导图社区 《新编英语语法教程》
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《新编英语语法教程》
根据B站视频所做。内容涵盖了语法层级结构、动词时态、句子成分等核心内容，从基础到高级，循序渐进，有助于学生逐步掌握英语语法知识。
编辑于2025-10-28 22:52:30- 英语
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《新编英语语法教程》
语法层次
词素
自由词素
本身具有完整意义，能作为“简单词”(Simple Word)而单独使用的词素。
可以与其他自由词素相结合，构成复合词(Compound Word)
·可以充当词根(Root),加上词缀(Affix)构成派生词(Deivative）
粘附词素
本身没有词义或完整词义，不能单独存在
前缀：
不影响词性，仅对意义加以修饰
不改变词义，引起词义变化
belittle，enslave，empower，ablaze
后缀
改变词性
前后缀
词素变体：表达相同意义的词素在不同单词上的变体，如形容词否定前缀inactive，immature，illegal，irregular
组合形式
词
根据构词法分类
简单词
派生词
复合词：两个或以上自由词素构成
根据句法功能分类
封闭词类：没有完整词汇意义，但有语法意义
介词
代词
限定词
连词
助动词
开放词类
词组
名词词组
动词词组
形容词词组
副词词组
介词词组
分句
独立分句、从属分句
简单分句、复杂分句
主句、从句
限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句
句子
橘子的结构形式是无限的，而分句的结构形式是有限的
根据结构完整性
完全句
不完全句
根据结构形式
简单句
并列句
复杂句
并列复杂句
句子成分
此书将定语放在名词词组中，作为名词中心词的修饰成分
主语
谓语
宾语
状语
时间状物
地点状语
方式状语
伴随状语
原因、结果、目的状语
条件状语，让步状语（尽管虽然但是）
修饰性状语
评注性状语
解释说明整个橘子，表达说话人的看法态度，personally，honestly，to be sure，even more important
连接性状语
通常由连接副词、解说副词及相关的介词词组表示，起连接作用
呼唤语，插入语，感叹语，句首肯定词和否定词
外围成分
补语
去掉补语句子不完整
主语补语：与系动词连用构成系表关系（也叫表语)
Peter seemed (to be)an ideal person for the job.
宾语补语：用于宾语之后，补充宾语意义，不可省略
I hold you responsible for the damage.
由as/for引出的宾语补语
We would choose him (as/for)our leader.
形式宾语：宾语太长，it做形式宾语，后接补语
We think it our duty to heal the wounded and rescue the dying.
基本句型
主动补（主系表）结构
主动结构（通常是不及物动词）
主动宾结构（通常是及物动词带宾语）
主动宾宾结构（及物动词带两个宾语）
如sent sb sth，show sb sth
主动宾补（及物动词带宾语和宾语补足语）
make him our spokesman
名词
分类
词汇意义
普通名词
个体名词
集体名词
无生命，通常用作单数
jewllery，poetry，stationery
有生命，可做单数或复数
enemy，audience，class
物质名词，不可数
bread,cream,gold,beer,tea
抽象名词，大多不可数
advice,horror,pity,beauty
子主题
专有名词
人名
地名
其他
语法意义:可数名词与不可数名词
数
可数名词
单复数同形
fish
sheep
deer
国家名称的单复数
只能用作复数的名词
不可数名词
主谓一致
词组
构成
修饰语
限定语
限定词
限定词(Determiner)是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指(Specific Reference)、类指(Generic Reference)以及表示确定数量(Definite Quantity）和非确定数量(Indefinite Quantity）等限定作用的词类。
种类
冠词
物主限定词
my,our,his,her
名词属格
指示限定词
this,that,shese,those,such
关系限定词
whose，which
疑问限定词
what，which，whose
不定限定词
some,any,each,other,both
数词
量词
a lot of,plenty of
用法
与名词搭配
与单数可数、复数可数、不可数名词均可搭配
the，some,any,no,other,whose,物主限定词，名词属格
只与单数可数名词搭配
a/an,one,another,each,every,either,neither,many a,such a
只与复数可数名词搭配
both,two,another,two,a few,few,several,these,those,many,a number of
只与不可数名词搭配
a(little)bit of,a little,much,a large amount of,a great,deal of,less,(the)least,little
与单数可数或复数可数搭配
the first,the second,the last
与复数可数或不可数搭配
a lot of,lots of,plenty of,enough,more,most,such,other
按照位置分类
前位限定词
彼此互斥
倍数关系
twice
几分之几
全部一半
all,both,half
中位限定词
彼此互斥
冠词
形容词性物主代词
my,his,her,your
指示代词
these，that
名词属格
后位限定词
可以共存，序数词或其他序列词在前
数词
数量限定词
其他表示序列的词
限定词与形容词的区别
限定词
起限定作用
一般不作表语（few、many、much除外）
总是位于名词之前
形容词
表示名词性质、特征
可以做表语
有的可位于名词之后
名词的属格
's形式
构成
单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加's
以s结尾的复数名词，词尾加'
复合名词和作为一个整体的词组，在最后一个词词尾加's
editor-in-chief's
a cat and dog's life
并列名词表示各自所属关系时，各个名词词尾加's
John's,Mary's and Jack's books
“名词词组+同位语”构成属格时，'s放在同位语名词后
Where's my classmate Nancy Lee's car?
适用情况
有生命物，或视为有生命物的名词：
某些无生命物：地理国家、天体、文化艺术、工业科技、时间、度量
意义
表示所有关系
表示主谓关系
the visitor's arrival
表示动宾关系
the enemy's detfeat
表示同位关系
Tom brought the book at Brown's, the bookseller's.
表示来源
the girl's story
表示类别
men's shoes
表示度量
a three day's journey
of 形式
适用情况
表示无生命物体的所属关系
the title of the book
名词后接短语或从句修饰时，用of属格
the name of the boy sitting next to her
意义
主谓关系
动宾关系
同位关系
the city of Rome
用法
表示所有关系时，为限定词
表示类别或度量意义时，为前置修饰语
's和of形式的换用
可换用
表示有生命词的所属关系
the visitor's arrival /the arrival of the visitor
不可换用
限定类别词，只能用's属格
Have you(got)a copy of the teacher's book?
名词有后置定语修饰，只能用of
Do you know the opinion of the committee appointed a few days ago?
独立属格
名词中心词已在上下文中出现过
Her memory is like an elephant's (memory).
被省略的中心词表示某个地点：家、公共场所、店铺公司
I am going to dine at the Johnsons'.
双重属格
带有独立属格的of短语，of短语做介词补足成分，属格名词一般特指，一般指人
He is a friend of my father's.
代词

与先行项单复数一致
在不定代词后，代词用单数
Anybody can attend the meeting if he is intersted.
【注意1】非正式语体中，如意义为复数，也可以用复数代词
No one could have blamed themselves for that.
【注意2】先行项是everything，anything，something，nothing时，代词一般用单数
Anything on the table can be thrown away,can't it?
在某些并列结构后，代词的数由其意义决定
My friend and roommate has agreed to lend me his car.
My friend and my roommate have agreed to lend me their cars.
在某些集体名词后，代词的数由其意义决定
The team has own its first game.
The team are now on the floor taking their practice shots.
在"复数名词/代词+each”后：如果each出现在动词之前，代词用复数，如果each位于动词之后，代词用单数
They each had their problems.
They had each his own problem.
分清男女
代词男女与前文所指代人物性别保持一致
通性名词
通性名词：：baby，child，infant，doctor，patient，lawyer，engineer，teacher，student，scholar，speaker，secretary，scientist，customer，parent，person
通性名词后通常用男性An instructor should offer his students challenging projects.
避免此种用法，可改为复数形式或不使用人称代词
法律文书中，可使用his or her来指代单数通性名词
前面是baby，child，infant，说话人不知道其性别，用it
前文前文是无生命物名词，代词通常用it
船只、汽车或宠物，也有用人称代词拟人的情况
若要表达感情色彩，也可用人称代词
In the last decade of the 20th century,China began to assume her role as a world power.
一般主格做主语，宾格做宾语
【例外】非正式语体中
【例外1】非正式语体中：省略句：若没有谓语，也可以用宾格做主语
Does any of you know where Tom lives?-Me
What?Me angry!Surely it's him with the red nose you mean,not me!
比较分句：宾格也可以做主语
She is prettier than me.(She is prettier than I am.
若有all，both作同位语，通常用宾格
He is cleverer than us all.
强调句：强调人时也可以用宾格
It was him who did it.(It was he who did it.)
It was them who save the drowning girl.
everyboy/,noboy+but/except句式中，因but/except,是介词，本来后面该用宾格，但
若人称代词出现在主语位置上，用主格
Nobody but she can solve our problems.
但若这类主语被分隔开，则人称代词用宾格
Nobody can solve our problems but her.
who引导的定语从句中，若跟有believe,I think等插入语，正式语体中常用主格who,不用whom
Will you go and see Carlos,who I believe will be glad to help you?
whoeveri引导的名词性从句中，做主语用whoever,作宾语用whomever
They always elect whoever is popular.
I will not trust whomever they will elect.
若在不定式后做补语，一般用whomever
My sympathy is with this poor man,whomever he might be thought to be.
代词的属格（即物主代词）
动名词的复合结构在句中做主语，逻辑主语用属格
His refusing to accept the invitation is really surprising.
动名词的复合结构在句中做宾语，逻辑主语用宾格或属格均可
I told them about your/you resigning from office.
【注意1】若人称代词在句中作宾语，带-ing分句做补语，常用宾格
They caught him cheating on the exam.
【注意2】若主句谓语是defer,deny,postphone,一般用属格
He doesn't deny his breaking the agreement.
反身代词
作同位语（起强调作用）
强调主语：放在主语之前或之后
强调其他成分：放在被强调成分之后
作介词补足成分
固定搭配
作宾语
固定搭配①：“动词+反身代词+副词”
You must pull yourself together..(振作起来)
She took herself away.(走开)
固定搭配②：“动词+反身代词+介词”
She always prides herself on having a glorious past.（夸耀）
He absented himself from the meeting..(没有出席)
He applied himself to the task.(专心致志于)
成语
He made a nuisance of himself.(令人讨厌)
I don't want to make a show of myself before strangers.(出丑)
Don't make a pig of yourself..(狼吞虎咽)
He could have hugged himself for joy at his success..(沾沾自喜)
She should have kicked herself for committing such a mistake.（自责）
For a long time she had kept herself to herself.(不与他人往来)
表示身体状况、行为举止“好“、”得体”
Frank is not quite himself today.(身体不适)
I want you to behave yourselves while I'm away..(举止得体)
指示代词
近指this/these，远处指that/those
such
such是与被指出事物相似的事物，theses等指示词指的是事物本身
We don't use these methods.
We don't use such methods.
such可用于其他限定词后，如some,any,no,all,many,several和数词
such as
such...as...准确陈述所指内容
a person such as you
such a person as you
such as也可以用来举例
Some causes,such as smoking,are known to all.
as such指代内容的确切含义，常用于否定含义
None of them receives a salary as such.
such...that...表示某事在很大程度上就是这样，带有某种后果
She was in such a hurry that she didn't even want to take anything with her.
This was such good news that I abandoned all my other projects.
【注】such在这个意义上也可以用作代词，属正式用法
Such is his obession with secrecy that he insists on using false names.
He thought that the pain was such that he must faint.
相互代词
each other多用于非正式语体，而one another!则多用于正式语体
They sat for two hours without talking to each other/one another.
不定代词
数词和量词
多
少
a few,a little ...(肯定) few,little...(否定)
quite a few，a good few，not a few"相当多”=a fair number of
Let's invite a few friends to come with us.
Give a little of that wine.
Few children were tired.
I have very little money left.
一些
some常用于肯定，any常用于否定和疑问句
some可以用在疑问句中，表示委婉客气的询问
Would you like some chocolate cake?
some+单数名词=a certain；any+单数名词=every
全体
all
三个及以上
both
两个
neither
两个，都不
none/no one
三个及以上，都不
全体当中的每一个
every
三个及以上
each：两个及以上
Each side of the road was crowded with people
全体当中的任意一个
any：三个及以上
either：两个
We have two copies left.Keep either for the file.
固定结构
all/every...not
正常书面语中，容易产生歧义
常用谚语固定解释
复合不定代词
something，anything，nothing，everything
somebody，anybody，nobody，everybody
anyone，everyone，no one，
形容词复合不定代词，形容词放在后面
something old
复合不定代词做主语，谓语动词用单数形式
There is something wrong with his computer.
代词的照应
使用代词时通常要把其指代对象表示出来，否则代词意义不明
一个代词只能有一个指代对象
人称照应
指示照应
冠词
冠词的类指与特指
类指
1||| 不可数名词不加冠词Knowledge is power
2||| 复数名词不加冠词Doctors are badly needed at the front
3||| a/an+单数可数名词An ox is useful animal
4||| the+单数可数名词：He had invented the teleschope.（正式）
通常需要根据上下文判断是否类指或特指
5||| the+adj./分词：The rich get richer,and the poor get poorer..
特指
确定特指，用定冠词the
1||| 后照应特指
We own a dog and a cat.The dog is brown and the cat is white.
2||| 前照应特指
Please tell us the story of Franklin.Is this the train for Shanghai?
3||| 语境特指
I'm just back from the market.对话双方都知道是哪个market
非确定特指，用不定冠词或零冠词
I have lost a pen
The treets are shaded with trees.
分类与用法
不定冠词
1||| 用在单数可数名词前，表示一，一个，但不强调数量
2||| 第一次提到某人或某物
A girl wants to see you
A Mr.Zhang called you just now.用在人名前表示不认识某人
3||| 表示身份、职业，多作表语
表示某个职位在某一时期内只有一人担任，或表示某人的头衔，则不用冠词。He is captain of the team.他是球队队长。（只有一个队长）
She is a high school teacher
4||| a/an+单数可数名词，表示某类事物
a/an表示类指时，实际上是从某个种群中挑一个有代表性的来代指种群，所以不用来表示只有种群整体才存在的特性.A tiger is on the brink of extinction.
A child needs plenty of love
定冠词
1||| 表示说话人和听话人都知道的人或物
确定特指
独一无二的事物，the sun,the earth,the moon
2||| 用在表示方向、方位的名词前
方位词成对使用时不用定冠词，如 from west to east
fly to the north
3||| 用在乐器前，表示演奏
play the piano、violin，guitar
4||| 用在江河、海洋、湖泊、群岛、山脉的名称前
单山独岛前不加定冠词the:Mount Tai
the Yangtze River长江，the West Lake西湖，the Pacific太平洋
5||| 用在普通名词构成的专有名词前
the Great Wall，the United Nations
6||| the+adj表示一类人/事
7||| 用在带有修饰、限定性质的词语的专有名词前
the poet Gray，the elder Peter
零冠词
表示职业、身份或头衔（通常作为补语）
He was elected President in 1879
专有名词、物质名词和抽象名称表示一般概念
China，happiness
星期、月份、季节和节日等前（某些节日也会加the）
表示学科、三餐、语言、棋类和球类运动等
play chess，play football
by+交通工具名词连用
在名词/代词+介词短语构成的独立主格结构中
The teacher came in，book in hand
表示同一个人或事物的两个并列名词中，后一个名词前不用冠词
a singer and dancer歌手兼演员
固定搭配：arm in arm，lose weight
动词
助动词
基本助动词
be
帮助构成现在进行时
帮助构成被动语态
do
帮助构成否定句
帮助构成疑问句
帮助表示强调
i do think XXX
have
帮助构成现在完成时
情态助动词
may,might,must,can,could,will,would,ought to,dare,dared,need,used
半助动词
介于主动词和助动词之间，可表示情态含义，第二小类在句子中可转化为it...that从句
主动词
按是否有补足成分
及物动词
接一个宾语
接两个宾语
give,sent,pay,
接宾语+宾语补足语
find,keep,
不及物动词
系动词
系动词后带主语补足语，即表语，主系表结构
be动词,smell,feel,look,sound,taste,seem,appear,prove,turn out,keep,remain,stand,lie,become,get,go,come,run,
按词汇意义
动态动词
持续动作
drink，eat，sit，stand，
表示改变或移动
become，grow，turn，chang
即可用于进行体或非进行体
短暂动作，如hit,jump,kick,open
用于非进行体表示说话时正在进行的短暂动作
用于进行体表示短暂动作的不断重复
静态动词
用作主动词的be（是），have（有）
表感觉的动词
feel,hear,see,smell,taste
含静态含义的动词
apply to，belong to，differ from，cost，weigh，measure，hold
表心理或情感状态
believe,hope,imagine,know,like,consider,think
静态动词不用于进行体，若与进行体联用会改变含义，具有动态动词含义
按构成方式
单词动词
词组动词
动词+介词
account for，agree with，look after
动词+副词小品词
此类动词后面不接宾语
call off，bring up，call off
动词+副词小品词+介词
come out with，fill in for，put up with
其他固定搭配
make fun of，take care of，take place
限定动词（谓语动词）与非限定主动词（非谓语动词）
《新编英语语法教程》
动作的时和体
一般现在时（单数第三人称）
表示不受时限的客观事实与真理
The earth rotates on its axis
经常性习惯性的动作
My father doesn't smoke
常用频度副词连用，如often，always，ever，rarely
表示现在状态和现在瞬时动作
通常只用于表示短暂动作的动态动词(因此也称作：瞬间现在时)
Someone's at the door,Carol.
What's the matter with you?You look pale.
What do you think,Jane?
I declare the meeting open
体育解说
表示将来时间
I hope/bet...句型
if/when引导状语从句，主将从现，从句用一般现在时（如果XX，将会XX）
表示过去时间
与tell,say,hear,learn,gather等连用
Alice tells me you're entering college next year
在叙述性文体中表示追述往事增加身临其境感
现在进行时
表示说话时正在进行的动作
区分一般现在时和现在进行时
I'm writing a letter.
表示现阶段一直在进行的动作
I teach English at the Teachers'College,but I'm now teaching in a middle school.（暂时性状态）
与always，constantly，forever等频度副词连用，表达某种感情色彩：You are continually finding fault with me.
表示按计划安排近期内即将发生的动作
Mr Cameron is leaving China in a few weeks.
其他用法
表示刚刚过去的动作
I don't know what you are talking about.
表示婉转语气（适用于hope、wonder少数动词）
I'm hoping you'll give us some adive
概要
一般过去时
表示过去时间
注意区分一般过去时和现在完成时
He left ten minutes ago.
表示过去习惯动作和一度存在的状态
He worked in a bank all his life.
表示现在时间和将来时间：在特定句型中表示婉转语气或想象性用法（虚拟语气）
表示委婉语气时通常只用于want,wonder,think,hope等少数几个动词
Did you want me?
I wondered if you could give me some help?
I wish you lived closer to us
If I had the money now,I'd buy a car
过去进行时
表示过去某时正在进行的动作（通常有时间状语）
What were you doing yesterday at 7:00?
表示过去某种习惯性动作
George was getting up at five every day that week.
表厌烦或强调：was always losing his keys/was always smoking a cigar
表示过去将来时间里的动作
Nobody knew where they were going for the holiday.
He promised not to mention this when he was talking to her.
表示现在时间和将来时间里的动作
表示婉转语气
I was wondering if you'd like to come out with me one evening.
表示主观臆想的情况（虚拟语气）
If they were leaving tonight,I'd like to go with them.
区分
现在完成时
构成：have/has+done sth
含义
过去的某个动作或状态对现在造成的影响或产生的结果，不与明确的过去时间状语连用，不与段时间状语连用，可与already,just,recently,ever,before连用
He has already turned off the light.
过去的某个动作或状态持续到现在，有可能刚刚结束，也可能继续持续，与表示持续的状语连用，for +段时间，since+点时间
I have been a teacher since1980/for ten years.
现在完成时+延续性动词
无段时间状物，动作到现在基本不会继续延续
He has worked in this company（现在离职了）
有段时间状语，可能延续
I have been a teacher since1980/for ten years.
现在完成时+非延续性动词
有不明确的过去时间状语，动作已经结束
He has already bought his lunch.
过去某个动作在现在之前的一段时间内一直重复，不与表示延续的段时间连用，通常句子中有表示次数的词
He has met a lot of his friends after he came here.
He has bought several of their books.
现在完成进行时
延续性动词，且与段时间连用，表示过去发生的某个动作一直持续到现在，大概率继续持续下去。
I have been studying English for ten years.
延续性动词，且不与段时间连用，表示某个动作在过去发生，一直延续到现在刚刚结束，强调持续动作所带来的、现在清晰可见的后果。
I have been talking too much so now my throat hurts.
非延续性动词，表示过去发生的某个动作在现在之前的一段时间内一直重复。
I've been hearing from my friends since I came to America.
过去完成时
延续性动词，表示开始于过去的过去的动作，一直延续到过去某一时刻还可以继续延续。(可以与段时间连用)
By six o'clock they had worked twelve hours.
非延续性动词，表示开始于过去的过去的动作，在过去之前的一段时间内重复发生。
I had written several letters by the time she arrived.
非延续性动词，表示开始于过去的过去的动作，到过去某时之前已经停止。
She had made everything ready before I came.
过去完成进行时
过去的动作一直持续到过去的某一点，还可能继续持续下去。（强调持续）
I had been working for some time when he called.
过去的动作一直持续到过去的某一点，然后结束。(强调持续)
She answered the door carrying a magazine she had been reading.
过去的动作在过去某一时刻之前的一段时间内重复发生。(没有次数)
I had been trying to get her on the phone.Finally she gave me a call.
从“过去”看“将来”
would+do
He said he would come back the next day.
多见于从属分句
would be doing
表示过去将来某一时间正在进行的动作
He never imagined that some day he would be living away from his motherland.
也可表示一般的过去将来，不表示进行
He told me that Mary would be coming the next day.
would have done
表示某个时间之前业已发生的事态
He said he would have finished his thesis by the end of next month.
would have been doing
表示从过去某时开始一直延续到过去将来某时的动作或事态
She said that by the end of May she would have been studying medicine for three years.
was/were doing to do
表过去将来。通常有表示过去将来的时间状语
He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired.
也可表示没有实现的意图
Last Sunday we were going to go for a picnic but it rained.
was/were to do
表过去将来。通常指过去的计划、安排在某个过去将来时间发生的事态
As I was to leave the next day,I went to bed early on Thursday evening.
表示不可避免地要发生的事件
They said goodbye,little knowing they were never to meet again.
was/were to have done
过去将来的安排取消了，没有实现
We were to have left last night,but it rained.
was/were about to do
指最近的过去将来事态
I felt that something terrible was about to happen.
在一定的语境中，表示未曾实现的意图
We were about to start when it began to rain.
He was just about to dive when he saw a shark.
was/were doing
指按过去的计划安排，即将在某一过去时间发生的事态
He said they were coming on Tuesday.
did
通常用于某些条件状语和时间状语分句
He said he would tell her all about it if he met her.
从“现在”看“将来”
will/shall+do
既表示将来，也表示“意愿，意图”
The next train to Beijing will leave at 8:00am.
I will do,if you like
疑问句中用来征询说话人的“意图”
Will you send this letter for me,please
will/shall+be doing
表示“自然要发生”，不包含意愿
The train will be arriving at two o'clock.
Will you be going home next weekend
表示将来某一时刻或时段正在进行的工作
I will be working in Geneva during May.
will/shall+have done
表示未来某一时刻之前也已完成的动作
I'll have finished my work by five this afternoon.
will/shall have been doing
已经开始的动作到将来某时刻仍在进行
By the end of next month,I shall have been working here for 20 years exactly.
will/shall本身是情态动词，其情态意义带有将来含义。在一定语境中不表示将来，只表示说话人的猜测
It's already six o'clock.He won't be working now.
He will have received my letter by now.
You'll have been wondering all this time how my invention works.
be going to do
大多表“意图”，打算在将来做某事
be going to通常表示主语的"意图”，但也有可能不是
How long is he going to stay here?
The wall is going to be painted green.(Someone intends to paint.)
He is not going to cheat me again.(I won't let him cheat me again.)
表示“预见”，现在有迹象表明某件事要发生
I feel dizzy.I think I'm going to faint.
be doing
be doing表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，通常用于表示位置转移的动词，如go，come，leave，start，arrive等以上所说的“安排”指“说话之前已经决定的安排”，通常有表示将来的时间状语
We're leaving on Friday.
The plane is taking off at 5:20.
be to do
表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常见于报纸广播，用于宣布官方的计划或决定（正式）
The King is to visit Japan next year.
表示命令、禁止或可能性
Tell her she's not to be back here.
一般现在时表将来
常见于条件状语和时间状语从句
If she comes,I'll tell her all about it.
表示按照时间表或既定日程一定会发生的将来，计划更客观，不易变更
Next Christmas falls on a Thursday.
婉转语气
延续性动词与非延续性动词转化