認識 R

認識 R思维导图，主要包含了What 、 WHY、 Which、基本操作等。

認識 R

• What
  • 1. R(appeared in 1993) was created by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at the University of Auckland. 2. R is an implementation of the S programming language(appeared in 1976) combined with lexical scoping semantics inspired by Scheme. S was created by John Chambers while at Bell Labs. 3. R is not a statistics program per se, but a programming language that works very well for statistics. 4. Version of R: alpha(1997), 1.0(2000), 2.0(2004), 3.0(2013)
  • originators
    • Ross Ihaka
      • The University of Auckland, New Zealand
      • R : Past and Future History
    • Robert Gentleman
  • contributors
  • based on
    • S language
      • John Chambers
        • Bell Labs
      • commercial implementation
        • S-PLUS
  • version
    • 主版本號.子版本號.修正版本號 套件的相容性依主版本號而定
    • core group(1997)
      • 1.0(2000-02)
        • 2.0(2004-10)
          • 3.0(2013-04)
            • the latest release for Windows
  • a statistics program
    • a programming language
      • works very well for statistics
• Why
  • 1. http://www.statmethods.net 2. http://r4stats.com/articles/popularity/ 3. 2013年KDnuggets調查 http://www.kdnuggets.com/2013/08/languages-for-analytics-data-mining-data-science.html 4. R is a command line programming language, easy to keep an explicit record of actions performed 5. R can integrate with other packages and language 6. Google picture search: --r's popularity --r in data analysis --Popularity of Data Analysis Software
  • Quick-R: Why use R?
    • Why R has A Steep Learning Curve
  • r4stats.com
    • Articles>The Popularity of Data Analysis Software
    • Why R is Hard to Learn
      • 2012-06-13
      • 2014-12-09
        • Unhelpful Help
        • Misleading Function or Parameter Names
        • Too Many Commands
        • ...
  • KDnuggets
    • Annual Software Poll
      • 15th
      • 16th
      • 17th
  • TIOBE Index
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIOBE_index TIOBE stands for "The Importance Of Being Earnest". (updated once a month)
• Which
  • R
    • 1. OS: Linux, Mac, Windows 2. choose CRAN mirror(Taiwan)-->Download R for Windows-->base 3. CRAN(Comprehensive R Archive Network)is a network of ftp and web servers around the world that store identical, up-to-date, versions of code and documentation for R. 4. 設定語系: 將"C:\Program Files\R\R-3.2.3\etc\Rconsole"檔案中的"language"設為"En"
  • RStudio
  • R commander
  • RKWard
    • install KDE
• Where
  • websites
    • CRAN
      • 1. CRAN Task Views: Each 'Task View' relates to a research area or method (e.g. 'Spatial, 'Genetics, 'Graphics') and gives a brief overview of the packages that may be useful for your analysis ref. a. CRAN Task Views - Mathematics and Statistics http://www.maths.lancs.ac.uk/~rowlings/R/TaskViews/ b. another look at CRAN Task Views(3021 packages as of May, 2011) http://www.r-bloggers.com/another-look-at-cran-task-views/ c. currently, https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ 2. Documentation>Contributed: Manuals, tutorials, etc. provided by users of R.
    • Quick-R
    • r4stats
    • rseek.org
      • A custom front-end to Google search engine to assist in finding content related to the R language.
    • Rbloggers
      • A center for R users to find and read bloggers who write about the statistical programming language, R.
      • Learn R
    • StackOverflow
      • 1. A language-independent collaboratively edited question and answer site for programmers. 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_Overflow
    • Learn Data Science Online
    • inside-R
      • A Community Site for R – Sponsored by Revolution Analytics
    • For Dummies
    • Wikipedia
      • Wikibooks
        • R Programming
      • Wikiversity
        • How to use R
    • R Graph Gallery
      • Google search: R Graph Gallery https://plot.ly/r/ http://rgraphgallery.blogspot.tw/ http://scs.math.yorku.ca/index.php/R_Graphs_Gallery http://www.sr.bham.ac.uk/~ajrs/R/r-gallery.html http://www.r-graph-gallery.com/
    • etc.
  • University web
    • Resources to help you learn and use R
      • Institute for Digital Research and Education University of California, Los Angeles
    • Applied Nonparametric Statistics
      • Department of Statistics Eberly College of Science The Pennsylvania State University
    • Getting Started with "R"
      • Boston University School of Public Health
    • Data wrangling, exploration, and analysis with R
      • Department of Statistics UBC University of British Columbia, Canada
  • R Project Documentation>Books
  • youtube
• When
  • anytime
• How
  • 基本操作
    • 標記&符號
      • command prompt
        • >
      • continuation prompt
        • +
      • command seperation
        • ;
      • cancel a command
        • Esc
      • comment character
        • #
      • assignment symbol
        • • 在 Rstudio 中可用 alt+-打出"
          • =, ->
      • case sensitive
      • Google's R Style Guide
    • 工作目錄
      • getwd()
      • setwd()
      • windows
        • slash
        • backslash
    • Help
      • help.start()
      • help/?
        • example()
      • help.search/??
      • RSiteSearch()
    • 建立資料
      • basic data type
        • 數值(numeric)
          • integer
          • double
        • 複數(complex)
        • 邏輯值(logical)
          • TRUE/T
          • FALSE/F
        • 文字(character)
          • built-in Constants
            • ?Constants
              • pi
              • letters
              • LETTERS
              • month.abb
              • month.name
          • 常用函數
            • paste()
        • 原始資料(raw)
          • charToRaw()
          • rawToChar()
      • 常用函數
        • c()
          • concatenate, combine, collect
        • seq()
        • rep()
      • Datasets
        • data()
          • iris
          • head(iris)
          • tail(iris)
          • str(iris)
          • summary(iris)
          • View(iris)
        • UCI Machine Learning Repository
    • 資料輸入/輸出
      • scan()
      • cat()
      • read.csv()
      • write.csv()
    • 基本運算
      • ^,+-(unary),+-*/,%/%,%%
      • Basic Mathematical Functions
        • abs(), log(), sin(), factorial(), sum(), prod(), ..., etc.
      • 排序
        • sort()
        • rank()
        • order()
  • data object type
    • vector(向量)
      • 元素
        • 性質相同
        • 元素指標
          • [ ]
      • 建立方式
        • c()
        • seq()
        • rep()
    • matrix(矩陣)
      • 建立方式
        • dim()
        • matrix()
        • cbind()、rbind()
      • 矩陣運算
        • +、-、*、/、%*%
    • array(陣列)
      • 建立方式
        • dim()
        • matrix()
    • factor(因子)
      • 建立方式
        • factor()
        • as.factor()
        • ordered
    • data fraem(資料框)
      • 不同類型資料
      • 二維結構
    • list(串列)
      • 不同
        • 類別
        • 長度
      • 元素指標
        • [[ ]]
    • time series(時間序列)
      • ts()
    • 判別/轉換
      • is.datatype()
      • as.datatype()