英语语法思维导图

下图讲述了英语语法中不定式的作用以及分类，包括不定式的结构形式、不定式分句、与动词的搭配关系、不定式符号的省略、分裂不定时，内容丰富全面快去收藏吧！

不定式 infinitive

• 不定式的结构形式
  • 否定：在不定式符号后面加not，never等词语 She wished never to see him again.
  • 带to不定式 To-infinitive
    • 边际情态动词（dare，need，）作主动词时 dare作主动词：I do not dare to go there.
    • 使役动词为被动态时，不带to形式转为带to形式。 John made her tell him everything. She was made to tell him everything.
    • 感觉动词（feel，hear，see，observe，notice，watch）+宾语结构时，感觉动词变为被动态时，不带to形式转为带to形式。 They saw him enter the building. He was seen to enter the building.
    • have known+宾语 是被动时态时 The man has never been known to smile.
    • help之后可用带to
    • 在介词except/but一般带to There is no choice but to wait.
  • 不带to不定式 Bare Infinitive
    • 情态助动词之后
    • 边际情态动词作情态助动词
    • 半助动词之后 It is sure to rain. I happended to be out when he called.
    • 情态成语modal idiom之后（would rather/would sooner宁愿，may/might just as well不妨，cannot but/cannot help but不得不） We could not but weep at the sad news. Since it's a fine day we might as well walk.
    • rather than/sonner than 置于句首时 ， 宁可...而不... Rather than cause trouble, he left. Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress.
    • 在“主动词+主动词”固定搭配的第一主动词之后 make believe假装，let drop/let fall有意无意说出，hear tell of听说 Let's make believe we have a million dollars.
    • 使役动词（let，make，have）+宾语之后 We can't let this go on. Abbey made him stay to tea.
    • 感觉动词（see，hear...）+宾语之后 I watched him eat his breakfast.
    • have known+宾语之后：know以完成体出现，含义是 看过，听过 I have never known(=seen) that man smile. Have you ever known(=heard) him tell a lie?
    • help 后可用
    • 介词except/but之前有动词do的某种形式 They did nothing except work.
    • Why/Why not...? 之后 Why argue with him? Why not give Mary some flowers?
    • 口语中一些习惯用法 Try eat (= Try and eat) a little. Go post (= Go and post) a letter for me.
  • 即可带to 又可不带to
    • rather than/sooner than 出现在句中其它位置 He decided to write rather than telephone. It is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.
    • 在SVC句型中，如果主语部分有动词do的某种形式，则作主语补语的不定式则.. What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing. The only thing I can do now is (to) complete the form.
• 不定式符号 的省略
  • 当两个带to不定式由and或or连接时，第二个常省略 I intend to call on him and discuss this question again.
  • 若两个并列的带to不定式有并列含义，则第二个不可省略 To be, or not to be, that is the question.
  • 在不用并列连词的情况下，第二个不定式符号不可省略 Please go to the seaside to swim, to get sunstanned.
• 常见的含介词 to的搭配
  • 动词+介词to add to增加，agree/consent to同意，adhere to坚持，allude to暗示，resort to诉诸于，revert to恢复旧习惯 swear to强调说，come to到达涉及，get to开始做 He swore to having paid for those goods. He admitted to having taken the money.
    • agree to, swear to, come to, get to 接不定式时，含义不同 We agreed to do it. 听从别人而同意。 He swore to tell the truth. 发誓要 He came to realize that... 终于明白 When you get to know him... 到达认识阶段
  • 动词+名词/代词+介词to ascribe/attribute...to归因于， confine...to限于...范围， commit...to使负有责任， reconcile...to安于， dedicate...to奉献于，apply/devote…to致力于' He applied himself to learning English. I have committed myself to helping him.
  • 动词+ed分词+介词to be abbreviated to缩写为， be resigned to听任于， be reconciled to安心于，顺从， be given to喜欢 He is designed to losing the competition.
  • 动词+副词小品词+介词to get round to找到时间做， get down to开始认真做， get near to几乎， feel up to适合做 After a long delay, he got round to wrting the letter.
  • 形容词+介词to adjacent to眦连， adverse to嫌恶， deaf to不愿意听， equal to胜任的， tantamount to相当于 That is tantamount to saying that you do not agree.
  • 名词+介词to obstacle to障碍， aid to辅助， indifferent to不关心 The classroom is provided with some visual aids to teaching English.
  • 以介词to结尾的复杂介词 according to, as to关于， with a view to为…目的， preparatory to为…做准备， previous to在…之前 He wrote to me preliminary to visiting me.
• 分裂不定式 split infinitive
  • 在不定式符号to与动词之间插入了一个修饰语如 to madly love， to really andtruly love。
  • 是语法学中一个长期争论的问题
• 与形容词 的搭配关系
  • 主句主语是不定式结构 的逻辑主语
    • 表示喜怒哀乐的adj+不定式 He is glad to help others.
    • 表示运气好坏的adj+不定式 He was lucky to find it.
    • 表示心理状态，个人态度的adj+不定式 He was anxious to see her.
    • 表示性格特征和行为表现的adj+不定式 He is foolish to meet her again. She was careless to break the cup. 这一类都可以转化为it句型
  • 主句主语是不定式结构 的逻辑宾语
    • 能以不定式结构作主语并能转化为先行it结构 （能用于这种结构的adj通常是静态adj） The question is difficult to answer. -----To answer the question is difficult. It is difficult to answer the question.
    • 不能以不定式结构作主句主语，因而不能用先行it句型替换 The coffee is bitter to taste. The map is clear to read.
  • "某些adj+不定式结构" 作主语补语的 歧义现象
    • 其主句主语在深层结构上既可以是不定式的逻辑主语，同时也可以是不定式的逻辑宾语
    • These books are easy to sell. =These books sell easily. =It is easy to sell these books.
• 与名词 的搭配关系 （作名词的后置修饰语）
  • 不定式结构和它所修饰的名词是主动关系 即 名词是不定式结构的逻辑主语 He was the last guest to arrive. (=who arrived) Have you got a key to unlock the door. (=that can unlock the door)
  • 不定式结构与它所修饰的名词是动宾关系 即 名词是不定式结构的逻辑宾语 He has a large family to support. (=that he must support.) This is the best book to read. (=that we can read.)
  • 若不定式属于及物动词，或由于意义或结构上的需要，其后须加适当的介词。 Mary needs a friend to play with.
  • 不定式结构与它所修饰的名词有时是一种同位关系。 I have no wish to quarrel with you. He hit back the urge to tell a lie.
  • attempt, chance, effort, freedom, intention, reason 等名词后，可用不定式/介词+ing，意义无差别 They made an effort to finish/ at finishing the work in one day.
  • ability, agreement, ambition, anxiety, disposition意向，obligation, refusal等名词后，一般是不定式 He is under no obligation to do that.
  • aptitude资质, delay, excuse, interest, genius, hope, skill等名词之后，通常是介词+ing形式 He had a great aptitude for inventing new things.
• 与动词的 搭配关系
  • 动词+不定式 agree，aim，apply，choose We must agree to differ. 允许有不同看法 I aim(=hope) to finish it tomorrow.
  • 动词+宾语+不定式 感觉类动词：see hear watch feel。 致使类动词：have make let get 心理状态的动词：consider declare prove think 劝告允许禁止等动词：advise allow forbid 词组动词：arrange for ，ask for
  • 动词+（宾语）+不定式 ask，hate，intend I can't bear to see you like this.
• 不定式分句
  • 结构模式
    • 不带主语：不定式的逻辑主语是隐含的，通常可上下文判定 I hope to be able to come. (指我能来) The best thing would be to tell eveeybody.
    • 带主语：不定式分句也可有自己的主语，这个主语通常由for引导，偶尔with，ratherthan引导 The best thing would be for you to tell everybody.
    • 带疑问句的不定式分句 I don't know what to do. I showed them how to do it.
  • 句法功能
    • 主语，主语补语
    • 宾语，宾语补语
    • 状语（目的/结果/原因等）