最佳估计时，应考虑到有关事件和情况的风险和不确定性。风险通常在未来现金流量或贴现率中进行调整

Applications in Practical Situations

Decommissioning provisions

When an entity is required to remove an asset at the end of its useful life and to restore the site where it was located, these decommissioning costs are required to be provided for.

A provision is required to be recognised at the time the asset is being constructed as the environmental damage requiring restoration in the future presumably starts at that point in time.

Restructuring provisions

IAS 37 defines a restructuring as “a programme that is planned and controlled by management, and materially changes either (a) the scope of a business undertaken by an entity; or (b) the manner in which that business is conducted” (IAS 37.10). 由管理层计划和控制，并实质性改变(A)实体承担的业务范围的方案;或(B)经营该业务的方式

(A)实体承担的业务范围的方案;或

(B)经营该业务的方式

To raise a restructuring provision, the entity must have a present obligation (either legal or constructive) to restructure and only costs that are directly and necessarily caused by the restructuring and not associated with the ongoing activities of the entity may be included in a restructuring provision. 要提出重组条款，实体必须有重组的现行义务(无论是法律上的还是建设性的)，并且只有直接和必然由重组引起的成本，以及与实体正在进行的活动无关的成本，才能包括在重组条款中。

Contingent assets

A contingent asset is a possible asset that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the entity (IAS 37.10). 或有资产是指由过去事件产生的可能资产，其存在仅由一个或多个不完全在主体控制范围内的未来不确定事件的发生或不发生来确认(《国际会计准则第37.10号》)。

IAS 37 does not allow the recognition of a contingent asset and disclosures are required when an inflow of benefits is probable. 《国际会计准则第37号》不允许确认或有资产，而在可能发生利益流入时，则要求进行披露。

Disclosure

For each class of provision, an entity shall disclose

a.the carrying amount at the beginning and end of the period;

b.additional provisions made in the period, including increases to existing provisions;

c.amounts used (i.e. incurred and charged against the provision) during the period;

d.unused amounts reversed during the period; and

e.the increase during the period in the discounted amount arising from the passage of time and the effect of any change in the discount rate.

Comparative information is not required

IAS 7 STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

Defining cash and cash equivalents

现金流量表的总体目的是提供企业在按经营、投资和融资活动分类的期间内现金和现金等价物的历史变化情况

Defination

Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits 现金+活期存款

Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. 现金等价物是短期的、高流动性的投资，可以很容易地转换成已知数量的现金，而且价值变化的风险很小

IAS 7.7 explains that cash equivalents are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments, and not for investment or other purposes 现金等价物目的：满足短期现金需求，而不是为了投资或其他目的

Classifying cash flow activities

Defination

Operating activities are the principal revenue-producing activities of the entity and other activities that are not investing or financing activities.

Investing activities are the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investments not included in cash equivalents. 收购和处置不包括在现金等价物中的长期资产和其他投资

Financing activities are activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the contributed equity and borrowings of the entity. 导致企业认缴股本和借款的规模和构成发生变化的活动

Typical cash receipts and payments are classified by activity

Classifying interest and dividends received and paid

IAS 7.31 requires cash flows from interest and dividends received and paid to be disclosed separately and classified consistently from period to period as operating, investing or financing activities. 《国际会计准则第7.31号》要求，收到和支付的利息和股息产生的现金流量应单独披露，并在不同期间一致地分类为经营活动、投资活动或融资活动。

Some entities classify interest paid and interest and dividends received as operating cash flows while other entities classify interest paid as financing cash flows and interest and dividends received as investing cash flows. 一些主体将支付的利息和收到的利息和股息归类为经营性现金流量，而其他主体将支付的利息和股息归类为融资性现金流量，将收到的利息和股息归类为投资性现金流量

Classifying taxes on income

IAS 7.35 requires income tax paid to be separately disclosed in the statement of cash flows and classified as cash flows from operating activities, unless it can be specifically identified with financing or investing activities. IAS 7.35要求在现金流量表中单独披露已支付的所得税，并将其分类为经营活动产生的现金流量，除非它能够与融资或投资活动特别识别。

Format of the statement of cash flows

The general format of a statement of cash flows follows the three cash flow activities. Cash flows from operating activities are presented first, followed by cash flows from investing activities and then those from financing activities 现金流量表的一般格式遵循三种现金流量活动。首先是经营活动的现金流量，其次是投资活动的现金流量，然后是融资活动的现金流量

The resultant net increase or decrease in cash and cash equivalents during the period is then used to report the movement in cash and cash equivalents from the balance at the beginning of the period to the balance at the end of the period. 由此产生的当期现金和现金等价物的净增或净减，然后用于报告现金和现金等价物从期初余额到期末余额的变动。

Reporting cash flows from operating activities

IAS 7.18 provides that cash flows from operating activities may be reported using either direct or indirect method. Although both methods are permitted, IAS 7 explicitly encourages the use of the direct method. 国际会计准则第7.18号规定，经营活动产生的现金流量可以采用直接法或间接法报告。虽然两种方法都是允许的，但IAS 7明确鼓励使用直接法。

Direct method

presents major classes of gross cash receipts and gross cash payments in the statement of cash flows 在现金流量表中列出现金收入总额和现金支付总额的主要类别

Indirect method

adjusts profit or loss for the effects of

transactions of a non-cash nature; 非现金性质的交易;

any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments, and; 过去或未来经营性现金收入或付款的任何递延或应计

items of income or expense associated with investing or financing cash flows. 与投资或融资现金流有关的收入或费用项目。

Preparing a statement of cash flows

Cash flows from operating activities (Direct method)

Determining cash receipts from customers

Determining cash paid to suppliers and employees

Determining interest paid

Determining income tax paid

Cash flows from operating activities (Indirect method)

Cash flows from investing activities

Cash flows from financing activities

IAS 10 EVENTS AFTER THE REPORTING PERIOD

IAS 10 Events After the Reporting Period

The objective of IAS 10 is to prescribe when an entity should adjust its financial statements for events after the reporting period, and what disclosures the entity should make about events after the reporting period.

IAS 10.3将报告期后事件定义为发生在报告期结束之后但在授权发布财务报表之前的事件。

Events after the reporting period are classified as being:

Adjusting events

provide further evidence of conditions that existed at the end of the reporting period 提供了报告所述期间结束时存在情况的进一步证据

Non-adjusting events

indicate conditions that arose after the end of the reporting period

Adjusting events after the reporting period

IAS 10.8 requires an entity to adjust the amounts recognised in its financial statements to reflect adjusting events after the reporting period.

Examples of an adjusting event:

The settlement after the reporting period of a court case which confirms an entity had a present obligation at the end of the reporting period 在报告所述期间结束后法院案件的解决，证实一个实体在报告所述期间结束时负有现行义务

A trade receivable recorded at the end of the reporting period is shown to be irrecoverable because of the insolvency of the customer that occurs after the reporting period. 在报告期末记录的应收帐款显示为无法收回，因为客户在报告期末后破产

Sales of inventories after the reporting period at the amount lower than cost indicate overstatement of inventories at the end of the reporting period. 在报告期末以低于成本的金额销售存货，表示在报告期末虚报存货。

The determination after the reporting period of the cost of assets purchased or proceeds of the sale of assets before the end of the reporting period. e.g. professional fees in the acquisition of a PPE before year end are only invoiced after year end 在报告期末后对购置资产的成本或在报告期末前出售资产所得款项的确定。 例如，在年底前购买PPE的专业费用只在年底后开具发票

The determination after the reporting period of the amount of profit-sharing or bonus payments which confirms the existence of obligation at the end of the reporting period. 在报告期间结束后对利润分享或奖金支付金额的确定，以确认在报告期间结束时存在义务

Non-adjusting events after the reporting period

IAS 10.10 states that an entity shall not adjust the amounts recognised in its financial statements to reflect non-adjusting events after the reporting period.

Although these events are not adjusted for, IAS 10.21 requires the following disclosure for each material category of non-adjusting event after the reporting period: 虽然未对这些事项进行调整，但IAS 10.21要求在报告期后对每一重大类别的非调整事项进行以下披露

the nature of the event; and

an estimate of its financial effect, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made

Examples of a non-adjusting event:

(a)A decline in the market value of investments between the end of the reporting period and the date when the financial statements are authorised for issue. 投资的市场价值在报告期终了至授权发行财务报表之日之间的下降

(b)Declaration of dividend after the reporting period. 报告期后的股息申报

(c)A major business combination or disposal of major subsidiary after the reporting period. 报告期后发生重大企业合并或主要子公司的处置

(d)Announcing a plan to discontinue an operation. 宣布计划停止一项行动

(e)Major purchases of assets, classification of assets as held for sale. 主要购买的资产，持有待售的资产分类

(f)Destruction of a major production plant by a fire after the reporting period. 主要购买的资产，持有待售的资产分类

(g)Announcing, or commencing the implementation of, a major restructuring. 宣布或开始实施重大重组的

(h)Major ordinary share transactions and potential ordinary share transactions after the reporting period. 报告期后的主要普通股交易及潜在普通股交易

(i)Abnormally large changes in asset prices or foreign exchange rates after the reporting period. 报告期后资产价格或外汇汇率发生异常大的变动。

(j)Changes in tax rates or tax laws enacted or announced after the reporting period that results in significant effects in deferred tax balance. 在报告期间之后颁布或宣布的税率或税法的变化，对递延所得税余额产生重大影响的

(k)Entering into significant commitments or contingent liabilities. 承担重大承诺或或有负债

(l)Commencing major litigation arising solely out of events that occurred after the reporting period. 仅因报告期后发生的事件而提起重大诉讼的。