导图社区 语法第39课
这是一篇关于语法第39课的思维导图在，主要内容有：关键词语的重读和重复、后置和尾重句、前置和倒装句、强调句式——分裂句。
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topic
强调emphasis
关键词语的重读和重复
关键词语的重读
对比含义
this is my bag; that one is yours(this--that)
改变句子意义
Jane phoned me yesterday.(not anybody else, it is John.)
助动词do的一定形式表示强调
you do look nice today
用许多其他词语经过重读表示强调
when I saw her, I felt terribly awkward(terribly)
关键词语的重复
关键性词语通过重复取得强调的修辞效果，称作“修辞重复”rhetorical repetition
出现在正式文体，有词的重复，词组的重复和相同句式的重复
固定的词序word order——主语+谓语。
后置和尾重句
后置（postponement）--语法手段，为了表示强调而把一个非句尾成分移至句尾
支配英语词序的重要原则---句尾焦点end focus，句尾重心end weight
句尾焦点和句尾重心
句子---传递信息的单位（information unit）
旧信息/已知信息 old/given information
说话人认为或者假定对方已经了解的信息，信息传递出发点，通常由主语表示
新信息 new information
信息传递的着重点，通常由谓语表示，新信息的最关键部分通常出现在句尾，这就是信息/句尾焦点
句构特征“句尾重心”---句子结构中，主语较短较简单，谓语较长较复杂
关键词语的后置
把最终要的内容置于句尾，使之处于突出地位，这种语法手段叫做“后置”
可以通过不同的手段进行后置
it-句型
全部倒装
被动结构
分隔修饰实现主语语义中心的后移
all the essays are good except John's
尾重句periodic sentence
句子包含几个信息结构或把实质部分留到句尾或接近句尾出现
according to..., after..., she decoded it
从句先行而将主句置于其后的结构
when..., she....
相反--松散句（loose sentence），主要信息或实质部分较早出现，随后附加修饰语或补充细节。
前置和倒装句
前置fronting--把正常语序中较晚出现的成分移至句首，使之处于突出的位置进行特别强调。有时要改变语序，有时则引起倒装inversion
不引起倒装的前置
宾语、主语补语和宾补补语
a horrible mess you've made of it
very strange it seem
a scandal I call it
前置是为了是上下文紧密衔接，或意义的对比，结构的对称
one of these he fed to his cat. the other he ate himself
Joan he gave nothing, but George he gave 10 shillings.
fool Joe may be, but thief he is not.
引起倒装的前置
当主语补语前置时，如果“主语较长/结构较复杂”，主语补语的前置就引起倒装
前置宾语由“not a +名词”或者“not a single+名词”构成时
not a wining number did I have all night.
not a single winner did I back the whole meeting
某些状语的前置
全部倒装full inversion
句首状语 为“方位词或拟声词”，谓语动词go，come等表示位置转移的动态动词
the door burst open and in rushed the crowd
Bang! Bang! Bang! came three reports of firecrackers
句首状语为“地点的介词词组”
in this chapter will be found a partial answer
局部倒装partial inversion
句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语
never have I found him in such a good mood
on no account were we allowed to answer the masters back(对教师顶嘴)
句首状语为“only+副词”，“only+介词词组”，“only+状语分句”构成，以及“not only（but also）”开头的分句
only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing
only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets
only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.
not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it
关联连词so（... that）开头的句子结构，“so+形容词”是主语补语的前置---全部倒装，“so+副词”是状语的前置---局部倒装
so dangerous were the avalanches that skiing had to be stopped
so quickly the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus
方式状语、频度状语等移至句首
gladly would I pay more if I could get better service by doing so
many a time has Mike given me good advice
主语较长，可以全部倒装
thus began an intricate minuet between us and the Chinese
方式状语等移至句首时，也可以不倒装
stealthily the girl crept out of door
强调句式——分裂句
分裂句cleft sentence专门表示强调的句式
什么是分裂句
以it为引导词的强调句型，结构形式 为“It + be的一定形式+中心成分+that-/who-分句”。强调处谓语动词外的大多数句子成分。
强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语、状语，使其成为信息中心
it was John that/who gave Mary a handbag at Christmas
it was Mary that John gave a handbag at Christmas
it was a handbag that John gave Mary at Christmas
it was at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag
助动词be可以采取复杂形式
it may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag
单一方式副词不作分裂句中心成分
√：it was very reluctantly that she agreed to help
×：it was reluctantly that she agreed to help
可以强调由because引导的原因状语分句，但是不可以强调as/for等引导的原因状语分句
主语补语通常不可以用作分裂句的中心成分
×：it is beautiful that she is
宾语补语可以作分裂句的中心成分
it is green that they have painted the wall
“分裂句引导词”it与先行词it
分裂句--去掉that/who，句子成分仍然完整。先行词it---去掉that/who，句子缺少一定的成分
it作不作成分
“假分裂句”pseudo-cleft sentence
强调谓语
I gave her a book.----what I did was (to) give her a book
主语--what 引导的名词性分句，分句主动词--do的一定形式，主语补语---不定式结构（可不带to）
do以-ing分词形式出现，或以-ed分词形式出现
what he will be doing is taking a plane to Beijing
what he has done is to give her a gift
