英语词汇学 Chapter 2

自考本科段英语-英语词汇学Chapter 2，从七个部分进行了知识梳理。你还在为你的英语词汇烦恼吗，看这个思维导图的清晰介绍，能为你解答不少疑惑。

Chapter 2

3 main sources of new words

the rapid development of modern science and technology(45%)

social economic and political changes(11%)

other culture and language(24%)

modern English vocabulary develops through three channels

creation

roots 词根

affixes词缀

other elements其他形式创建的新词

Creation refers to the formations of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes, and other elements. This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. 创造是指利用已有的材料，即词根、词缀等构成新词。这是扩大词汇量最重要的方法。

semantic change 旧词新义

Semantic change means an old form which takes a new maening to meet the new need.

This does not increases the number of word forms but create many more new usages of the words,thus enriching the vocabulary.

borrowing借词

borrowed words constitute merely six or seven percent of new words.借词在新词中，借词站6％.

Reviving archaic复活古词

obsolete 废弃词

English

Old English(450-1150)

also known as Anglo-Saxon, has a vocabulary of about 50000-60000 words. It was a highly inflected language.也被称为盎格鲁-撒克逊语，有大约5000 -60000个单词。这是一种高度曲折的语言。

Middle English(1150-1500)

It refers to the language used from 1150 to 1500.它指的是1150年到1500年间使用的语言。

the Norman conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.诺曼征服使法语单词不断地流入英语。

Morden English(1500-up to now)

began with the establishment of printing in England. In modern English, English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.始于英国印刷术的建立。在现代英语中，英语已从一种综合语言演变为今天的分析语言。

西部诸语族 the Westen set

凯尔特语族 Celtic

意大利语族 Italic

希腊语族 Hellenic

现代希腊语 Greek

日耳曼语族 Germanic

Norwegian 挪威语(Northern European Language北欧语)

Icelandic冰岛语(Northern European Language北欧语)

Danish 丹麦语(Northern European Language北欧语)

Swedish瑞典语(Northern European Language北欧语)

Dutch荷兰语(Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语)

German德语(Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语)

Flemish佛兰芒语(Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语)

English英语(Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语)

Germanic refers is a term used to refer to a branch of Indo-European language family, which consists of English, German, Dutch, etc.日耳曼语指的是印欧语系的一个分支，包括英语、德语、荷兰语等。

东部语族 the Easten set

波罗的海-斯拉夫语族 Balto-Slavic

普鲁士语 Prussian

立陶宛语 Lithuanian

波兰语 Polish

捷克语 Czech

保加利亚语 Bulgarian

斯洛文尼亚语 Slovenian

俄语 Russian

印度-伊朗语族 Indo-Iranian

波斯语 Persian

(Sanskrit古梵语)孟加拉国语 Bengali

(Sanskrit古梵语)印地语 Hindi

(Sanskrit 古梵语)吉普赛语 Romany

亚美尼亚-阿尔巴尼亚语族 Armenian and Albanian

印欧语系 Indo-European

近东诸语族 the Near East

古梵语 India

semantic change

Semantic change means an old form that takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. This does not increase the number of the word forms, but create many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary.语义变化是指旧的形式有了新的意义以满足新的需求。这并没有增加单词的形式，而是创造了更多的单词的新用法，从而丰富了词汇。