语法-时态

这是一篇关于语法-时态的思维导图，主要内容包括：时态的叠加，过去完成时，现在完成时，现在进行时，一般将来时，一般过去时，一般现在时。

语法-时态

• 一般现在时
  • 谓语：动词原形（do/does）be动词：(am/is/are)
  • 用法1:普遍的事实或者真理，不受时间限制的科学事实，客观真理，言语格言，这些动作或者状态可能发生于任何时间，包括现在过去和未来。
    • Knowledge is power.
    • The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
    • Water freezes at 32 Fahrenheit and boils at 212 Fahrenheit.
    • Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
  • 用法2:经常性的重复动作，表示某项活动习惯性，常和一些表示动作频率的时间副词连用
    • 表示肯定的频度副词
      • always, frequently, usually, sometimes, occasionally, often…
    • 表示否定的频度副词
      • never, seldom, rarely
    • 表示频度的副词短语
      • once a week, twice a year…
    • 句子中的位置通常是：在be动词后、实义动词前。
      • He always goes to school by bike.
      • He is always late
      • Classes begin at nine in the morning.
      • I often spend two hours reading English in the morning.
      • He usually gets up at 6:30.
  • 用法3:引用书刊，报纸或者通知，最近收到的事件内容时用于一般现在时
    • The newspaper reads, the criminal who killed eight women has been executed.
    • Francis Bacon says, "Reading makes省略了谓语动词 a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”
  • 用法4:一般现在时表示将来发生的动作，在状语从句中，主要用在条件主语从句和时间主语从句（when,as soon as,before,after等中）表示将来的动作
    • I’ll give the book to him as soon as I see him.
    • What are you going to do when you leave school?
    • Please let me know when he comes back .主句是祈使句
    • 主将从先
• 一般过去时
  • 谓语：动词过去式/did/was/were
  • 用法说明：过去发生的动作或者状态，某一点或者某一时间段持续做某事，现在也完成了这个动作，那么这时候用过去式
  • 用法1:解释说明过去特定时间的动作
    • i saw him in the library.
  • 用法2:表示在过去的一段时间内持续发生的过去的重复动作
    • She lived in our town for three years, but now she is living in the city.
    • A: I really thought that I’d win the match. B: Oh, well, better luck next time.
    • A: Look, I’m sorry to bother you about this, but that music is really loud. B: Sorry, I didn’t realize you could hear it.我刚才不知道，现在知道了
    • • It is nice to meet you.刚见面 • It was nice meeting you. 分手的时候说 • It was nice talking to you.
• 一般将来时
  • 谓语
    • will do / shall do
    • be going to+动词原形 （计划好的、肯定度高的、有一定把握、确凿证据）
    • be+不定式（to do）
      • 用法2:计划好的，法律常用，
      • 用法1:责任义务和时间无关
    • be about to do （将要，计划好的）
  • 用法1:对将来事情的预测。
    • If much more snow accumulates, the roads will have to be closed.
    • You will feel better when you take this medicine.
    • Look at those black clouds! It's going to rain.
    • It will rain later.
    • be going to do的可能性大于will be
    • • You will feel better when you take this medicine. • If much more snow accumulates, the roads will have to be closed.
      • 主将从现
  • 用法2:对将来的计划
    • If you are going to attend the meeting, you’d better leave now.
    • Your assignment is to be handed in next Monday.
      • be to do表达责任义务和时间没关系，另一个用法是和时间有关计划好的。
  • 用法3:表示意愿或者决心
    • Paul won’t come, because he is too busy.
      • 对一个事情的预测
    • Paul won’t come, because he doesn’t want to.
      • 表示主观的意愿
    • • I shall never do that again! • I will try it again.
    • A: Will you marry me? B: Of course I will.
• 现在进行时
  • 谓语：be+现在分词=be（am/is/are）+doing
  • 用法1:说话此刻正在进行的动作
  • 用法2:表示现阶段正在持续的动作，这个动作并不一定正在发生（通常都不是正在发生）
    • “改变” 动词用作进行时，强调 “逐渐变化”的过程。change, come, get, become, grow等。
      • Mom is getting old.
      • His health is deteriorating.
      • It’s getting dark .
    • • Are you seeing anybody?你现在单身吗？
    • 如今，在中国乘坐地铁正变得越来越方便。 Nowadays, it is becoming more and more convenient to take the subway in China.
  • 用法3:表示将来确定的安排，前文必须指出来将来的时间
    • A: The summer holidays are coming soon, Jack . What are your plans? B: Well, Mike, I am taking my girlfriend to Qingdao.
    • A: What are you doing next Sunday? B: I’m not going out. I’m staying at home.
  • 用法4:与always, 总是 forever, continually和 constantly等副词连用 ， 表示多次重复的行为 。 且含有感情色彩 。
    • • He 's always messing up the kitchen! 他总是弄乱厨房
    • • He' s continually asking me for money. 他总是问我要钱
    • • My wife is forever looking for her keys.总是在找钥匙
  • 特殊情况：静态动词不能用于进行时态。 有些动词表示一种静止状态 ， 存在 ， 拥有 ， 心理 ， 量度等。 be；have；belong; weigh; think ; love
    • 反例：有时静态动词用于进行时态，加强动词所表达的感情
      • • I'm loving it.
      • I'm hating this assignment. 表示情感，不表示正在恨
  • 在口语表达中，常常用过去进行时来表示委婉的请求或建议，尤其用于态度的动词， wonder, hope和think等。
    • I was wondering if you could lend me your car.
• 现在完成时
  • 谓语：have done
  • 定义：动作发生在过去，结构影响到现在
    • A: Frank is certainly in a good mood. B: The bargain he got on his new stereo has made结果影响到现在 him happy.
    • A: What has happened to Jane? She is crying. B: She broke the dining-room window. She has to face the music后果自负 when her father gets home.
  • 一般接一个（延续性）时间状语，以说明某个动作或者状态到现在有多久了
    • • since +一段时间；
      • Since time began一段时间用完成时态体现, man has lived in fear of fire.
    • • for+一段时间 ；
      • Great changes have taken place in Beijing for the past few years.
    • • until now/up until now/so far 独立使用。后面不用加东西
      • We have up until now failed to take any action to decide on a common language.
    • in the past few years/over the past few years/during the last three months/for the last centuries/through centuries/throughout history ； 在最近几个世纪/几年/几个月以来；
      • 近年来，中国有越来越多的城市开始建设地铁。 In recent years, more and more cities in China have begun to build subways.
  • I don't mean to offend you, madam. But this is the ugliest baby I’ve ever seen in my life.
    • 完成时搭配最高级
• 过去完成时
  • 谓语：had done
  • 过去某一特定的时间以前就完成的行为，比如三天前外就写完作业了
  • 过去的时刻常用
    • by直到/before等介词短语
    • 一个时间状语从句
    • 一个过去的动作
    • • She found that she had left 先落在车上再发现 her luggage on the bus.
      • By the end of yesterday, we had received over 1 000 letters from all over the world.
• 时态的叠加
  • 时态
    • 时
      • 一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时是时间上的
        • 一般过去
        • 一般将来
        • 一般现在
    • 态
      • 现在进行时，现在完成时是状态上的
        • 现在完成
        • 现在进行
  • 叠加方法：先说时再说态。
    • 过去时+将来时=did （形式）+will（单词） do =would do
    • 比如将来完成时：will be+have done=will have/has done
    • 完成进行时：have /has done + be doing= have/has been doing
    • 将来完成进行时：【will do（形式）+have（词） done=will have（do形式和have原词叠加） done（形式） 】+【be（原词） doing】=will have been（done形式和be原词叠加） doing
    • 过去将来完成进行时
      • 方法一
        • did过去+will have been doing= would have/has been doing将来完成进行时
        • 倒着叠加也可以
      • 方法二
        • 过去将来=would do
        • 过去将来完成=would do+have done=would have done
        • 过去将来完成进行时=would have done+be doing=would have been doing
        • did + will do + have/has done + be doing=would have/has been doing
      • 我去年这个时候 说 明年这个时候 已经完成了当老师但是当老师还在进行中