Air Pollution and Water Pollution

这是一个关于Air Pollution and Water Pollution的思维导图，介绍了空气污染和水污染的定义、原因、后果，创新的解决方案。

POLLUTION

• WATER POLLUTION
  • Definition(s)
    • Chemical industrial pollution(related to human beings):harmful substances—often chemicals—contaminate a stream,river,lake or aquifer,or other bodies of water,degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to people and the environment.
    • Biological pollution(most of which related to the nature itself):microorganisms contaminate the body of water,leading to the destruction of the ecosystem in this area.
  • Causes
    • 1.physical property:Water is uniquely vulnerable to pollution. Known as a “universal solvent,” water is able to dissolve more substances than any other liquid on earth.
    • 2.Agricultural reason:Around the world, agriculture is the leading cause of water degradation. Every time it rains, fertilizers, pesticides, and animal waste from farms and livestock operations wash nutrients and pathogens—such bacteria and viruses—into our waterways.（strong relation to bio-pollution)
    • 3.Sewage and waste water:Used water is wastewater. It comes from our sinks, showers, and toilets (think sewage) and from commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities (think metals, solvents, and toxic sludge). The term also includes stormwater runoff, which occurs when rainfall carries road salts, oil, grease, chemicals, and debris from impermeable surfaces into our waterways
    • 4.Radioactive substances:Radioactive waste is any pollution that emits radiation beyond what is naturally released by the environment. It's generated by uranium mining, nuclear power plants, and the production and testing of military weapons, as well as by universities and hospitals that use radioactive materials for research and medicine. Radioactive waste can persist in the environment for thousands of years, making disposal a major challenge.
  • Consequences
    • Human health:To put it bluntly: Water pollution kills. In fact, it caused 1.8 million deaths in 2015, according to a study published in The Lancet. Contaminated water can also make you ill.
    • Environment:In order to thrive, healthy ecosystems rely on a complex web of animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi—all of which interact, directly or indirectly, with each other. Harm to any of these organisms can create a chain effect, imperiling entire aquatic environments.
  • Innovative solutions
    • With action:
      • Individual:do an investigation of the unique quality of water where he/she lives.Start building a picture of the situation so he/she can discover where his/her actions will have the most impact.Maybe it will interest neighbours to join this meaningful action.(a preventive method)
      • Authorities:Regulations directly on water pollutions might not be as useful as the legislators think?Maybe it's the right time to impose water pollution taxes,based on the property,the amount of wastewater the enterprises produced.
      • Social groups:impose impact on the society to raise people's awareness.
    • With voice:make full use of propoganda methods to let more people know,except for traditonal advertises,multi-media like tik-tok should be on the list.
• SOIL POLLUTION
  • Definition(s)
    • Soil pollution refers to the dangerously high concentrations of contaminants in soil. While contaminants such as metals, inorganic ions, salts, and organic compounds naturally occur in soils, these can exceed natural levels and qualify as pollution.
  • Causes
    • Agriculture (excessive/improper use of pesticides)
    • Excessive industrial activity
    • Poor management or inefficient disposal of waste
    • radiation leak
  • Consequences
    • 1.Human beings:Soil contaminants can exist in all three phases (solid, liquid, and gaseous). Therefore, these contaminants can find their way into the human body via several channels such as direct contact with the skin or through the inhalation of contaminated soil dust.
    • 2.Plants and Animals:Since soil pollution is often accompanied by a decrease in the availability of nutrients, plant life ceases to thrive in such soils. Soils contaminated with inorganic aluminium can prove toxic to plants. Also, this type of pollution often increases the salinity of the soil, making it inhospitable for the growth of plant life.
    • 3.The Ecosystem:Since the volatile contaminants in the soil can be carried away into the atmosphere by winds or can seep into underground water reserves, soil pollution can be a direct contributor to air and water pollution.
  • Innovative solutions
    • 1.scientific investigation help remove pollutant from the soil based on the situation in particular place.
    • 2.preventive measures.set up the red line to make soil pollution under control.
    • 3.adaptive method(need support of biotechnology):make the plants adapt to the environment.