导图社区 PET英语语法之间接引语:Reported Speech
根据剑桥PET语法精讲精练相关章节内容详细梳理间接引语中时态、人称、状语、动词等变化规则与语法知识,要点梳理,非常值得学习!
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这张 PET 英语语法思维导图系统归纳各类英语连接词的用法。首先是原因类连接词 because、as、since,because of 后面接名词短语;回答 why 提问只能使用 because,不能用 as 或 since。结果类 so 一般放在句中,therefore 多用于书面、常置于句首,还提供了句式改写和同义互换的练习思路。目的类 to 和 in order to 用来解释行为目的,也可以直接回答 why 引导的问句。转折让步部分,but 放在句中;although 与 though 语气更强,切记二者不可以和 but 同时连用,位置可以是句首或者句中;in spite of 与 despite 后面只能接名词或者名词短语,不能直接接完整句子。并列选择结构 both…and… 表示两者都,可以连接人物、事物或动作;either…or… 表达二选一。最后梳理时间连接词 when、until、before、after、as soon as、while,重点强调时间状语从句描述将来事件时,从句要使用一般现在时,不可以使用 will。导图按语义类别整理连接词,区分句式位置、搭配限制与易错禁忌,配套例句帮助辨析,理清考试高频易错点。无论备考 PET 英语、整理初中连词知识点或是做语法专项复习的人员,都可以借助这份导图梳理记忆。
这张 PET 英语语法思维导图梳理了 So、Such、Enough、Too 的相关用法。首先讲解 so 和 such 的强调用法,so 后直接搭配形容词或者副词;遇到名词时,so 后面只能接 many/few/much/little 再加名词。such 后面一般接(a)形容词再加名词,也可以搭配 a lot of 再加名词,要区分单数可数名词、复数名词以及不可数名词的不同形式。接着介绍 so…that 与 such…that 引导的结果状语从句,so 后接形容词或副词,such 后接名词短语,由 that 引出事件带来的结果,并且配有多组例句示范句式。之后讲解 enough 和 too 的用法,二者含义不同,enough 代表 “足够”,属于肯定含义;too 代表 “太过、过多”,带有否定倾向。在句中的放置位置有明确区别,enough 放在名词前面,放在形容词、副词后面;too 放在 many/much 或者形容词、副词之前。思维导图还整理了和不定式的搭配,too…to 含义为 “太…… 而不能”,enough…to 含义为 “足够…… 可以”,并且点明二者之间可以进行同义句转换,另外还补充了 too/enough 后接 for somebody 或者 something 的句式。整张导图区分易混词汇,整理位置规则与句型转换要点,梳理考试高频考点。无论备考 PET 英语、巩固初中英语基础语法或是做专项刷题复习的人员,都可以借助这份导图理清知识点。
这张 PET 英语语法思维导图讲解定语从句,首先解释什么是定语从句,它的基本功能是对人、事、地点等补充定义和解释,由 who、which、whose、where、that 这类关系代词进行引导,还通过例句拆解主句、关系代词以及定语从句三个组成部分。接着用表格逐一梳理各个关系代词的用法,who 用来指代人,which 用来指代事物,that 既可以指代人也可以指代事物,能够替代 who 或者 which;where 用于地点,还可以用 at/in which 进行替换;whose 表示所属关系,意思是谁的,这一项不能够用 that 替换,每一项都配套示范例句加深理解。之后重点梳理关系代词可以省略和不可以省略的判定规则,当从句内部已经自带主语,关系代词不作从句的主语时,关系代词可以省略;如果关系代词本身充当从句里面动词的主语,后面没有另外新的主语,这时关系代词就不可以省略,同样借助多组例句对照演示两种情形。整套内容从基础概念、单词用法再到省略判定逐层展开,厘清定语从句的核心考点。无论备考 PET 英语、复习初中定语从句知识点或是做语法专项练习的人员,都可以借助这份导图理清学习重点。
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这张 PET 英语语法思维导图系统归纳各类英语连接词的用法。首先是原因类连接词 because、as、since,because of 后面接名词短语;回答 why 提问只能使用 because,不能用 as 或 since。结果类 so 一般放在句中,therefore 多用于书面、常置于句首,还提供了句式改写和同义互换的练习思路。目的类 to 和 in order to 用来解释行为目的,也可以直接回答 why 引导的问句。转折让步部分,but 放在句中;although 与 though 语气更强,切记二者不可以和 but 同时连用,位置可以是句首或者句中;in spite of 与 despite 后面只能接名词或者名词短语,不能直接接完整句子。并列选择结构 both…and… 表示两者都,可以连接人物、事物或动作;either…or… 表达二选一。最后梳理时间连接词 when、until、before、after、as soon as、while,重点强调时间状语从句描述将来事件时,从句要使用一般现在时,不可以使用 will。导图按语义类别整理连接词,区分句式位置、搭配限制与易错禁忌,配套例句帮助辨析,理清考试高频易错点。无论备考 PET 英语、整理初中连词知识点或是做语法专项复习的人员,都可以借助这份导图梳理记忆。
这张 PET 英语语法思维导图梳理了 So、Such、Enough、Too 的相关用法。首先讲解 so 和 such 的强调用法,so 后直接搭配形容词或者副词;遇到名词时,so 后面只能接 many/few/much/little 再加名词。such 后面一般接(a)形容词再加名词,也可以搭配 a lot of 再加名词,要区分单数可数名词、复数名词以及不可数名词的不同形式。接着介绍 so…that 与 such…that 引导的结果状语从句,so 后接形容词或副词,such 后接名词短语,由 that 引出事件带来的结果,并且配有多组例句示范句式。之后讲解 enough 和 too 的用法,二者含义不同,enough 代表 “足够”,属于肯定含义;too 代表 “太过、过多”,带有否定倾向。在句中的放置位置有明确区别,enough 放在名词前面,放在形容词、副词后面;too 放在 many/much 或者形容词、副词之前。思维导图还整理了和不定式的搭配,too…to 含义为 “太…… 而不能”,enough…to 含义为 “足够…… 可以”,并且点明二者之间可以进行同义句转换,另外还补充了 too/enough 后接 for somebody 或者 something 的句式。整张导图区分易混词汇,整理位置规则与句型转换要点,梳理考试高频考点。无论备考 PET 英语、巩固初中英语基础语法或是做专项刷题复习的人员,都可以借助这份导图理清知识点。
这张 PET 英语语法思维导图讲解定语从句,首先解释什么是定语从句,它的基本功能是对人、事、地点等补充定义和解释,由 who、which、whose、where、that 这类关系代词进行引导,还通过例句拆解主句、关系代词以及定语从句三个组成部分。接着用表格逐一梳理各个关系代词的用法,who 用来指代人,which 用来指代事物,that 既可以指代人也可以指代事物,能够替代 who 或者 which;where 用于地点,还可以用 at/in which 进行替换;whose 表示所属关系,意思是谁的,这一项不能够用 that 替换,每一项都配套示范例句加深理解。之后重点梳理关系代词可以省略和不可以省略的判定规则,当从句内部已经自带主语,关系代词不作从句的主语时,关系代词可以省略;如果关系代词本身充当从句里面动词的主语,后面没有另外新的主语,这时关系代词就不可以省略,同样借助多组例句对照演示两种情形。整套内容从基础概念、单词用法再到省略判定逐层展开,厘清定语从句的核心考点。无论备考 PET 英语、复习初中定语从句知识点或是做语法专项练习的人员,都可以借助这份导图理清学习重点。
6 - 间接疑问句(Reporting questions)
特殊疑问句
由疑问词(how, which, when, what, who, why, where, how long)提问的问句
Q-word question
Reporting verb + Q-word +statement
How's your knee?
Tim asked Joe how his knee was.
Where will you play?
Tim asked Joe where he would play.
Why didn't you score?
Tim asked Joe why he hadn't scored.
是非疑问句
可以用yes 或no回答的疑问句
Yes/ No question
Reporting verb + if/whether + statement
Are you happy?
Tim asked Joe if/whether he was happy.
Does your mother always watch?
Tim asked Joe if/whether his mother always watched.
注意
有些时候可用其他动词替代ask
How much do you earn?
I wanted to know how much he earned.
Will they win?
I wondered if they would win.?
导图绘制 | Snowsunshine
导图绘制 | Snowsunshine
制图软件 | 亿图脑图 MindMaster
资料来源 | 剑桥PET语法精讲精练·浙江教育出版社
5 - 动词的变化
said and told
在使用间接引语转述的时候经常会用到said 或told, 但用法不同
said
- He said (that) they would win.
- He said to me (that) they would win.
told
- He told me (that) they would win.
其他动词
在tell,ask或其他一些动词后用动词不定式(infinitive)
tell
- Be careful.
- I told him to be careful.
ask
- Please don't take any photographs.
- He asked us not to take any photographs.
invite
- Would you like to have lunch with me?
- I invited him to have lunch with me.
order
- Write a new article!
- He ordered me to write a new article.
remind
- Remember to watch the match.
- He reminded me to watch the match.
PET英语语法之间接引语:Reported Speech
7 - Polite questions
使用情景
当礼貌询问信息时,使用与间接疑问句中相同的顺序进行提问,但是不改变时态
例句
- Can you tell me when the match starts?
- I'd like to know if there are any tickets left.
8 - 转述指令:Reported commands
使用情景
转述一个指令或要求时可用 tell 之类的动词并接不定式to:V+宾语+不定式to
例句
-‘Stop talking!' - The teacher told them to stop talking.
- 'Don't be late!' -The father told his daughter not to be late.
4 - 状语的变化(时间、地点)
直接引语
间接引语
时间
today
that day
tonight
that night
tomorrow
the next day
yesterday
the day before
next week
the following week
now
then
地点
this
that
here
there
例句
- We're going on holiday tomorrow. - They said they were going on holiday the next day.
- I often buy bread here in this shop. - She said she often bought bread there in that shop.
2 - 人称的变化
直接引语
间接引语
主格
I
he / she
we
they
宾格
you
them/ us
所 有 格
my
his/ her
our
their
例句
- I can't go out with you because my mother's kept my money. - He said he couldn't go out with them because his monther had kept his money.
- We love our flat. - They said they loved their flat.
3 - 时态的变化
直接引语
间接引语
例句
一般现在时 Present Simple
一般过去时 Past Simple
-The house is dirty. - She said (that) the house was dirty.
现在进行时 Present Continuous
过去进行时 Past Continuous
- I'm expecting visitors. - She said (that) she was expecting visitors.
一般过去时 Past Simple
过去完成时 Past Perfect
- I washed the car. - I said (that) I'd/had washed the car.
现在完成时 Present Perfect
过去完成时 Past Perfect
- You haven't tidied the house. - She said I hadn't tidied the house.
be going to
was/were going to
- I'm/I am going to keep your pocket money. - She said (that) she was going to keep my pocket money.
will
would
- I'll/ I will wash up. - I said (that) I 'd/ I would wash up.
can
could
- You can't go out. - She said I couldn't go out.
9 - 特殊情况
不变化的
could
- I couldn't understand. - He said that he couldn't understand.
would
should
- You friends should help. - She said my friends should help.
might
过去完成时 Past Perfect
- I hadn't expected her to come home early. - He said that he hadn't expected her to come home early.
mustn't
- You mustn't do that again. - She said I mustn't do that again.
特殊变化
must变 had to
- You must stay at home. - She said I had to stay at home.
1 - 定 义
Reported Speech,也可称为Indirect Speech,指在英语中当直接引用他人的话语时,不是直接复述其原话,而是通过某种方式来转述其内容
这种转述通常会涉及到人称、时态、状语(时间、地点)以及动词的变化
转述某人说了什么,通常需要跟在动词said, asked等之后
间接引语:Reported Speech
导图绘制 | Snowsunshine
制图软件 | 亿图脑图 MindMaster
资料来源 | 剑桥PET语法精讲精练·浙江教育出版社
PET英语语法之
2 - 人称的变化
直接引语
间接引语
主格
I
he / she
we
they
宾格
you
them/ us
所 有 格
my
his/ her
our
their
例句
- I can't go out with you because my mother's kept my money. - He said he couldn't go out with them because his monther had kept his money.
- We love our flat. - They said they loved their flat.
1 - 定 义
Reported Speech,也可称为Indirect Speech,指在英语中当直接引用他人的话语时,不是直接复述其原话,而是通过某种方式来转述其内容
这种转述通常会涉及到人称、时态、状语(时间、地点)以及动词的变化
转述某人说了什么,通常需要跟在动词said, asked等之后
3 - 时态的变化
直接引语
间接引语
例句
一般现在时 Present Simple
一般过去时 Past Simple
-The house is dirty. - She said (that) the house was dirty.
现在进行时 Present Continuous
过去进行时 Past Continuous
- I'm expecting visitors. - She said (that) she was expecting visitors.
一般过去时 Past Simple
过去完成时 Past Perfect
- I washed the car. - I said (that) I'd/had washed the car.
现在完成时 Present Perfect
过去完成时 Past Perfect
- You haven't tidied the house. - She said I hadn't tidied the house.
be going to
was/were going to
- I'm/I am going to keep your pocket money. - She said (that) she was going to keep my pocket money.
will
would
- I'll/ I will wash up. - I said (that) I 'd/ I would wash up.
can
could
- You can't go out. - She said I couldn't go out.
间接引语:Reported Speech
导图绘制 | Snowsunshine
制图软件 | 亿图脑图 MindMaster
资料来源 | 剑桥PET语法精讲精练·浙江教育出版社
PET英语语法之
4 - 状语的变化(时间、地点)
直接引语
间接引语
时间
today
that day
tonight
that night
tomorrow
the next day
yesterday
the day before
next week
the following week
now
then
地点
this
that
here
there
例句
- We're going on holiday tomorrow. - They said they were going on holiday the next day.
- I often buy bread here in this shop. - She said she often bought bread there in that shop.
间接引语:Reported Speech
导图绘制 | Snowsunshine
制图软件 | 亿图脑图 MindMaster
资料来源 | 剑桥PET语法精讲精练·浙江教育出版社
PET英语语法之
5 - 动词的变化
said and told
在使用间接引语转述的时候经常会用到said 或told, 但用法不同
said
- He said (that) they would win.
- He said to me (that) they would win.
told
- He told me (that) they would win.
其他动词
在tell,ask或其他一些动词后用动词不定式(infinitive)
tell
- Be careful.
- I told him to be careful.
ask
- Please don't take any photographs.
- He asked us not to take any photographs.
invite
- Would you like to have lunch with me?
- I invited him to have lunch with me.
order
- Write a new article!
- He ordered me to write a new article.
remind
- Remember to watch the match.
- He reminded me to watch the match.
间接引语:Reported Speech
导图绘制 | Snowsunshine
制图软件 | 亿图脑图 MindMaster
资料来源 | 剑桥PET语法精讲精练·浙江教育出版社
PET英语语法之
7 - Polite questions
使用情景
当礼貌询问信息时,使用与间接疑问句中相同的顺序进行提问,但是不改变时态
例句
- Can you tell me when the match starts?
- I'd like to know if there are any tickets left.
6 - 间接疑问句(Reporting questions)
特殊疑问句
由疑问词(how, which, when, what, who, why, where, how long)提问的问句
Q-word question
Reporting verb + Q-word +statement
How's your knee?
Tim asked Joe how his knee was.
Where will you play?
Tim asked Joe where he would play.
Why didn't you score?
Tim asked Joe why he hadn't scored.
是非疑问句
可以用yes 或no回答的疑问句
Yes/ No question
Reporting verb + if/whether + statement
Are you happy?
Tim asked Joe if/whether he was happy.
Does your mother always watch?
Tim asked Joe if/whether his mother always watched.
注意
有些时候可用其他动词替代ask
How much do you earn?
I wanted to know how much he earned.
Will they win?
I wondered if they would win.?
间接引语:Reported Speech
导图绘制 | Snowsunshine
制图软件 | 亿图脑图 MindMaster
资料来源 | 剑桥PET语法精讲精练·浙江教育出版社
PET英语语法之
9 - 特殊情况
不变化的
could
- I couldn't understand. - He said that he couldn't understand.
would
should
- You friends should help. - She said my friends should help.
might
过去完成时 Past Perfect
- I hadn't expected her to come home early. - He said that he hadn't expected her to come home early.
mustn't
- You mustn't do that again. - She said I mustn't do that again.
特殊变化
must变 had to
- You must stay at home. - She said I had to stay at home.
8 - 转述指令:Reported commands
使用情景
转述一个指令或要求时可用 tell 之类的动词并接不定式to:V+宾语+不定式to
例句
-‘Stop talking!' - The teacher told them to stop talking.
- 'Don't be late!' -The father told his daughter not to be late.
间接引语:Reported Speech
导图绘制 | Snowsunshine
制图软件 | 亿图脑图 MindMaster
资料来源 | 剑桥PET语法精讲精练·浙江教育出版社
PET英语语法之