动名词学习笔记

这是一篇关于英语语法中动名词的思维导图，讲述了概述、动名词的句法作用、动名词复合结构、动名词的时态和语态、名词化的动名词。

动名词

• 概述
  • 具有名词和动词的特征，其后可以跟宾语和状语。动名词同它的的宾语和状语一起成为动名词短语，在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语和补足语。
  • 动名词的形式
• 动名词的句法作用
  • 动名词作主语
    • 动名词作主语时，通常表示抽象的、习惯性的或经常性的动作，不与特定的动作执行者联在一起，多用于说话者对所述的动作有过经验或多次做过，有六种句型。
      • "主语（动名词）+系动词+表语"句型
        • Walking, running, rowing and cycling are all healthy forms of exercise.散步、跑步、 划船和骑自行车都是有益健康的锻炼形式。
        • Before everything else, getting ready is the secret of success.〈谚〉做好准备是成功的 首要秘诀。
        • Seeing much, suffering much, and studying much, are the three pillars of learning. 〈谚〉多见识，多经受，多学习，是知识的三大来源。
        • Teaching should be full of ideas, not stuffed with facts.〈谚〉教学重在启发，而不是满堂灌。
        • Learning to give first-aid is an important part of a flight attendant's training.学会急救是乘务员上岗培训的重要内容之一。
      • "主语（动名词）+谓语动词+宾语"句型
        • Doing morning exercises does us a lot of good.做早操对我们很有好处。
        • Often shooting hits the mark.〈谚〉熟能生巧。
        • Eating little and speaking little can never do harm. ＜谚〉吃少病少，说少祸少。/ 节 食寡言有百利而无一害。
      • "主语（动名词）+be+v-ed"句型
        • Smoking in the workshop is not allowed.车间内禁止吸烟。
      • "There be+no+gerund（动名词)"句型：(=It is impossible to do sth.=No one can do sth.=We can not+v.+obj.)
        • There is no doing anything well without perseverance.
          • =It is impossible to do anything well without perseverance.
          • = No one can do anything well without perseverance.
          • = We can not do anything well without perseverance.
          • 没有毅力，什么事都做不好。
        • There's no hiding of evil but not to do it.<谚>要想人不知，除非己莫为。
        • There is no accounting for tastes. <谚>各有所好，众口难调。
        • There is no holding back the wheel of history.历史车轮不可阻挡。
      • 用 it 作形式主语，即"It is+adj./n./prep.phr.+gerund主语（动名词）"句型。这类句型比较少，主要用在以 dangerous , hard work , no good , not any help , not easy , no use , senseless , nuisance , useless , a waste , worthwhile 等作表语的句子中。
        • It's no use buying books but not reading them.
          • =It is of no use to buy books but not to read them.
          • =It is useless to buy books but not to read them.
          • = There is no use/no good/no point buying books but not reading them.
          • 买书而不读是没有意义的。
        • It was a nuisance having to wait for such a long time.要等这么长时间真是烦人。
        • It won't be any help learning grammar rules without doing any exercises.学习语法规 则而不做练习是无益的。
        • It was very difficult getting everything ready in time.要及时做好一切准备很难。
        • It is of great importance fighting pollution.根除污染是极为重要的。
      • 用于布告形式的省略句
        • No smoking! 禁止吸烟！
        • No parking!禁止停车！
        • No spitting! 禁止随地吐痰!
  • 动名词做定语
    • 动名词作定语时，位于所修饰的词之前，说明它所修饰的名词的用处及与之有关的动作，只能单独使用，不能带宾语或状语。
      • The turning speed of the new machine is much higher than that of the old one.这台新机器的转速比那台老机器快得多。
      • This is a new type of printing machine. It is good in quality. 这是一种新型印刷机，这种机器质量很好。
    • 动名词作后置定语时，必须与其前边的介词一起构成短语作定语。这时的动名词可以带有自己的宾语。这种“介词+动名词”构成的介词短语作定语时，是一种名词性定语，表示抽象概念，并不强调动作，而且时间观念也不强。
      • The importanec of learning English is more and more evident. 学习英语的重要性越来越明显。
      • I don't know the date for opening the library. 我不知道图书馆开房的日期。
      • Radio is a method of sending message through empty space. 无线电是一种听过空间发送信息的方法。
  • 动名词作表语
    • 动名词（短语）作表语起名词的作用，表示主语的内涵。主语和表语在概念上必须一致（相同或类似）。所以动名词作表语时，主语有很大的局限性，一般只限于表示工作、任务，如 duty , jod , task , work 和精神态度，如 wish , happiness 等抽象名词，有时可用从句作主语。
      • Wasting time is robbing oneslef. （谚语）让费时间就是掠夺自己。
      • The most exhausting thing in life is being insincere.（谚语）人生最费力的事情是弄虚作假。
      • The correct way of learning is combining theory with practice. 学习的正确方法是理论联系实际。
  • 动名词词作宾语
    • 动名词作宾语时，通常表示一般的、习惯性的或经常性的行为，句型主要有5种。
      • 动名词作及物动词的宾语
        • 以动名词（短语）作宾语的及物动词：
          • 常跟动名词（短语）作宾语的及物动词有abominate （痛恨，痛恶），acknowledge, admit, advise, advocate, allow, appreciate （感激，欣赏），avoid, complete, consider, contemplate （意欲，打算），defer （延缓），delay, deny, deprecate （抗议，反对，驳斥）， detest （憎恶，深深憎恨），discontinue （停止），endure, enjoy, escape, evade （逃避）， excuse* facilitate （促进），fail fancy, favour （赞成），finish, forbid, forgive, grudge （吝 惜，嫉 妒），imagine, include, involve, keep, loathe （厌 恶），mention （提起），mind, miss, omit, pardon, permit, postpone, practise, recollect （回'f乙，想起），recommend （建 议），report, resent （愤 恨，憎 恶），resist» restore> risk, save, stop, suggest, support, tolerate, understand； can't help 以及大量动介型短语动词，如 feel like, give up, leave off, look forward to> object to» put off 等。如：
            • The best horse needs breaking, and the aptest child needs teaching. <谚〉马儿再好也要驯，孩子再伶俐也要教。/玉不琢，不成器。
            • He advised taking a house in the country for the summer.他建议在乡下租一所房子度夏。
            • Tom always defers doing his homework till the last moment.汤姆总是将作业延迟到最后时刻才做。
            • He suggests calling a meeting and letting the workers decide the matter themselves. 他建议召开一次会议，让工人们自己决定此事。
        • 关于动名词（短语）作及物动词宾语的说明
          • 1
            • 有些及物动词可跟动名词，也可跟动词不定式作宾语，但动名词作宾语表一般的、习惯性的、抽象性的、经常性的行为；不定式表示特殊的、具体的、一次性的行为。常用的这类词有5种：
              • 表“喜爱、厌恶、恐惧”之意的"like , love , prefer , dislike , dread , fear , hate , loath等。
                • In winter, the boys love /like playing /to play football.冬季男孩子们喜欢踢足球。
                • I'd hate to leave /leaving you like that.虫真不愿意这样离开你。
                • They preferred watching /to watch TV.他们喜欢看电视。
                • 在 prefer...ranther than 结构中，prefer 后只能跟不定式；在 prefer..to 结构中，prefer 后只能跟动名词或名词。
                  • He prefers to walk rather than take a bus.他宁愿步行也不愿乘公共汽车。
                  • I prefer going with you to waiting at home.我宁愿和你一起去也不愿在家里等。
              • 表示“打算”之意的词 intend , plan(on) 等。
                • What do you intend doing/to do? 你打算做什么？
                • She plans on doing /planns to do some work this afternoon.她打算今天下 午干些活。
              • 表示“容忍”之意的词 bear , endure , stand 等。
                • She can't bear being/to be laughed at. 她受不了别人的嘲笑。
                • She can't stand being/to be kept waiting. 它不能忍受让她等太久。
                • I can't endure hearing/to hear about it. 我不忍去听。
              • 表示“开始、停止、继续|之意的动词 begin , start , cease , continue 等。
                • They ceased watching/to watch TV. 他们停止看电视。
                • The students began doing/to do the experiment. 学生们开始做实验。
                • He continued working/to work as if nothing had happened. 他继续工作，好像什么事情没发生过一样。
                • 要注意 being 和 start 用于进行时时，后边只能跟动词不定式，不能跟动名词
                  • He is beginning to see his mistakes. 他开始认识到自己的错误。
                • begin , start 后跟 feel , raalize , see , think , understand 作宾语时，只能用不定式形式。
                  • He began to realize/to understant/to see the importance of learing English. 他开始意识/理解/懂得学习英语的重要性。
                • 当主语是无生命的名词时，通常用不定式作宾语
                  • It began to rain. 天开始下雨了
                  • The matter has ceased to be a mystery to anyone. 这件事对大家来说已经不再神秘了。
                • 当动作是自动或突然开始，或强调情况变化时，多用动词不定式；当表示有意识开始某动作或动作持续下去时，多用动名词作宾语。
                  • The barometer began to fall. 气压计开始下降。
                  • Philip began to cry, and the nurse could not help crying too. 菲利普开始大哭，护士也禁不住哭起来。
                  • So I at once began making preparation for a trip home. 所以，我立刻开始为回家的旅程作准备。
                  • She rolled up her sleeves and began unpacking the box. 她卷起袖子便开始取盒子里的东西。
              • 其他的词，如 attempt, neglect, propose 等：
                • I neglected to wind the clock.我忘了 给表上弦。
                • Neglect mending a small fault, and it will soon be a great one.〈谚〉小错不改，会 铸成大错。
                • He proposed to act /acting immediately.他打算立即行动。
          • 2
            • 有些及物动词虽然可以跟动名词和动词不定式作宾语，但意义不一样。这类词主要有。
              • chance
                • chance doing sth. 冒险试试，碰碰运气
                  • He chanced climbing Mount Jolmo Lungma without carrying the oxygen container. 他冒险试试不带氧气袋去登珠穆朗玛峰。
                  • Should we chance getting home before it snows?我们该不该碰碰运气看下雪前 能到家？
                • chance to do sth. 碰巧作某事
                  • We chanced to be out when he called.他来拜访时，碰巧我们不在家。
                  • He chanced to find his lost bike in front of a store.在一家商店前他碰巧找到丢失 的自行车。
              • forget
                • forget doing sth.（表示过去的动作，事情已做过，但忘了）忘了曾做过某事
                  • I forget telling her about it. （ = that I told her）我忘记了此事己经告诉过她。
                  • He has forgotten meeting her last year.他忘记去年曾经见过她。
                • forget to do sth.（表示将来的动作）忘记要做某事
                  • I forget to tell her about it.我忘记将此事告诉她。（还没有告诉她）
                  • I forgot to lock the door.我忘了锁门。
              • help
                • can't help doing sth. 禁不住作某事；不由的不做某事
                  • I couldn't help finishing it.我不能不了结此事。
                  • We cannot help being impressed by their zeal.他们的热情不能不给我们以深刻印象。
                • can't help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事
                  • I couldn't help to finish it.对了结此事我无能为力。
              • learn
                • learn doing sth. 学习做某事（不一定学会）
                  • She has learned typing 她学过打字。
                • learn to do sth. 学会做某事
                  • She has learned to type. 她已学会打字。
              • mean
                • mean doing sth. 意味着，意思是
                  • This means setting out at once.这就意味着要立刻动身。
                  • Success means working very, very hard.成功意味着拼命工作。
                • mean to do sth. 打算/想做某事
                  • I didn't mean to hurt your feelings.我并不想伤害你的感情。
                  • I meant to call on you. But I was so busy.我本想去拜访你。但是我太忙了。
              • regret
                • regret doing sth. 对已做过的事表示很后悔
                  • I bitterly regret having told her about it.我非常后悔把此事告诉了她。
                  • You'll regret having said those words !你将会为说过的那些话后悔的！
                • regret to do sth. 对现在要做的事表示抱歉，遗憾
                  • I regret to say I can't go with you.很抱歉，我不能和你一起去。
                  • I regret to inform you that it is impossible.我很遗憾地告诉你那是不可能的。
              • remember
                • remember doing sth.（表示过去的动作）记得曾经做过某事
                  • I don't remember having seen her.我不记得曾见过她。
                  • I remember taking the medicine at the right time,我记得己按时服过药了。
                • remember to do sth.（表示将来动作）别忘了做某事
                  • Remember to post the letter for me.记住给我寄信。
                  • I remembered to take the medicine at the right time,我要记住按时服药。
              • try
                • try doing sth. 试试（某种做法是否行得通。强调试用某种方法，看它效果如何，而不是强调作时需要费力或有什么困难）
                  • She tried writing out her views.她试着将自己的看法写岀来。
                  • Try doing more exercises; you'll soon lose weight.试着多进行些体育锻炼，你的 体重会很快下降。
                • try to do sth. 努力（设法）去做某事（强调做时需要费力或有什么困难）
                  • I tried to get here early but couldn't.我想尽量早到这里，但未能做到。
                  • I'll try to get this done by six o'clock.我会尽力在6点钟前完成这工作。
              • want
                • want doing sth. （主动形式表示被动意义）需要作某事
                  • The machine wants repairing. 这台机器需要修理。
                • want to do th. 很想做某事
                  • She wants to become a doctor. 她想称为一名医生。
                  • I've wanted to speak to you so badly all these days.近些天来我一直很想和你说说。
          • 3
            • go on , leave off , stop 后跟 v-ing 和 to do 时，两种结构意义不同，而且在这种句型中，语法家门对 v-ing 的看法不一致，有的认为是分词，有的认为是动名词。
              • go on doing sth. 继续原来所做的事情（这里的 doing 有的语法家认为是分词，有的认为是动名词。
                • He went on talking about his teaching method. 他继续谈他的教学方法（他一直在谈教学法）
              • go on to do sth. （停下原来的工作）接着作另一新的工作（这里 to do 是动词不定式作目的状语，不是作宾语）
                • He went on talk about the world situation. 他接着又谈了世界形势。（谈完了别的事之后，又接着谈）
              • leave off
                • leave of doing sth.f
                  • He has left off working. 他停止了工作。
              • leave off to do sth. 离开某地去做某事（这里的 to do 是动词不定式作目的状语，不是宾语）
                • That day he left off to work earlier than usual. 那天他离开家去上班比平时早。
              • stop
                • stop doing sth. 停止作某事
                  • Stop talking please.请不要讲话 了。
                  • They stopped watching TV at 9:30.他们 9 点半就不看电视了。
              • stop to do sth. 停下正在做的事以便做另一事（这里 to do 是动词不定式作目的状语，不是定语）
                • They stopped to talk. 他们停下（手中的活），开始谈话。
                • They stopped to watch TV at 9:30. 9点半他们停下（手中的活），开始看电视。
          • 4
            • 在动词 demand , deserve , need , require , stand , want , (won't) bear 等之后的动名词，主动形式表示被动意义。意义同动词不定式被动式。
              • a
                • My room needs white washing.
                • My room needs to be write washed.
                • 我的房间需要粉刷。
              • b
                • What he said just wouldn't bear repeating.
                • What he said just wouldn't bear to be repeated.
                • 他的话不宜重复。
              • c
                • He deserves praising.
                • He desercers to be praising.
                • 他应该受到表扬。
              • d
                • The old man wants looking after.
                • The old man wants to be looked after.
                • 这位老人需要照料。
              • e
                • The existing laws require amending.
                • The existing laws require to be amended.
                • 现在的法律需要修改。
              • f
                • This probelm demand looking into.
                • This problem demands to be looked into.
                • 这个问题需要调查。
          • 5
            • 在 count on , insist on , intend 等动词后的动名词表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词动作之后。
              • We are counting on Brown's making the right decision. 我们相信布朗会做出正确的决定。
              • He insists on writing the letter at once. 他坚持要立即写信。
              • We intend applying this new process from now on. 我们打算从现在起使用这个方法。
      • 动名词作介词的宾语
        • 动名词位于介词之后，构成介词短语，在句中作定语或状语
          • “介词+动名词”结构作后置定语
            • The art of being wise is the act of knowing what to overlook. (谚语)聪明的技巧就是懂得有所不为才能有所作为。
            • Radio is means for changing electrical energy into sound energy.收音机是把电能变成声能的一种装置。
            • These measures have created conditions for raising the output of steel.这些措施为提高钢的产量创造了条件。
          • “介词+动名词”结构作状语
            • 1||| “介词+动名词”结构作原因状语
              • She was praised for doing her homework well.她因作业做得好受到表扬。
              • One never loses by doing a good turn.〈谚〉善有善报。
              • The cheerleaders were hoarse from yelling at the football game.啦啦队的队长们在足 球赛时喊哑了嗓子。
            • 2||| “介词+动名词”结构作目的状语
              • She studies hard with a view to serving the people better in the future.为了 将来更好 地为人民服务，她努力学习。
              • I use this brush for drawing water-colour pictures.我用这支笔画水彩画。
            • 3||| “介词+动名词”结构作时间状语
              • On learning that Tom had passed his examination, I rang him up. 一获悉汤姆通过了 考试，我立即给他打了电话。
              • Before sending a letter, you must put a stamp on the envelope.寄信前，必须在信封 上贴邮票。
              • After looking at his watch, he hurried to the station.看了看表后，他匆忙赶往火 车站。
            • 4||| “介词+动名词”结构作方式状语
              • We mourn the dead best by continuing their good works. < 谚〉哀悼死者，继续他们 的事业是最佳方法。
              • By losing present time we lose all time. （谚语）机不可失，时不再来。
              • She sat there without saying anything.她默默无言地坐在那儿。
            • 5||| “介词+动名词”结构作表“范围、方面”的状语
              • He congratulated me on winning the competition.他祝贺我赢得比赛。
              • Be modest in learning, for complacency is the enemy of study.〈谚〉学习要虚心，自 满是敌人。
              • Our greatest glory consists not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.〈谚〉 最大的荣誉不在于从不跌倒，而在于每次跌倒都能站起来。
              • These measures are necessary for overcoming the difficulties.这些措施对克服这些困 难是必要的。
            • 6||| “介词+动名词”结构作表示“否定”意义的状语
              • Instead of ringing her up,I wrote her a long letter.我没有给她打电话，而写了 一封长信。
              • Reading without reflecting is like eating without digesting. （谚语）读书不思考，犹食 而不化。
              • She did everything in the house but putting the children to bed.除了照料孩子们上床 睡觉，家里所有的事她都做。
            • 7||| “介词+动名词”结构作让步状语
              • In spite of her having lied to us, we fell for her story.尽管她对我们说了 谎，我们还听信 了她的故事。
              • With all his boasting, he was knocked out in the first round.尽管他大吹大擂，但在 第一个回合中就被击倒了。
            • 8||| “介词+动名词”结构位于某些动词之后，表示动作结果
              • He's fooled a lot of people into believing that he's a rich man.他已欺骗了许多人相 信他是个富有的人。
              • They trapped him into admitting his mistake.他们诱骗他承认了 错误。
              • My father reasoned me into doing it.我父亲说服我做此事
            • 9||| 动画名词（短语）位于“形容词+介词”构成的固定短语之后
              • I am keen on cycling.我非常喜欢骑自行车。
              • He is capable of doing anything.他什么事都干得出。
              • I was afraid of falling behind the others.我担心会落后于其他人。
          • 动名词（短语）作介词宾语的5中句型
            • 1||| v.+prep.+v-ing
              • He would never think of giving up this project.他是决不会想到放弃这一计划的。
              • He dreamed of sailing round the world.他想作环球航行。
              • From hearing comes wisdom; from speaking repentance. ＜谚〉多听长智慧，多说必 后悔。（短语为 come from + v-ing )
            • 2||| v.+n./prop.+prep.+v-ing
              • I always reserve to myself the privilege of changing my mind.我总是为自己保留改 变主意的权利。
              • Tears hinder sorrow from becoming despair.〈谚〉泪水防止悲伤变成绝望。
              • I can’t forgive him for being so rude.我不能原谅他如此无礼貌。
            • 3||| n.+prep.+v-ing
              • Give me your reason for doing it.告诉我你做此事的理由。
              • There is more trouble in having nothing to do than in having much to do.〈谚〉事十青 繁多不好干，无事可做更让人烦。
            • 4||| adj.+prep.+v-ing
              • Can you be certain of getting back in time?你能肯定及时赶回来吗？
              • He was pleased about making a good start.他很高兴有一个好的开端。
              • I'm worried about hurting her feelings.我担心伤害她的感情。
            • 5||| How/What about+v-ing
              • How about changing the subject?换一个题目怎么样？
              • What about inviting Jack to make a speech?邀请杰克来发言怎么样？
        • 【注释】
          • 动名词作介词宾语，有时介词可以省去，特别是在美国英语中。
            • Do you have any difficulty（in）understanding spoken English?在理解口 语方面 你有困难吗？
            • What's the use（of）talking with him?跟他谈有什么用？
            • He won't be long（in）making up his mind.他不用多久就会决定下来。
      • 动名词作短语动词的宾语
        • To idle away one's time amounts to killing oneself.〈谚〉虚度年华等于自杀。
        • The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself.〈谚〉明事理者使自己适应世界；不明事理者硬紹使世界适应自己。
        • The aim of our scientific work lies not only in knowing but also in transforming the world.我们研究工作的目的不仅是了解世界，而且要改造世界。
      • 动名词作形容词 busy , worth 的宾语
        • He is busy designing a new machine.他正忙于设计一种新机器。
        • Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.〈谚〉凡事不做则已，做就要做好。
      • 动名词作宾语时，以 it 作形式宾语
        • We think it useless learning a theory without practice.我们认为学习理论而不实践是没有用的。
        • He did not think it worthwhile doing such an experiment.他认为做这样的实验不值得。
        • I took it my duty helping her to get better.我认为帮她康复起来是我的义务。
  • 动名词做补足语
    • 动名词（短语）作宾语补足语或主语补足语相当于名词，只是在很少情况下动名词才作补足语。
      • We term it "walking on two lesg". 我们称这为“两条腿走了”。
      • People xall that killing two birds with one stone. 人们称那位一箭双雕。
      • Telephoning a place outside your area is called telephoning long distance. 给本地区以外的地方打电话称为长途电话。
• 动名词复合结构
  • 动名词前边可以加上一个物主代词或名词所属格，来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语。动名词同其逻辑主语构成动名词复合结构，在句中作主语、表语和宾语。
    • 动名词复合结构的构成有6种形式
      • 所有格+动名词
        • My sister's falling ill worried Mother greatly.我妹妹生病使母亲非常担心。
        • Mr. Smith's trying this new method will lead him to success.史密斯先生试用这种新 方法会使他成功。
        • Is there a chance of Jane's coming back soon?简有可能很快回来吗？
      • 通格名词+动名词
        • 当动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的名词或是一个词组时，动名词的逻辑主语常用通格，特别是当动名词复合结构作宾语时。
          • Is there any hope of your brother getting first place in the race?你兄弟有希望在比 赛中获第一名吗？
          • Do you mind my brothers and sisters coming with us?你介意我兄弟姐妹同我们一起 来吗？
          • Are you sure of those words referring to my friends?你肯定那些话是指我的朋友们吗？
      • 物主代词+动名词
        • My mother, however, supported me and insisted on my going to college.然而我母亲支 持我，并坚持要我上大学。
        • Nothing is worse than our bowing before difficulties.最糟糕的是我们被困难压倒。
        • We congratulated on his being admitted to the national team.我们祝贺他进入国家队。
      • 宾格代词+动名词
        • 现代英语中趋势是在动名词复合结构作宾语时，如果动名词的逻辑主语是代词，用代词的宾格形式代替物主代词。
          • I don't doubt you being able to do it.我不怀疑你能做此事。
          • There was no need of them making the same experiment.他们没有必要做同一个实验。
          • Please excuse me coming late.请原谅我迟到 了。
      • 指示代词/不定代词+动名词
        • I object to those being said about me.我不愿听那些说我的话。
        • We doubt this being correct.我们怀疑此事的正确性。
        • He was awakened by someone knocking on the window.他被某人的敲窗声所惊醒。
        • We insist on both of them coming in time.我们坚持他二人及时到达。
        • This cannot be said without some getting angry.这话说出来非得罪人不可。
      • there being+名词【本结构只作主语和介词宾语】
        • There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.这房子有一个很大的 优点，那就是附近有一个公共汽车站。
        • We have no objection to there being a meeting here, so long as it is peaceful.只要安 静，我们不反对在这里开会。
    • 动名词复合结构的句法作用
      • 动名词复合结构作主语
        • 动名词复合结构作主语时，句中谓语动词一律用第三人称单数，其句型有两种形式。
          • 动名词复合结构位于句首直接作主语
            • 动名词复合结构位于句首直接作主语时，其逻辑主语一般要用名词所有格或物主代词。
              • Your giving us such great help has freed us from much difficulty.你给我们如此大的 帮助，使我们摆脱了困难。
              • Their supplying us with the important information enabled us to fulfil the work in time.他们给我们提供了重要资料，使我们及时完成了工作。
              • Your learning English grammar will help you in your English studies.学习英语语法 有助于英语学习。
              • There not being an index to this book is a disadvantage.这本书中没有索引是个缺点。
            • 【注释】
              • 动名词复合结构作主语时，如果逻辑主语的物主代词带有 all , both 作同位语，这时的无助代词可用人称代词的主格形式。
                • She and her sister both being sick makes hard work for the rest of the family.她 和她妹妹都病了，这可忙坏了家里其他人。
              • 带有同位语的名词短语作逻辑主语时，也可用名词的主格形式。
                • His sister Helen getting married last week was a great event in the family.上星 期他姐姐海伦结婚是家中的一件大事。
          • 用 it 作形式主语，动名词复合结构作真正主语
            • 以 it 作形式主语时，动名词的逻辑主语通常用所有格，偶尔用主格形式。
              • It's not the slightest use your losing temper with me.你对着我发脾气一点用处都没有。
              • I'm afraid it vexes her my having brought Roly.我担心我带来罗利令她不愉快。
              • It was quite unexpected the workers finishing the dyke with remarkable speed.工人们 以惊人的速度筑成了堤坝，是十分出乎意料的
      • 动名词复合结构作表语
        • 动名词复合结果作表语时，其逻辑主语通常用名词所有格或物主代词。
          • Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.我们唯一担心的就是你太自信了。
          • What's troubling them is their not having enough reference books.他们遇到的问题 是没有充足的参考书。
          • One of the advantages of plastics is their properties being easily controlled.塑料的一 个优点是它们的特性易于控制。
      • 动名词复合结构作宾语
        • 动名词复合结构作宾语时，其逻辑主语可用名词所有格、名词通格、物主代词或代词的宾格形式。
          • 动名词复合结构作及物动词的宾语
            • I dislike John's /John interfering in my affairs.我不喜欢约翰干预我的事。
            • I couldn't deny his having made a reasonable excuse.我不否认他找到了一个为自己 辩解的合理借口。
            • She can't stand your smoking in her room.她不能忍受你在她的房间内吸烟。
          • 动名词复合结构作介词宾语
            • They are proud of their products being on display at the exhibition.他们为自己的产 品在展览会上展出而自豪。
            • Electronic computers can not replace man because of their lacking the ability to think. 电子计算机不能代替人，因为它们没有思考能力。
            • I should thank you instead of you thanking me.我应该感谢你，而不是你感谢我。
            • Bill was relying on there being another opportunity.比尔还在指望能有另一次机会。
          • 动名词复合结构作短语动词的宾语
            • We insisted on the design being improved as soon as possible.我们坚持尽快改进这 项设计。
            • They are looking forward to Mary's coining.他们盼望玛丽来。
            • Have you heard of their being possible to help us?你听说他们有可能帮助我们吗？
      • 关于动名词复合结构的几点说明
        • 当逻辑主语是专用名词、无生命的名词或名词词组时，只能用通格，不能用属格。
          • Is there any hope of Mr. Smith being chosen as a model worker?史密斯先生有希望当 选劳模吗？
          • We are opposed to the idea of weapon being everything and man nothing.我们反对武 器而不是人决定一切的观点。
          • Is there any hope of your class winning the game?你们班有希望赢得这场比赛吗？
        • 当逻辑主语不是代词或指示代词时，用宾格，不用或少用属格。
          • I could not imagine that being possible.我无法想象那是可能的。
          • I object to anyone /anyone's smoking in here.我反对任何人在此吸烟。
        • 逻辑主语是指物的 it 时，用宾格或属格；指时间时，只能用宾格。
          • Why, it's eight o'clock already. — I'm surprised at it being so late.哎呀，己经 8 点了。——我很吃惊时间这么晚了。
          • She was worried about the little bird : She was frightened of it （its）building a nest in the chimney,她很担心那只小鸟：她害怕它会在烟囱里筑巢。
        • 复合结构作主语时，逻辑主语一般用名词所有格和物主代词。
• 动名词的时态和语态
  • 动名词的完成式
    • 动名词的完成式所表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作，在句中主要用作宾语。
      • He did not speak of having read this book.他没有说他曾经读过这本书。
      • I regret not having seen the exhibition.我后悔没有参观展览会。
      • He thanked John for having done so much for him.他感谢约翰为他做了这么多。
  • 动名词的被动式
    • 一般被动式
      • Some plastics can be shaped without being heated.某些塑料不需加热就可以加工成形。
      • The machine can operate on its own without being controlled by man.这台机器可以 不用人工控制自动运转。
      • The house is in the process of being built.房子正在建设之中。
    • 完成式被动式
      • They talked openly of having been let down.他们公开谈论自己被出卖了。
      • They admitted to having been influenced by his ideas.他们承认受到他的思想影响。
      • I remember having been told that she was the best student in class.我记得曾有人告诉 我她是班里最好的学生。
      • The reason why we have achieved so much is our having been guided by a correct line.我们取得巨大成就的原因是有一条正确的路线来指引。
• 名词化的动名词
  • 名词化的动名词形式同动名词。但是动名词具有名词和动词的特征，可以带有自己的宾语和状语。而名词化的动名词完成丧失了动词的特征，只起名词作用。在用法上有一下不同。
    • 名词化的动名词可以带冠词，而动名词不能
      • We should give the room a thorough cleaning.我们应该彻底打扫一下房间。
      • He used to go to the top of the mountain and see the rising of the sun.过去他常常到山 顶上去看日出。
      • The melting of alloy steel usually requires very high temperature.合金钢的熔化通常要求很高的温度。
    • 名词化的动名词可被形容词修饰或说明，动名词只能被状语修饰
      • They have a secret understanding with Mr. Wang.他们同王先生有默契。（名词化动名词）
      • The matter needs careful thinking.这个问题需要仔细想一想。（名词化动名词）
      • I have some shopping to do this afternoon,今天下午我要去买些东西。（名词化的动 名词）
      • Excuse me for not having answered your letter before.原谅我以前一直没有给你回 信。（动名词）
      • Working late in the night is not good for health.工作到深夜对健康无益。（动名词）
    • 名词化的动名词可以有复数形式，动名词诶呦
      • Tell us about all your doings in Beijing.把你在北京的活动都告诉我们。
      • There is some news about the comings and goings of foreign guests.有一些关于外宾 来往的消息。
      • All these comings and goings disturb me.这些人进进出出使我心烦。
    • 名词化的动名词没有时态和语态的变化，动名词二者皆有
      • I regret having been unable to write to you earlier.我很后悔未能早些给你写信。（动名词完成式）
      • I don't remember having been given a chance to see the film.我不记得曾得到机会看 这部电影。（动名词完成式被动态）
    • 动名词作主语时，可用 it 作形式主语，名词化的动名词无这种形式。它的逻辑主语以介词 of 的宾语形式出现。
      • It's no use pumping a dry well. （谚语）枯井打水，徒劳无益。（动名词）
      • The sudden rising up of the peasants frightened the landlord.农民的突然起义吓坏了 地主。（名词化的动名词）
    • 动名词可以直接跟宾语，而名词化的动名词如果没有逻辑上的宾语，要用 of 引起的介词短语表示。
      • Reading good books makes us wise.读好书使我们聪明。（动名词）
      • The building of socialism requires our concerted efforts.建设社会主义需要我们一致 努力。（名词化的动名词）
    • 动名词可以作定语或构成合成词，名词化的动名词无此作用。
      • We need a large quantity of cooling liquid.我们需要大量冷凝液。
      • The world is a looking-glass, and gives back to every man the reflection of his own face.〈谚〉世界是面镜子，每个人都在上面照到自己。
      • Failures are, with heroic minds, the stepping-stones to success.〈谚〉对于勇士，失败 是成功的梯石。
    • 有些 v-ing 形式已完全成为名词
      • The story has a happy ending.这个故事有一个快乐的结局。
      • Let's bring in the washing.咱们把洗的衣服拿进来吧。