分词（2）

英语语法非谓语动词——分词的作用与用法。介绍了分词的完成式、分词的被动语态、分词的符合结构、复合结构几个方面。

分词

• 1. 分词的完成式
  • 现在分词的一般式所表示的动作通常和句中谓语动词的动作同时发生；而过去分词的完成式在句中谓语动词的动作之前发生，在句中主要作状语，表示时间和原因。
    • 分词完成式表时间
      • Having sent the children to bed, she began to study.安排孩子们睡觉后，她开始学习。
      • Having been tested for several times, this new-type oil pump will be put into production.经过几次试验之后，这种新型油泵将投入生产。
      • Having done the first part of the research, we were divided into two groups.第一部 分的研究完成之后，我们就分成了两个小组。
      • When drinking water think of its source ； having made progress, think of your teacher. 〈谚〉饮水思源，学成念师。
    • 分词完成式表原因
      • Having studied hard, he got high marks in the test.由于学习努力，他在考试中得了高分。
      • Having worked among the workers for over ten years, he knew them very well.因为 与工人一起工作过10多年，所以他对他们很了解。
• 2. 分词的被动语态
  • 分词的一般式被动态
    • 在表示一个被动动作时，如果这个动作是现时时刻正在进行的，或与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，就可以用现在分词的被动式来表示。分词一般式被动态在句中主要作定语、状语和宾语补足语。
      • 分词一般式被动态作定语
        • The measures now being taken are aimed at stepping up production.目前正在釆取的 措施其目的是提高生产。
        • The equipment being improved by the research group will be tested tomorrow.研究 小组正在改进的设备将于明天测试。
      • 分词一般式被动态作状语
        • Being heated, water undergoes a series of changes .加热时，水发生一系列变化。（时间）
        • While being turned into water, ice — a solid, takes in much heat,冰是一种固体，被 变成水时吸收大量的热。（时间）
        • Being done in a hurry, the exercises were full of mistakes,由于做得仓促，这些练习 错误百出。（原因）
        • Being based on a simple system of calculation, the computer can work very quickly and accurately.由于计算机依据简单的计算系统运行，所以其工作速度快而准确。 （原因）
      • 分词一般式被动态作宾语补足语
        • When he came to, he found himself being looked after by a girl.醒来时，他发现一个女孩正在照顾他。
        • I heard them being offered goods at low prices.我听见在按低价向他们售货。
  • 分词的完成式被动态
    • 分词的完成式被动态在句中主要作状语，有时可作定语。
      • Having been trained for a year, we know how to operate the complicated system.经过 一年的培训之后，我们懂得了如何操作这种复杂的系统。（时间状语）
      • Having been given such a good book, we should read it very carefully.给了 我们这么 好的一本书，我们应该仔细读。（原因状语）
      • Oil drilling, although having been continuously improved, is still a complicated process.石油钻探，虽然经过不断改进，仍然是一个复杂的规程。（让步状语）
      • Tube making is a kind of technology having been studied by many scientific workers. 管子的制作是由许多科学工作者研究出来的一种技术。（定语）
• 3. 分词的复合结构——独立主格
  • 分词有时可以在其之前用名词或代词来表明分词的动作由谁执行，即分词的逻辑主语。但这些名词或代词不是句子的主语或分词所修饰的中心词。这种结构称为分词复合结构，即独立主格。分词复合结构在句中作状，表时间、原因、条件、方式及伴随动作等。with 复合结构还可以用作定语。
    • 分词复合结构的形式
      • 名词/（主格）代词+现在分词
        • So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put ofF till the next week.有这 么多的同志缺席，只好将会议推迟到下个星期。
        • It being Saturday, we had no classes.因为是星期六，我们没有课。
        • There are two doors, one leading to the living-room, the other （leading） to the kitchen.有两个门，一个通向客厅，一个通向厨房。
        • The teacher having left, the students resumed their discussion.老师离开后，同学们 继续讨论。
      • 名词/（主格）代词+过去分词
        • The duty completed, he had three months, leave.任务完成后，他休了 3 个星期的假。
        • Everything considered, it is possible for their factory to raise the output quickly. 一切 因素都考虑在内，他们工厂迅速提高产量是可能的。
        • The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.写完作文后，他交给了 老师。
      • 名词/（主格）代词+形容词
        • Hands red with the cold, they were making a snow man.他们做雪人时，手都冻红了。
        • The commander was waiting, his face white with anger.指挥官等着，气得脸发白。
      • 名词/（主格）代词+介词短语
        • He stood at the door, his hands in his pockets.他站在门旁，双手插进口袋里。
        • People came running round the comer, a policeman at their head.人们绕过拐角跑来，一位警察在他们前边。
        • So Oliver rose from the table and went up to the master, bowl and spoon in hand.奥利 弗从桌旁站起来向老师走去，手里拿着碗和汤匙。
      • 名词/（主格）代词+副词
        • Class over, all the students went out from the classroom.下课了，所有学生出 了 教室。
        • The test over, the engineer recorded the results.试验结束了，工程师记录下结果。
      • 名词/（主格）代词+名词
        • His first shot failure, he fired again.第一枪未射中，他又开了一枪。
        • The brave man fought the tiger, a stick his only weapon.那勇敢的人与老虎搏斗，一根棍子是他唯一的武器。
      • with/withou +名词/（宾格）代词+分词/形容词/介词短语/副词/名词
        • With the problem solved, the meeting came to its end.问题解决后，会议就结束了。
        • He went away with the windows open.开着窗子他就走了。
        • The woman walked on in the heavy rain, with a baby in her arms.那位妇女抱着孩子冒雨前行。
        • He went to bed with the light still on.他睡觉时灯还开着。
        • He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl.他去世时他的女儿还是个小学生。
      • there be+名词
        • There being no spare parts, the equipment could not be repaired at once.由于没有备 用件，设备不能立即修理。
        • The car stopped, there being no fuel in the tank.由于油箱里没有油，汽车停了 下来。
    • 分词复合结构的句法作用
      • 分词复合结果作时间状语
        • The experiment being over, we put the instruments back in place.试验结束后，我们 把仪器放回原处。
        • Greetings being over, they got down to business.问候过后，他们开始工作。
        • The day's work being done, he went home. 一天的工作完成后，他回 了家。
        • It being known she was the mother of the hero, everybody present offered her their respect.知道她就是英雄的母亲后，大家都向她表示敬意。
        • Everything prepared, we began to test the powerful generating set. 一切准备就绪，我 们开始试验这台大功率的发电机。
        • The first step taken, we marked down the results and prepared for the next step.釆取 第一步措施后，我们记录下结果并为下一步做准备。
        • The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.最后一班公共汽车已经过去，我们 只好步行回家。
        • The students having taken their seats, the teacher began his report.同学们就座后， 老师开始做报告。
        • The plan having been approved of, what is most important is to carry it out.计划 已经 通过，最重要的是贯彻执行。
        • The report having been read, a lively discussion began.读完报告后，开始热烈讨论。
        • A number of new methods having been applied, the production of the factory was doubled in one year.应用一些新方法后，食厂的生产一年内翻了一番。
        • The experiment over, we began to check the result.试验结束后，我们开始检查结果。
      • 分词复合结果作条件状语
        • Weather permitting, the football match will be played on next Sunday.天气允许，足 球赛将于下个星期天举行。
        • Industry developing rapidly, agriculture will be machinized very soon.只要工业发展 迅速，农业很快就能机械化。
        • Other conditions being equal, the pressure remains constant.其他条件相同，气压保 持不变。
        • The leaves being taken off, the plant stops growing.除掉叶子，植物就不生长。
        • All things considered / taken into consideration, her paper is of greater value than yours.从全面来考虑，她的论文比你的价值大。
        • The electric circuit broken, the current stops flowing immediately.如果电路断了，电 流立即停止流动。
        • I'll take you home, your daughter having not come.如果你女儿还没有来，我可以 送你回家。
        • Science and technology modernized, industry and agriculture will develop rapidly.科 学技术现代化了，工农业就会迅速发展。
      • 分词复合结果作原因状语
        • The question being rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully.这个问 题相当难，我们需要时间仔细考虑。
        • The bus being about to start, he took a hurried leave of his friends.公共汽车就要开了，他匆忙与朋友们告别。
        • The data being not quite accurate, we can't use them in our work.数据不太精确，在工作中我们不能采用。
        • They being our friends, we should help them.他们是我们的朋友，我们应该帮助他们。
        • A mass technical innovation movement being launched, the research work went on successfully.由于发动了大规模的技术革新运动，研究工作进行很顺利。
        • His leg badly hurt, he had to stay in bed.他腿受重伤，只能卧床。
        • Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan.情况变了，你必 须制定一项新计划。
        • Mr. Smith having been ill, you might take over his work.史密斯先生病了，你可以接 管他的工作。
        • Everyone having arrived, we were able to begin our work.人已到齐，我们能开始工作了。
        • They closed the store, there being no customers.因为没有顾客，他们便关了店门。
        • Our minds being emancipated, we could make the best success,因为思想解放了，我 们才获得了最大的成功。
        • All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointed.票己售完，他们失 望地走了。
      • 分词复合结构作方式或伴随情况的状语
        • We made double efforts to do the job well, each one working like two.我们加倍努力 干好工作，一个人顶两个人干。
        • Elements differ from one another, the difference depending on their atomic structure. 元素各不相同，其区别取决于它们的原子结构。
        • Here are a few instruments for your laboratory, some more coining in a day or two.这 儿有几件你们试验室的仪器，还有一些一两天后到达。
        • There are eight planets revolving around the sun, the Earth being one of them.有 8 颗 行星绕太阳转，地球是其中之一。
        • They all went out, she alone remaining at home.他们都出去了，只有她留在家中。
• 4. with/without-复合结构
  • 在科技英语中，常见到“with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+分词/形容词/介词短语/副词/名词”复合结构。这种结构在句中主要作状语，表方式、补充说明、伴随动作、时间、条件、原因或让步，有时可作定语。
    • 1. with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+现在分词
      • 在本结构中，名词/代词与现在分词在逻辑上是主谓关系，即分词动作的执行者是名词/代词。
        • “with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+现在分词”结构作方式、补充说明或伴随动作状语。
          • It was a grey leaden evening, with an east wind blowing on our backs.暮色昏暗，一 片灰蒙蒙，一阵阵东风朝我们后背上吹。
          • All metals are conductors with copper being the most widely used one.所有金属都是 导体，铜是应用最广泛的一种。
          • She hoped she could slip the letter back without anybody noticing.她希望能不知不觉 地将那信偷偷放回去。
        • “with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+现在分词”结构作条件状语
          • The density of air varies directly with pressure, with temperature being constant.温度不变，空气的密度与气压成正比。
          • With the temperature falling rapidly, they couldn't go on with the test.温度急剧下降，他们不能继续试验了。
        • “with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+现在分词”结构作原因状语
          • With many experienced teachers attending her lecture, she felt nervous and made some mistakes.许多有经验的老师在听她的课，她感到紧张，出了些错误。
          • With him taking charge of the work, we are all sure of its success.由他负责这项工 作，我们都确信能成功。
          • With the tall boy sitting in front of me, I can't see the words on the blackboard.由于 那高个的男生坐在我前边，我看不见黑板上的字。
        • “with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+现在分词”结构作让步状语
          • An object may be hot without the motion in it being visible. 一个物体，即使其内部 运动不可见，仍可能是热的。
    • 2. with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+过去分词
      • 在本结构中，名词/代词与过去分词在逻辑上是动宾关系，即名词/代词是过去分词动作的承受者。在这种结构中，过去分词的动作有时发生在句中谓语动词之前，相当于分词的完成式或被动式‘有时分词的动作与句中谓语动词动作同时发生。该结构在句中主要作状语，表时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随或补充说明。
        • “with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+过去分词”结构作时间状语
          • With the task completed successfully, they went home happily.成功地完成任务后， 他们高兴地回了家。
          • With the air removed, the vessel is lighter than before.空气抽净以后，容器比原来轻了。
        • “with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+过去分词”结构作原因状语
          • Without any grain left in the house, he had to go begging.家里没有一粒粮，他只好 出去乞讨。
          • With city water mains cracked or broken, for a while there was not enough water.由 于市自来水总管道破裂或损坏，有一段时间供水不足。
          • With the weather changed, we decided to put off the sports meet.由于天气变化，我 们决定推迟运动会。
        • “with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+过去分词”结构作条件状语
          • You must give me a true account, with nothing added and nothing removed.你必须 向我说明真实情况，既不要添枝加叶，也不要删繁就简。
          • Without the temperature or pressure changed, matter can never change from one state into another.温度和气压不变，物质不会从一种状态变成另一种状态。
          • With the door shut and the air-conditioning on, it was almost as though we were locked into some mysterious space capsule.在关着门、开着空调的情况下，我们仿 佛被关进了神秘的太空舱一般。
        • “with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+过去分词”结构作方式、伴随情况或补充说明的状语
          • The article deals with microwaves, with particular attention paid to radio location. 文章论述的是微波，特别注意论述了无线电定位。
          • The satellite is circling the earth, with its solar batteries charged by the sun.卫星绕 着太阳转，其太阳能电池由太阳充电。
          • Without a word more spoken, they went away.他们再也没讲一句话就走了。
    • 3. with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+形容词
      • 在本结构中，形容词说明名词所表示的人或事物的状态或特征，在逻辑上名词与形容词是“主+系+表”关系，being 被省略了。这种复合结构在句中主要作状语，表方式、伴随情况，补充说明或原因。
        • “with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+形容词”结构作方式、伴随情况或补充说明的状语。
          • The stranger stared at me with his eyes wide open.那陌生人睁大眼睛盯着我。
          • In general, all metals are good conductors, with silver the best and copper the second.一般说来，所有金属都是良导体，银最好，其次是铜。
          • Pig iron is alloy of iron and carbon with carbon content more than 2 percent.生铁是 铁和碳的混合物，碳含量为2%多。
        • “with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+形容词”结构作原因状语。
          • With the weather so hot and stuffy, they could not stay in the small room any longer. 天气又热又闷，他们在这小房间里再也待不下去了。
          • With the weather so hot, don't shut yourself indoors all day.天气这么热，不要整天 把自己关在室内。
    • 4. with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+介词短语
      • 在本结构中，介词短语说明名词所表示的人或事物所处的位置或状态，在句中作状语，说明方式、伴随情况、补充说明或原因。
        • “with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+介词短语”结构作方式、伴随情况或补充说明的状语。
          • The teacher walked into the classroom with a book in hand.老师走进教室，手里拿 着一本书。
          • There are more than 5,000 kinds of alloys in use today, with steel in the lead.现今可应 用的合金有5 000多种，主要的是钢。
        • “with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+介词短语”结构作原因状语
          • They are sure to win the victory with so many people behind them.有这么多的人支 持，他们肯定能赢得胜利。
          • With justice on your side, you can go anywhere; without it, you can't take a step.〈谚〉 有理走遍天下，无理寸步难行。
        • 【注释】
          • 这种结构有时可以省略 with ，变成“名词+架次短语”。在介词短语中，作介词宾语的名词是单数时，其前一般不用冠词，物主代词往往也省略；是复数时，名词前的物主代词要保留。”名词+介词短语“结构一般用逗号与句中其它成分隔开。
            • The teacher walked into the classroom, book in hand. （ = ...with a book in hand.） 老师走进教室，手里拿着书。
            • The shop-assistants, baskets and bundles on their backs, came to the mountain village.那些店员，背着篓和包裹，来到小山村。
    • 5. with/without+名词/（宾格）代词+副词
      • 在本结构中，副词用来说明名词所表示的人或事物的状态，在句中主要作方式、伴随情况或补充说明的状语。这类副词有限，常用的有 away , between , down , on , off , out , up 等。
        • Tom stood before his teacher with his head down.汤姆低着头站在老师面前。
        • Mr. Brown entered the living-room, with his raincoat off.布朗先生进了客厅，脱去了 雨衣。
        • He put on his socks with the wrong side out.他穿反了 袜子。
        • Last night he was so tired that he fell asleep with the lamp on.昨天晚上他太累了，亮 着灯就睡着了。
    • 6. with/without+名词+名词
      • 在本结构中，第一个名词是介词的宾语，第二个名词解释说明第一个名词，起同位语的作用。
        • She used to sit reading in the evening with her cat, her only companion, （She used to sit reading in the evening with her cat being her only companion. //She used to sit reading in the evening, her cat being her only companion.）过去每到晚上她总是 坐着看书，猫是她唯一的同伴。
  • with/without 复合结构作定语
    • A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the room. 一个掉了两颗门牙的小男孩跑进房间。
    • Can you see the factory with its chimney smoking?你能看见那个烟囱冒着滚滚浓烟 的工厂吗？
    • A body with a constant force acting on it moves at constant speed.作用在物体上的力 不变，该物体即以恒速运动。
    • In the house was found an enemy officer with his head blown off.在那所房子里，发 现了一个炸掉了脑袋的敌人军官。
    • At that moment, a large black car with four officers inside it, stopped at the camp gates. 当时，一辆坐有4位军官的大型黑色轿车停在营地门旁。
    • Last Sunday my sister lost her handbag with a considerable sum of money in it.上星 期日我姐姐丢了一个装有一笔巨款的手提包。
• 5. "There being+名词"复合结构
  • 在 there be 句型构成的分词复合结构中，名词是逻辑主语，谓语逻辑谓语 being 之后。这种结构在句中主要作原因状语，翻译时，可译成原因状语从句。
    • There being a lot of problems to deal with, he worked till midnight,因为有许多问题 需要处理，他一直工作到半夜。
    • There being no evidence of his crime, the prisoner was set free.因为没有任何犯罪证 据，那犯人被释放了。
    • There having been no rain, the ground was dry.因为一直不下雨，地面很干燥。
• 6. 悬垂分词
  • 如前所述，当分词短语在句中作状语且不带有自己的逻辑主语时，通常句子的主语就是分词的逻辑主语。
    • Turning a corner, he found himself face-to-face with a policeman.刚拐弯，他就碰上 了一个警察。（he是turning的逻辑主语）
    • Henry, terribly embarrassed, blushed too.亨利感到非常尴尬，脸也红了。（Henry 是embarrassed的逻辑主语）
  • 如果不是这样，就被看作不符合语法规则。如下列句子被认为是不可取的：
    • ♦Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked.尽力保持安静，地板却吱吱嘎嘎响。（the floor不是trying的逻辑主语）
    • ♦Sitting at the window, a flock of birds flew across the sky.坐在窗前，一群鸟飞过天 空。（a flock of birds不是sitting的逻辑主语）
    • ♦Given good health, the work could be finished this year.如果身体健康良好，今年就 能完成这项工作。（the work不是given的逻辑主语）
  • 但是也有例外，有时分词短语在句中找不到自己的逻辑主语，而是依着在不应该依着的词语上，这就是”悬垂分词“。以下几种情况会出现”悬垂分词“现象。
    • 当分词的逻辑主语虽未明确列出，但从上下文中可理解其逻辑主语是“one, we, you” 等泛指人的词语时，在不引起歧义或语义混乱的情况下，“悬垂分词”是可以接受的
      • Looking ahead to the weekend, temperature will be warmer.展望本周末，气温会暖和些。
      • Caught in a traffic jam, it is easy to lose patience.遇上交通阻塞，就容易着急。
      • When carrying a gun, it should never be pointed at anyone.持枪时，千万不要枪口 对人。
      • When depressed, a new hat will make a woman feel happier.感到沮丧时，一顶新帽 子会使女人感到快乐。
    • 在科技英语中，由于科技语体通常避免使用人称主语，所以常出现“悬垂分词”
      • Using the electric energy, it is necessary to change its form.利用电能时，必须改变其 形式。
      • When installing a boiler, the floor space which is available is very important.安装锅 炉时，设备可利用的面积是非常重要的。
    • 分词的逻辑主语是主句的其他成分或通过上下文体现岀来时，只要不引起歧义或语义 混乱，“悬垂分词"也是可以接受的
      • Sitting in the dentist's chair, an idea suddenly occurred to me.坐在牙科医生的治疗 椅上治牙时，我突然想起一个主意。（通过上下文可推断出sitting的逻辑主语是I, 可以改为：While I was sitting in the dentist's chair, an idea suddenly occurred to me.）
      • Tied to a post, the sea was tossing the boat up and down.（船）被拴在一根桩上，海 浪打得船不停地上下颠簸摇摆。（通过上下文可推断出boat是tied的逻辑主语， 可以改为:The boat was tied to a post, the sea was tossing it up and down.）
      • Pinned to the door by a knife, the man saw a notice.那人看见一个通告用—把刀子 订在门上。（通过上下文可推断出notice是pinned逻辑主语，可以改为：The man saw a notice pinned to the door by a knife.）
      • Grilled on charcoal, we liked the fish much better.在木炭上烤过后，我们更喜欢吃这鱼。 （通过上下文可推断岀fish是grilled逻辑主语，可以改为：We liked the fish much better after it was grilled on charcoal.）
  • 应尽量避免”悬垂分词“这种结构