The cooperative principle (人们不约而同共同遵守的交际规范)
Quantity
Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange).
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
Quality
Try to make your contribution one that is true.
Do not say what you believe to be false
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence
Violation: An unspoken lie.（即虚假广告） Flouting: A blatant and exaggerated lie.
Hedges
Hedges belongs to the cooperative principle.
It used to indicate that what we are saying May not be totally accurate.
It also be used to show that the speaker is conscious of the quality maxim.
Markers tried to the expectation of relevance (from the maxim of relation) can be found in the middle of speakers' talk when they say things like 'Oh by the way' and go on to mention some potentially unconnected information during a conversation.
The awareness of the expectation of manner may also lead speakers to produce hedges.
Special cases
Somebody in the courtrooms and classrooms may was asked to upon to tell people things which are already well-known to those people. Such specialized institutional talk is clearly different from conversation.
Somebody in the courtrooms and classrooms may was asked to upon to tell people things which are already well-known to those people. Such specialized institutional talk is clearly different from conversation.
Manner
Avoid obscurity of the expression
Be brief(avoid unnecessary prolixity)
Conversational implicature
Generalized conversational implicatures 一般会话含义（可与语境脱离，即无须提供额外的语境信息即可解读会话信息。）
No special knowledge is required in the context to calculate the additional conveyed meaning.
A number of other generalized conversational implicatures are dommonly communicated on the basis of ascale of values and are consequently known as scalar implicatures.
Scalar implicatures（等级会话含义）属于一般会话含义
Certain information is always communicated by choosing a word which expresses one value from a scale of values.
The basis of scalar implicature is that, when any form in a scale is asserted, the negative of all forms higher on the scale is implic-ated.
Particularized conversational implicatures 特殊会话含义（依赖于语境，需要提供额外的语境信息，一般违背相关性，说话者希望听众能结合语境体会话语背后的暗含意思。）
Most of the time, our conversations take place in very specific con-texts in which locally recognized inferences are assumed. Such inferences are required to work out the conveyed meanings which result from particularized conversational implicatures.
particularized con-versational implicatures are typically just called implicatures.
Properties of conversational implicatures.
Conventional implicatures 规约含义
Conventional implicatures are not based on the cooperative prin-ciple or the maxims. They don't have to occur in conversation, and they don't depend on special contexts for their interpretation.
Eg: the words: but（与前者相反）, even, yet(与预期相反), and（并列or表动作先后）, therefore...
Conversational implicatures can be calculated, suspended, cancelled, and reinforced. None of these properties apply to conventional implicatures.
会话含义可以被计算、中止、取消和加强，这些性质都不适用于常规含义。
Conversational implicatures are deniable)They can be explicitl denied (or alternatively, reinforced) in different ways. 会话含义是可否认的。会话含义可以通过不同的方式被明确地否认（或强化）
