导图社区 英语语法
这是一篇关于英语语法的思维导图,体分为十大词性、简单句、并列句、复合句、三个特殊句式、时态、语态、非谓语七大板块。十大词性包含名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词、数词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词,是英语语法的基础构成。简单句讲解英语五大基本句型,梳理不同句子成分组合形式。并列句由简单句构成,依靠 and、or、but 等并列连词连接,表达并列对等关系。复合句讲解主从复合句结构,区分引导词,划分名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句三类从句。三个特殊句式涵盖强调句、倒装句、虚拟语气,分别介绍句式结构与使用条件,虚拟语气区分真实条件与非真实条件。时态梳理一般时、进行时、完成时、过去将来时四大类别,细分现在、过去、将来各类时态的表达形式。语态分为主动语态与被动语态,说明被动语态的动词变形规则,搭配例句辅助理解。非谓语动词讲解现在分词 doing、过去分词 done,辨析二者和主句主语之间的逻辑关系,配有示范例句。导图把英语语法主干知识点系统化归纳,梳理句式框架、时态语态、从句、非谓语等高频重难点,层级清晰,便于整体复习记忆。无论备战中高考的学生、备考四六级的学习者,还是梳理英语语法笔记的自学爱好者,都可以借助这份导图学习英语语法知识。
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英语语法
一、简单句
主谓宾
主语 subject:动作的发出者
谓语 verb:动作
宾语 object:动作的承受者
注意:
主语和宾语是名词,且不仅限于人或动物
谓语:动词
及物动词
不及物动词
系动词
简单句的6个基本句型
1. 主 + 谓 + 宾 (及物动词)
I play games.
及物动词:vt.后接宾语
2. 主 + 谓 (不及物动词)
Spring comes.
不及物动词:vi.不需要宾语
3. 主 + 系 + 表
系动词3种
1. Be动词8个
1||| 原:be
2||| 现在:am is are
3||| 过去时:was were
4||| 分词形式:been being
2. 感官动词 (五官形容词)
1||| smell 闻起来
2||| feel 摸起来/感觉
3||| look 看起来
4||| sound 听起来
5||| taste 尝起来
3. 变化动词 (形容词)
① become 变得
② get 变得 (天气情绪)
③ turn 变成 (颜色变化)
④ grow 渐渐变得
⑤ go 变得 (多指变坏,如 go bad)
4. 主 + 谓 + 宾1 + 宾2
I give you a story. / I tell you a story.
宾1:间接宾语(人)
宾2:直接宾语(物)
5. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 补
补语
形容词
The music makes me sad.
不定式:to do
He tells me to go
名词
We call him Tom
现在分词(-ing)
I saw him running
过去分词(-ed)
I had my bike repaired
补充说明意思 (主谓宾的结构完整但意思不完整)
6. There be 句型 (表达存在)
There be + 名词 + 介宾 (东西存在的地方)
例:There is a dog under the tree.
二、并列句
简单句 + 并列词 (and, or, but) + 简单句 (主谓宾)
简单句为并列关系、处同等地位
三、复合句
结构:主谓宾(简单句、主句、主导地位),从句引导词+主谓宾(从句、从属位)
从句结构:引导词+简单句
引导词 :which/when/where……
从句分类
1. 名词性从句 (名词)
作用:在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语
① 主语从句:That he likes football surprised us.
② 宾语从句:He said that he likes football.
③ 表语从句:The fact is that he likes football.
④ 同位语从句
同位语(名词):放在名词\代词后,用来解释、补充说明前面这个名词,与所解释的名词相等。
同位语的引导词只有 that
主:The fact that he likes football surprised us.
宾:He states the fact that he likes football.
2. 定语从句 (形容词)
作用:修饰限定名词
定语形式
形容词(短)
例:A beautiful girl shared a faccinating story.
短语式从句(长)
例1:A girl from Mars shared a story about her people.
例2:A task to tackle is the potential crisis.
例3:A girl who likes spring shared a story which moved us.
终极例:A beautiful girl from Mars who likes spring shared a fascinating story about her people which moved us.
3. 状语从句 (副词)
存在于简单句之外
什么是状语
1||| 副词(adv.)
核心作用:修饰和限制。 修饰范围:动词、形容词、其他副词、整个句子
程度副词
表示动作或性质的程度。 例如:very(非常)、too(太)、quite(相当)、almost(几乎)
He is very happy.
几乎不放句首,基本在被修饰词前。
方式副词
描述动作进行的方式,很多由“形容词+ly”构成。 例如:quickly(迅速地)、carefully(仔细地)、well(好地)
He ran away quickly
Quickly he ran away
位置灵活(放句首建议加逗号)
频率副词
说明动作发生的频率 例如:always(总是)、often(经常)、sometimes(有时)、never(从不)
I get up early usually.
Usually i get up early
时间副词
指出动作发生的时间。 例如:now(现在)、 today(今天)、 yesterday(昨天)
He came yesterday
Yesterday he com
地点副词
表明动作发生的地点。 比如:here(这里)、 there(那里)、 everywhere(到处)
I live here
Here i live
2||| 状语从句(起副词作用的句子)
3||| 按作用分
1||| 时间状语或从句
常用引导词 when, while, as, before, after, until, till, since, as soon as
He called me when I was sleeping.
2||| 地点状语或从句
常用引导词 where, wherever
We met where we used to go for a walk.
3||| 原因状语或从句
常用引导词 because, as, since, for
He likes spring for it is beautiful.
He likes spring because it is beautiful.
He likes spring as it is beautiful.
He likes spring sine it is beautiful.
since/as前后都可以出现外,for 并列连词,只能放句中,前加逗号。because放句首时,从句必须用逗号隔开。
4||| 条件状语或从句
常用引导词: if, unless, as long as, so long as, on condition that
As long as you win, there will be a reward.
If you win, there will be a reward.
There will be a reward if you win.
从句在句首,必须加逗号。
5||| 目的状语或从句
常用引导词 so that, in order that, lest, for fear that
I don't spend extra (in order) to save money.
I don't spend extra so that I can save money.
I study for my well-being
常用引导词:so that(以便)、in order that(为了) 常搭配情态动词:can\could \may\might
6||| 结果状语或从句
常用引导词 so…that, such…that, so that, with the result that
He tried so hard that he finally succeeded.
It was such cold weather that we stayed home.
so\such + abj. + that +结果
若用“so that”表结果时,前面要有逗号。
7||| 让步状语或从句
常用引导词 though, although, even if, even though, while, as, whatever
Although you have a point there, I don't agree with your proposal.
8||| 方式状语或从句
常用引导词 as, as if, as though
I learned English through an online course.
I contact my friends via WeChat.
I draw with my pen.
She looks at me as if she knows me.
He finshed the work as I told him to.
从句
四、三个特殊句式
对六种基本句型的操纵
1. 强调句
结构:It is/was + 被强调内容 + that + (主谓\宾)(动词)
例
It was him that hit me.
It was through this site that I learned about this project.
2. 倒装句
倒装句序:谓主宾
正常语序:主谓(宾)(主语在宾语前面)
强调、加强语气的作用,把谓语放到主语前面
类型
部分倒装
格式:Only + 状语(从句 / 介词短语)置于句首,情态动词 / 助动词提到主语前面,后面动词用原形
例1
正常:We can win only when we try harder.
倒装:Only when we try harder can we win.
例2
正常:We can win only through hard work.
倒装:Only through hard work can we win.
完全倒装
如果主语是代词,不倒装:Here it comes.
格式:方位副词放句首(here/there/up/down 等)
例
正常:The bus comes.
倒装:Here comes the bus.
固定祝愿句式倒装
句型:Long live + 名词 固定倒装祝愿。
例1
正常:The Queen live long!
倒装:Long live The Queen.
常用
3. 虚拟语气
假设一件有可能发生的事——条件状语
真实条件句:可能发生 (主句将来时、从句现在时)
If it rains, the event will be canceled.
虚拟语气
现在不可能(与现在事实相反)
从句:if + 主语 +过去式(be 动词一律用were) 主句:主语 + would/should/could/might + do(动词原形)
If I were a boy, I would be a soldier.
与过去事实相反(过去已经发生,和既成事实相反)
从句:if + 主语 + had done(过去完成) 主句:主语 + would/should/could/might + have done
If I had studied English, it would have been easier now.
If I hadn't had that extra cake, I wouldn't have been feeling guilty.
五、时态
1. 一般时
习惯性、经常性的状态
现在 (do/does 通常做)
过去 (did 做了)
未来 (will do / be going to do 将要做)
2. 进行时
现在 (am/is/are doing 现在正在做)
过去 (was/were doing 当时正在做)
未来 (will be doing / be going to be doing 将会正在做)
I will be sleeping by the time you come back.
3. 完成时
现在完成 (have/has done 有结果)
I have finished it.
过去完成 (had done)
I had finished it by yesterday.
将来完成 (will have done)
I will have finished it by tomorrow.
4.过去将来时
子主题
六、语态
主动语态
完成了……
I finished my task.
被动语态(be动词 + done)
……被完成了 过去分词(done)≠过去式(did)
My task is finished.
七、非谓语
现在分词 doing (和主句主语为主动关系)
The boy was lost, failing to find the way back home.
过去分词 done (和主句主语为被动关系)
The boy was lost, failed by his poor memory.
十大词性
1||| 名词n.
表示人、事物、地点、概念名称
2||| 代词pron.
代替名词,避免重复
3||| 形容词adj.
修饰名词,描述人 / 事物特征
4||| 副词adv.
修饰动词、形容词、其他副词,表时间、程度、方式
5||| 动词v.
表示动作或者状态,句子的谓语核心 vi 不及物动词 vt 及物动词
6||| 数词num.
表示数量、顺序
7||| 冠词art.
放在名词前,限定名词(a/an/the)
8||| 介词prep
后接名词 / 代词,表时间、地点、逻辑关系
9||| 连词conj.
连接单词、短语、句子
10||| 感叹词int.
表达情绪,独立于句子结构之外