语言学第一章

语言学第一章：Introduction：prescriptive 规定式 vs. descriptive 描述式；competence 能力 and performance 运用。

Introduction

• linguistics
  • definition
    • scientific study of language
  • scope
    • Micro-linguistics
      • sound
        • phonetics 语音学
        • phonology 音系学
      • form
        • morphology 形态学
        • syntax 句法学
      • meaning
        • semantics 语义学
        • pragmatics 语用学
    • Macro-linguistics
      • sociolinguistics 社会语言学
      • psycholinguistics 心理语言学
      • applied linguistics 应用语言学
      • stylistics 文体学
      • anthropological linguistics 人类语言学
      • sociolinguistics 神经语言学
      • computational linguistics 计算机语言学
  • distinctions
    • prescriptive 规定式 vs. descriptive 描述式
      • p: lay down rules
      • d: describe and analyze
    • synchronic 共时性 vs. diachronic 历时性
      • s: some point of time
      • • synchronic enjoy priority over diachronic
      • d: a period of time
    • speech 言语 and writing 文字
      • speech is prior to writing
    • langue 语言 and parole 言语
      • l: abstract and stable
      • • Saussure
          • Langue is easier to investigate
      • p: concrete and changeable
    • competence 能力 and performance 运用
      • c: knowledge of the rules
      • • Chomsky
          • should study competence
      • p: konwledge in communication
    • traditional grammar and modern linguistics
      • t: precriptive, written, Latin-based framework
      • m: dseriptive, spoken, not force a Latin-based framework
• language
  • definition
    • a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
      • sysytem
      • arbitrary
      • vocal
      • human
  • design features
    • C. Hockett
      • arbitrary 任意性
        • intrinsic
          • except for onomatopoeic 拟声词 and compound word 复合词
      • productivity 创造性
      • duality 二重性
        • lower level: meaningless
        • high level: meaning
      • displacement 移位性
        • in any time and space
      • cultural transmission 文化传递
        • transmitted trough teaching and learning
      • interchangeability 互换性
        • speaker and hearer can exchange
  • functions
    • main functions（3）
      • descriptive function 描述功能
        • convey factual information
      • expressive function 表达功能
        • feelings, preferences, prejudices, values
      • social function 社会功能
        • serves to establish social relations
    • Jckobson（6）
      • Addresser-Emotive 情感
      • Addressee-Conative 意动
      • Context-Referential 指称
      • Mesesag-Poetic 诗歌
      • Contact-Phatic communion 交际性谈话
      • Code-Metalinguistic 元语言
    • M.A.K. Halliday(3)
      • ideational 概念的
      • interpersonal 人际的
      • textual 语篇的
    • extension（3）
      • Informative 信息功能
      • Performative 施为功能
      • Recreational function 娱乐功能