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编辑于2021-09-17 16:13:50动词 (verb)
定义: 表示状态或动作的词;主要有两大类:①主动词(实义动词)和助动词
一、限定动词和非限定动词
1.限定动词(finite verb)(谓语动词): 如He is a train driver.
即实义动词和助动词,用作谓语,人称和数上要和主语一致,可与助动词连用
2.非限定动词(non-finite verb)(非谓语动词)
不能单独做谓语,没有人称和数的变化,但可充当主语、宾语、补语、状语、定语等
①动词不定式:to do
②动名词:doing
③分词:done
二、实义动词(ordinary verb)
在句子中有完整的词汇意义,能独立作谓语:如I got my offer from that big company.
1.及物动词(transitive verb)
①可以缩写为“vt.”,后接名词或代词等作宾语:如I want to see a film.
②Or by an object and an object complement (带宾语+宾语补足语): The jury found the man not guilty You should keep the room clean all the time. Or by an object and an obligatory adverbial (带宾语+状语): I put the book on the shell The Chinese treat older people with great respect
③可接两个宾语或复合宾语:如 He gave her a present.(“her”为直接宾语,“present”为直接宾语)
2.不及物动词(intransitive verb)
①可以缩写为"vi.",后面不能直接跟宾语,若接宾语要加介词,构成一个短语动词(有被动语态)如:She was looked after by her parents.
②不及物动词没有被动语态,有时及物动词用作不及物动词表示被动,主语往往是物:如 The bread baked(was baked) too long.
③Intransitive verb do not require an object (不须带宾语): The president is speaking. The bus suddenly stopped. But some must be followed by an adverbial (须带状语) without which the meaning of the sentence will be incomplete: Daffodils bloom in early spring. The musician performs in Boston next month
3.连系动词(linking verb)
接表语(形容词、名词、动名词、不定式、介词短语、副词等,构成合成谓语)
①表“存在”类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态。:如:be, look, feel, seem, appear, prove, smell, taste, sound…
②“持续”类,表示某种情况或状态的持续:如 remain, keep, stay, stand, continue…
③“变化”类:表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态:如become, turn, grow, go…
三、助动词(auxiliary verb)
无词汇意义,不能单独作谓语;帮助实义动词表达
1.基本助动词
有be, have, do三种
⑴be的三种用法:
①be+现在分词(ing形式):表示进行时
②be+过去分词(done):表示被动语态
③be+不定式(to do):表示约定、义务、希望、可能等
⑵have的四种用法
①have+过去分词:表示现在完成时的主动语态
②have+been+过去分词,表示现在完成时的被动语态
③have+been+现在分词,表示现在完成进行时
④have+to+动词原形,作情态动词,表示“必须”
⑶do的三种形式do, did, done
①构成疑问:Did you like me?
②表示强调:(用在动词原形前)用did或do
③避免重复: 用于代替前面提到的动词:如 He works as carefully as his brother does.
2.情态动词(modal auxiliaries)
不能作谓语can/could, may/might, must, ought to, will/would, shall/should, dare/dared, used to, need
⑴can和could的用法
①can表能力,经过一番努力用could
②表示能够、可能
③表示允许、许可等
④表示推测
对一般现在时推测:The girl can't /couldn't be a teacher.
对正在进行时推测:……can't be taking……
对过去事实的推测:…can't/couldn't have forgotten…
表示虚拟条件时,用could have done,表示对过去能做的事未做感到惋惜到
(2)may和might的用法
①表示请求或许可,might语气委婉
②表示推测:may表推测不用在疑问句或否定句中,以be+主语+likely to 或 do+主语+think代替
③may表祝愿
④may+well+动词原形=have good reason to(理所当然)
⑤may/might as well= had better
⑥may/might as well+动词原形+as +动词原形(与其……不如……)
(3)must和have to的用法
①表示必要性:“必须”
②must“必须”表达说话者强烈的决心;have to“不得不”表达客观使然
③You must not /mustn′t …为祈使句
④表推测:用于肯定句,表示“肯定”
(4)will和shall的用法
①Wilk/Would you…?(请…好吗?)
②Shall I…(我要……吗?)
(5)ought to, should, had better的用法
①ought to/ should+动词原形,表示义务,劝告等
②ought to 指道义上应该;should表示个人看法的应当
③should have done或 ought to have done表示过去应该做但是没有做
④疑问句:Ought sb. to do sth.? Ought sb.not to do sth.? /Oughtn't sb. not to do sth.?
(6)had better的用法
①表示“最好”havd better (not) do sth. had better have done表示应该做却没有做
(7)would和used to 的用法
①Would you…?表示客气,“Would you like sth./ to do sth.?”
②used to do表示过去常常,did not use to / Did sb. use to do?
③be/get used to do sth.(doing sth.)表示习惯于做某事
3.半情态动词(semi-models)
既可作实义动词又可作情态动词
(1)dare作情态动词,用于疑问词和否定词;只指过去发生的事用dared dare作实义动词,用于肯定句
(2)need作情态动词,常在否定句和疑问句;need not do = don′t have to do表示需要做某事但没做 needn′t have done表示没必要做却做了 need实义动词,用于肯定句 ◇sth. need doing/ to be done表示某物需要…
(3))以be为其中心成分:be able to,be about to, be bound to, be going to, be apt to, be liable to, be obliged to, be supposed to, be sure to..
(4)以have为其中心成分:have to,have got to, had better/best..
(5)以seem等为其中心成分:eem tohappe to pearto, chance to, fai to, come to, get to, tend to, turn out to...
四、动词短语
动词+一个或两个介词或副词
1.固定搭配:不及物动词+介词=及物动词 如look after, refer to…
2.动词+副词的短语动词:既是及物动词又是不及物动词,有的可+宾语,有的不可以 ◇充当及物动词时,可+宾语,若宾语为名词,可放在短语动词中间或末尾:如She called her boyfriend up./ She called up her boyfriend. ◇若宾语为代词,只能放在短语动词中间;如 She called him up. (动词+副词⇒常作不及物动词:如 I will not give in.)
区分短语中的介词和副词:①动词是不及物动词,后为介词;反之,则是副词 ②可通过宾语在短语中的位置区分,若宾语放在短语动词中间,则为副词
3.常见的短语动词
①“动词+副词+介词”,一般在句中作及物动词:如 look forward to, come up to…
②"动词+名词+介词",用作及物动词:如 take care of… 名词前可加形容词表示程度
③"be+形容词+介词"充当及物动词:如 be fond of, be afraid of… be+形容词有时相当于形容词的过去分词
五、规则和不规则动词
1.规则动词:大多动词的过去时和ed分词在词尾+ed构成规则动词: 如intend⇒intended; stop⇒stopped…
2.不规则动词
①第一类不规则动词的特点是它们的三个主要形式 (即原形、过去时、-ed分词) 同形,如: cast -cast-cast ;hit-hit-hit; put-put-put; set -set-set; spread -spread- spread…
②第二类不规则动词的特点是它们的过去时与-ed分词同形,如: bend bent bent creep crept crept deal dealt dealt flee fled fled mean meant meant
③第三类不规则动词的特点是它们的三个主要形式都不相同,如: arise arose arisen break broke broken ring rang rung steal stole stolen throw threw thrown