英语词汇学 Chapter 2

自考本科段英语-英语词汇学Chapter 2，从七个部分进行了知识梳理。你还在为你的英语词汇烦恼吗，看这个思维导图的清晰介绍，能为你解答不少疑惑。

Chapter 2

• 3 main sources of new words
  • the rapid development of modern science and technology(45%)
  • social economic and political changes(11%)
  • other culture and language(24%)
• modern English vocabulary develops through three channels
  • creation
    • roots 词根
    • affixes词缀
    • other elements其他形式创建的新词
    • Creation refers to the formations of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes, and other elements. This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. 创造是指利用已有的材料，即词根、词缀等构成新词。这是扩大词汇量最重要的方法。
  • semantic change 旧词新义
    • Semantic change means an old form which takes a new maening to meet the new need.
    • This does not increases the number of word forms but create many more new usages of the words,thus enriching the vocabulary.
  • borrowing借词
    • borrowed words constitute merely six or seven percent of new words.借词在新词中，借词站6％.
  • Reviving archaic复活古词
  • obsolete 废弃词
• English
  • Old English(450-1150)
    • also known as Anglo-Saxon, has a vocabulary of about 50000-60000 words. It was a highly inflected language.也被称为盎格鲁-撒克逊语，有大约5000 -60000个单词。这是一种高度曲折的语言。
  • Middle English(1150-1500)
    • It refers to the language used from 1150 to 1500.它指的是1150年到1500年间使用的语言。
      • the Norman conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.诺曼征服使法语单词不断地流入英语。
  • Morden English(1500-up to now)
    • began with the establishment of printing in England. In modern English, English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.始于英国印刷术的建立。在现代英语中，英语已从一种综合语言演变为今天的分析语言。
• 西部诸语族 the Westen set
  • 凯尔特语族 Celtic
  • 意大利语族 Italic
  • 希腊语族 Hellenic
    • 现代希腊语 Greek
  • 日耳曼语族 Germanic
    • Norwegian 挪威语(Northern European Language北欧语)
    • Icelandic冰岛语(Northern European Language北欧语)
    • Danish 丹麦语(Northern European Language北欧语)
    • Swedish瑞典语(Northern European Language北欧语)
    • Dutch荷兰语(Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语)
    • German德语(Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语)
    • Flemish佛兰芒语(Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语)
    • English英语(Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语)
    • Germanic refers is a term used to refer to a branch of Indo-European language family, which consists of English, German, Dutch, etc.日耳曼语指的是印欧语系的一个分支，包括英语、德语、荷兰语等。
• 东部语族 the Easten set
  • 波罗的海-斯拉夫语族 Balto-Slavic
    • 普鲁士语 Prussian
    • 立陶宛语 Lithuanian
    • 波兰语 Polish
    • 捷克语 Czech
    • 保加利亚语 Bulgarian
    • 斯洛文尼亚语 Slovenian
    • 俄语 Russian
  • 印度-伊朗语族 Indo-Iranian
    • 波斯语 Persian
    • (Sanskrit古梵语)孟加拉国语 Bengali
    • (Sanskrit古梵语)印地语 Hindi
    • (Sanskrit 古梵语)吉普赛语 Romany
  • 亚美尼亚-阿尔巴尼亚语族 Armenian and Albanian
• 印欧语系 Indo-European
  • 近东诸语族 the Near East
  • 古梵语 India
• semantic change
  • Semantic change means an old form that takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. This does not increase the number of the word forms, but create many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary.语义变化是指旧的形式有了新的意义以满足新的需求。这并没有增加单词的形式，而是创造了更多的单词的新用法，从而丰富了词汇。