institutions that borrow funds from people who have saved and then make loans to others.向有储蓄的人借钱，然后向他人贷款的机构。
federal reserve system 联邦储备系统；联邦储备银行制度:
the Fed.The central banking authority responsible for monetary policy in the United States.美联储。负责美国货币政策的中央银行主管机构。
financial crisis 金融危机:
A major disruption in financial markets, characterized by sharp declines in asset prices and the failures of many financial and nonfinancial firms.金融市场的重大中断，其特点是资产价格急剧下跌和许多金融和非金融公司的失败。
Euro bond欧洲债券:
Bonds denominated in a currency other than that of the country in which they are sold.以其出售国以外的货币计价的债券
risk sharing 风险分担:
The process by which financial intermediaries create and sell assets with risk characteristics that people are comfortable with and then use the funds they acquire by selling these assets to purchase other assets that may have far more risk.金融中介机构创建和出售具有人们熟悉的风险特征的资产，然后使用他们通过出售这些资产获得的资金来购买其他可能有更大风险的资产。
money market mutual funds货币市场共同基金:
Funds that accumulate investment dollars from a large group of people and then invest in short-term securities such as Treasury bills and commercial paper.从一大群人那里积累投资资金，然后投资于国库券和商业票据等短期证券的基金。
federal funds rate 联邦基金利率:
The interest rate on overnight loans of deposits at the Federal Reserve.美联储隔夜存款贷款的利率。
LIBOR 伦敦银行同业拆借利率:
London interbank offer rate. The interest rate charged on short-term funds bought or sold between large international banks.伦敦银行间同业拆借利率。在大型国际银行之间买卖的短期基金所收取的利率。
call moneyn. 活期借款:
Money loaned by a bank that must be repaid on demand.银行贷款的必须按要求偿还的钱。
bond indenture 债券契约:
Document accompanying a bond that spells out the details of the bond issue, such as covenants and sinking fund provisions. It states the lender's rights and privileges and the borrower's obligations.债券附带的文件，说明了债券发行的细节，如契约和偿债基金条款。它陈述了贷款人的权利和特权，以及借款人的义务。
CDS信用违约掉期合约:
Credit default swap. A particular type of swap designed to transfer the credit exposure of fixed income products between two or more parties.信用额度默认掉期。一种特定类型的掉期，旨在转让固定收益产品在两个或多个多方之间的信用敞口。
general obligation bond 一般义务债券:
Bonds that are secured by the full faith and credit of the issuer, which includes the taxing authority of municipalities.以发行人的充分信用担保的债券，包括市政当局的税务机关。
NASDAQ 全国证券交易商自动报价系统协会：
National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System. A computerized network that links dealers around the country together and provides price quotes on over-the-counter securities.全国证券交易商协会自动报价系统。一个将全国各地的经销商联系在一起并提供非处方证券价格报价的计算机化网络。
floor trader 场内商人，交易厅交易人:
A member of a stock or commodities exchange who trades on the floor of that exchange for his or her own account.在证券交易所或商品交易所进行交易的成员。
after-hours trading下班后的交易:
the buying and selling of securities completed outside of regular trading hours. Eastern Standard Time uses electronic communication networks (ECNs) to match potential buyers and sellers without using a stock exchange. 在正常交易时间以外完成的证券买卖活动。东部标准时间使用电子通信网络(ECNs)来匹配潜在的买卖双方，而不使用证券交易所。
insured mortgage 保证抵押：
Mortgages guaranteed by either the Federal Housing Administration or the Veterans Administration. These agencies guarantee that the bank making the loan will not suffer any losses if the borrower defaults.由联邦住房管理局或退伍军人管理局担保的抵押贷款。这些机构保证，如果借款人违约，提供贷款的银行不会遭受任何损失。
CMO抵押担保债券：
Securities classified by when prepayment is likely to occur. Investors may buy a group of CMOs that are likely to mature at a time that meets the investors' needs.按可能发生提前还款的时间分类的证券。投资者可能会购买一组可能在满足投资者需求的时间成熟的CMO。
pass-through纳税穿透实体：
One type of mortgage-backed security (MBS). Mortgage securities allow investors to earn interest from a pool of home mortgages. 一种抵押贷款担保证券(MBS)。抵押贷款证券允许投资者从大量的房屋抵押贷款中赚取利息。
fund family基金系列：
It includes all the funds managed by one investment company.它包括由一家投资公司管理的所有基金。
MMMF货币市场共同基金：
Money Market Mutual Funds. Funds that accumulate investment dollars from a large group of people and then invest in short-term securities such as Treasury bills and commercial paper.货币市场共同基金。从一大群人那里积累投资资金，然后投资短期国库券和商业票据等证券。
12b-1 fee:
An extra fee charged by some mutual funds to cover promotion,distributions,marketing expenses,and sometimes commissions to brokers.一些共同基金收取的额外费用，以支付促销、分销、营销费用，有时还会给经纪人的佣金。
annuity. 年金：
An insurance product that provides a fixed stream of payments.一种提供固定付款流的保险产品
universal life万能寿险：
It is permanent life insurance with an investment savings element and low premiums like term life insurance. Most universal life insurance policies contain a flexible premium option.它是一种永久的人寿保险，具有投资储蓄要素和低保费，如定期人寿保险。大多数通用的寿险保单都包含了一种灵活的保费选择。
coinsurancen. 共同保险：
An insurance policy under which the policyholder bears a percentage of the loss along with the insurance company.投保人与保险公司一起承担损失百分比的保险单。
Private placement 发行债券时的直接销售（将债券全部售予法团投资人）：
A capital raising event that involves the sale of securities to a relatively small number of select investors.涉及向少数精选投资者出售证券的融资活动。
Stop loss order 停止损失指令：
An order placed with a broker to buy or sell when a certain price is reached; it is designed to limit an investor s loss on a security position.在达到一定的价格时买卖经纪人的订单；其目的是限制投资者在证券头寸上的损失。
Margin credit 差额信贷:
Loans advanced by a brokerage house to help investors buy securities.经纪公司为帮助投资者购买证券而提供的贷款。
