Selective Attention

这是一篇关于Selective Attention的思维导图，主要内容包括：Spotlight metaphor of selected attention，Perceptual Load Theory，Late-selection Theory，Early-selection Theories。

Selective Attention

• Early-selection Theories
  • First：Filter Model
    • • Sensory store: Holds income infor for a shor time
      • Filter: Analyzes infor based on physical characteristics
      • Detetor: Process infor to determine meaning
    • laid out：Perception and Communication
    • Support: a Split-Scan Study
      • Present letters at the same time to each ear
      • Two condition
        • Repeat back all letters in any order
          • 65% correct letter report
          • Report all letters presents to one ear first
        • Repeat back letters in the order they were present
          • 20% correct letters report
      • Conclusion: Harder to switch channels to report back letters
    • Explain
      • How we pay attention to one ear and ignore stimuli coming into the other ear
      • Why we prefer to process stimuli that come into one ear all at once as opposed to switching channels
    • Problems
      • infro that don't pass filter can go to the detector(Cocktail Party Effect)
      • Flexibility issue: Inability to explain the processing of information on meaningful material
  • Second: Attenuation Model
    • • Dictionary Unit
        • The infro gets passed on to the dictionary unit(semantic code)
        • Threshold: Below Bar →Deceted
          • Every world you know has a strength value associated with it (the strength threshold for a signal to be detected)
    • Explain
      • Hearing your name in a busy environment when that stream is supposed to be ignored(Cocktail Party Effect)
      • Respond to your name when asleep
      • Switching channels in order to make a complete sentence
    • Problems
      • Where is a dictionary?
      • Where and How dictionary get into our mind
      • Ambiguous sentence study: Unattention infor has an influence based on its meaning
  • Difference
    • Filter Model suggest that unattended infor is filtered out completely
    • Attenuation Model suggest unattended infor is weakened but still affect processing
• Late-selection Theory
  • Late selection based on meaning of stimuli and context
  • Early-Selection VS. Late-Selection
    • Same: both have "bottlenecks"
    • Difference: bottleneck is befor or after semantic code
• the Bottleneck Theories
• Perceptual Load Theory
  • Theory
    • Everyone has limited attentional capasity
    • Amount allocated to the main task depends on its perceptual load
      • High-Load task(need most of cognitive resources): Only selected items are processed
      • Low-Load Task(cognitive resources are left over): can process additional infor
    • Any spare capacity is automatically given to the unattended input
  • How does the PLT reconcile the Bottleneck Theories
    • High-load Task: Early selection, discard irrelevant stimuli based on physical characteristics
    • Low-load task: Late selection, process stimuli further up to the semantic level
• Spotlight metaphor of selected attention
  • Spotlight metaphor
    • Deal with what we attend to, not whar we filter out
    • We are able to enhance the perception of stimuli that are of particular importance to us
    • We are still processing all the stuff that we are perceiving, but our attention only focus on the stuff that is important
  • 3 question
    • How large is the spot region: task difficulty→arousal level→available cognitive resources
    • Who turns the spotlight
      • Goal directed attention
        • Top-down
          • what we like
          • we want now
          • important and challenging
        • Esecutive control
        • Dorsal fronto-parietal network
      • Stimulus dirven attention
        • Botton-up(Attention Capture)
          • Certain stimuli cause an involuntary shift of attention
          • can be suppressed by top-down control with prectise
        • Cueing
        • Ventral fronto-parietal network
    • What happens outside of the spotlight