虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）

英语 虚拟语气 思维导图，虚拟语气是说话者用来表示假设，或难以实现的情况，而非客观存在的事实。所陈述的是一个条件，不一定是事实，甚至完全与事实相反。

虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）

• 一、定义及分类
  • 定义
    • 英语中语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气、疑问语气和感叹语气五类。 虚拟语气是说话者用来表示假设，或难以实现的情况，而非客观存在的事实， 所陈述的是一个条件，不一定是事实，甚至完全与事实相反。 此外如需表达主观愿望或某种强烈的感情时，也可用虚拟语气。虚拟语气通 过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。
      • 1. 虚假 2. 未发生
        • 虚假
          • 与真实情况相反（现在/过去）
          • 零概率/低概率事件（将来）
          • if 型虚拟
        • 未发生
          • 针对愿望，表述强烈
            • should 型虚拟
  • 分类
    • if型与should型
• 二、if型--if条件句及相近变化
  • 虚假
    • 与真实情况相反（现在/过去）
    • 零概率/低概率事件（将来）
    • if 型虚拟
  • （一）、判定--真实还是虚拟
    • 真实与虚拟：
      • If he is free，he will ask me to tell stories. （真实）
      • If there were no air，people would die. （虚拟）
    • 判断标准：看条件从句能否满足
      • 能--真实
        • 如果你跳，我也跳。
      • 不能--虚拟
        • 如果我是你，我就跟他离婚。
  • （二）if型
    • 1.基本型
      • If I had not seen the sun, I could have borne the shade.（过）
      • If all stars were to disappear /disappeared/should disappeared or die, I should look at the empty sky.（将）
      • If there were no air or water，there would be no living things on the earth.（现）
      • 1. 一分主从，二分时间 2. 虚拟中无was （if 型虚拟） 3. should/could/would/might 分含义
    • 2.错综条件句
      • 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，在英 语中通常称为“错综时间条件句”。其主从句谓语动词的形式则要根据其所 表示的时间做出相应的调整以对应其所表示的动作行为。 （各按各的，从句用从句的时间，主句用主句的时间）
      • If they had informed us（过），we would not come here now（现）.
    • 3.倒装
      • 如果条件从句中包含有 were, had, should，有时可把 if 省略掉，把 were, had, should 放在主语前。(做题技巧：做选择题时，情态动词在句首，此时只可能是should)
      • If I were Tom，I would refuse. → Were I Tom，I would refuse.
      • If it had not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time. → Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time.
    • 4.含蓄条件句
      • 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来。在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without…，but for…（要不是因为...）等。
      • --介词/连词结构：
        • with, without, thanks to, but for, or, or else, otherwise, if not
        • With his help, we would have done it already.
        • He came on time. Otherwise, he would not have entered the dormitory.
      • --分词/名词短语
        • Born in better times, he would have been a scholar. （分词短语条件句）
        • A few hours earlier, you would have met the famous writer. （名词短语条件句）
    • 5.wish型虚拟
      • wish + 宾语从句
        • I wish we could/would not be set apart.
      • if only + 感叹
        • If / if only you had not uttered that sentence!
      • as if/as though 引导的方式状从从句
      • 1. 识别关键词 2. 找到时间
    • 6.had rather/ would rather/(would sooner)型虚拟
      • 宁愿+
        • 现/将 did/were
        • 过去 had done
      • I'd rather you had seen the film yesterday.
      • I'd rather you stayed/not left.
    • 7.had hoped/expected等，表过去未曾实现
      • had hoped/expected/intended/thought/supposed + would do
      • I had intended that i would make a cake.
• 三、should 句型
  • 未发生
    • 针对愿望，表述强烈
      • should 型虚拟 +(should) do
  • 1. suggest, require, order, etc. + 名从从句（坚决要命+建想（想：渴望））
    • 在一些表示建议、愿望、要求、请求、劝告、意志、欲望、命令、安排、决定等的动词的宾语从句中，要用虚拟语气。这类动词有： ask, require, request, demand,pray, insist, desire, maintain, propose, suggest, move, urge, advise, recommend, command, order, arrange, decide 等。
    • 一坚持：insisit
    • 一决定：decide
    • 二命令：order ,command
    • 四建议：suggest, propose,advise，recommend
      • I advise that you (should) go to a foregin college for further study.
      • His pale face suggested that he was badly ill (已发生，不虚拟) and he (should) be sent to hospital（未发生，虚拟）.
    • 五个要求：request, require, demand, ask,urge
    • 渴望：desire/want
    • 1. 区分真实和虚拟 2. 这些词+（should）do 3. 主动 do ; 被动 be done
      • 概要
  • 2. it is important, required, etc.（形容词/分词） + 主语从句
    • 在 it is + 表示要求、建议、必要、命令等意思的形容词或分词 + 主语从句的结构中。这类形容词和分词有： advised, advisable, better, desired, desirable, demanded, essential, important, natural, necessary, ordered, proposed, possible, probable, preferable, recommended, required, suggested, strange, urgent, strange, incredible 等；
    • It's necessary （that） we （should） start to do the work right away.
    • It's urgent we （should） send for a doctor at once.
    • It is +adj/分词+主语从句 即：It is +adj/分词+(should) do （主语从句的谓语：（should) do）
      • 概要
  • 3. it is a pity/shame(名词)
    • It is a pity that you (should) forget his name.
    • It is a pity that she （should） call black white.
    • It is a +名词+主语从句 即：It is +名词+(should) do （主语从句的谓语：（should) do）
      • 概要
  • 4. lest / for fear that/ in case （未发生：以免/防止发生/以防万一）
    • She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.
    • Please take the tools with you in case
      • it (should) break down.→ 加重情感，用虚拟
      • it breaks down.→ 不加重情感，不用虚拟
    • 1. 加重情感，用虚拟； 不加重情感，不用虚拟 2. +（should）do
      • 概要
  • 1. 未做，虚拟；已做/真实，不虚拟 2. 主动--do ; 被动--be done → 通常省略should
  • 5. It’s （high/ about） time + 从句
    • It is high time that we stopped（优选）/should stop wasting our time on useless things.
      • 1. + did (优选) 2. + should do（should不省略）
  • 6. so that/ in order that
    • Telephone him at once so（ that） he may not worry about us.
    • We need to hurry up so that he
      • can see us.
      • could see us.
    • + can/could/may/might/will/would + do