英语被动语态的用法与构成

本导图系统梳理英语被动语态的核心要点：从定义与使用场景到基本结构及情态动词变体，详解特殊用法如并包含like/love后接being done等易错点解析，助你全面攻克被动语态！

英语被动语态的用法与构成

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• @ Snowsunshine 的思维导图
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• 被动语态在不同文体中的应用
  • 报告和学术写作
    • 常用被动语态来强调研究结果或数据
      • It was found that…
  • 新闻报道
    • 使用被动语态来避免直接指责或强调事件本身
      • The building was destroyed in the fire.
  • 法律文件
    • 常用被动语态来保持客观和正式的语气
      • The contract shall be signed by both parties.
  • 科技文献
    • 使用被动语态来描述实验过程或结果
      • The sample was analyzed using a spectrometer.
• 被动语态的一些特殊用法
  • have something done/ get something done
    • 有别人帮我们做某事 （安排别人做某事）
      • I had my hair coloured.
      • We'll have a new house designed.
    • 表示意外或不幸的遭遇
      • Paul and Karen had their bags stolen while they were travelling.
      • Gary had his nose broken in a fight.
  • ask, give, offer, pay, show, teach, tell等动词可以有两个宾语，这种情况下可改写为两个被动语态的句子
    • Somebody gave the police the information.
      • The police were given the information.
      • The information was given to the police.
    • 通常，这类动词的被动句通常以“人”开头
      • I've been offered the job.
      • You will be given plenty of time to to decide.
      • I didn't see the orginal document but I was shown a copy.
  • like,love, enjoy, hate等动词后及介词后的doing形式被动式为being done
    • I don't like being told what to do.
    • I remember being taken to the zoo when I was a child.
    • Steve hates being kept waiting.
    • We managed to climb over the wall without being seen.
  • get，被动语态中有时可用get代替be，只用来表示事情的发生及变化，主要用于口语中
    • There was a fight at the party, but nobody got hurt.
    • I don't get invited to many parties.
    • I'm surprised Liz didn't get offered the job.
  • 感官动词和某些不及物动词通常不用于被动语态
    • look, sound, taste, smell, feel等感官动词用主动结构表被动意义
      • The flower looks beautiful.
      • Mooncakes taste delicious.
    • 主语为物，open, lock, write, read, sell, clean, wash, cut等词作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时， 可用主动语态表被动意义
      • This kind of pen writes very smoothly.
      • This book sold well in this bookstore last year.
• 被动语态的构成
  • 基本结构：be+过去分词，其中be会随时态和主语变化而使用不同形式，过去分词通常与主动语态中的动词原形相对应
    • 一般现在时（do/does)
      • 被动形式： am/is/are + done
      • Many accidents are caused by careless driving.
      • I'm not invited to parties very often.
    • 一般过去时 (did)
      • 被动形式： was/were + done
      • We were woken up by a loud noise during the night.
      • How much money was stolen in the robbery?
    • 现在进行时 (am/is/are + doing)
      • 被动形式： am/is/are + being (done)
      • There's somebody walking behind us. I think we are being followed.
      • 'Can I help you?' 'No, thanks. I'm being served.'
    • 过去进行时 (was/were + doing)
      • 被动形式： was/were + being (done)
      • The room was being cleaned when I arrived.
      • I think we were being followed because there was somebody walking behind us.
    • 现在完成时 (have/has + done)
      • 被动形式：have/has been + done
      • The trip has been cancelled.
      • Have you ever been bitten by a dog?
    • 过去完成时 (had+done)
      • 被动形式： had been +done
      • The vegetables had been cooked too long.
      • The car was three years old, but hadn't been used very much.
    • 一般将来时 （will/shall/be going to + do)
      • 被动形式： will/shall/be going to + be + done
      • Trees will be planted (by them) tomorrow.
      • A new supermarket is going to be built next year.
    • 动词不定式（to do)
      • 被动形式： to be + done
      • Please go away. I want to be left alone.
  • 含有情态动词（can, could, may, might, must, should, would等）时的结构：情态动词+be+done
    • The work must be completed by tomorrow.
    • A mystery is something that can't be explained.
    • The music was very loud and could be heard from a long way away.
• 被动语态的定义与使用场合
  • 被动语态强调动作的承受者，而主动语态强调动作的执行者
  • 当动作执行者未知或不重要时
    • The letter was sent yesterday.
    • A lot of money was stolen in the robbery.
  • 在正式文体中，为了礼貌或避免直接指责
    • Mistakes were made.
  • 当动作执行者不明显或没有必要指出动作的执行者时
    • The door is locked.
    • This museum was built in 1978.
  • 有些动词习惯上只用被动语态
    • He was born in 2000.
  • 需要说明动作的执行者时可使用by
    • The cake was eaten by the children.
    • This house was built by my grandfather.