导图社区 考研英语基础语法
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考研英语基础语法
这是一篇关于考研英语基础语法的思维导图，内容非常详细，专门针对英语基础薄弱的同学整理的笔记，希望帮助你上岸。
编辑于2022-03-29 22:58:22
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基础语法
简单句五大基本句型
什么叫句子？
由词和词组构成的、能够表达完整意思的语言单位。
什么叫简单句？
英语句子必须具备主谓结构
主语为谓语的发出者
如有宾语，宾语为谓语动作的承受者
定义：一个句子只包含一个主谓结构，而句子各个成分都只是单词或短语构成
基本句型
主+谓（S+Vi）
主语一般在句首
主语：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等
谓语一般在主语之后
谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角
例句不物动词
I fainted
The dog is sleeping
The car went away
例句
I sing beautifully (S + Vi + 副词)
You will go in a holiday (S + Vi + 介词短语)
We stopped to have a rest (S + Vi + 不定式)
I'll go swimming (S + Vi + 分词)
主+谓/系+表（S+V+P）
系动词：联系动词
Be:am is are
感官动词：look sound smell taste feel
持续动词：keep stay rest remain
变化动词：become get grow turn fall
表象动词：seem appear
终止动词：prove turn out
例句
I'm a boy. (S + V + 名词/代词)
I'm handsome. (S + V + 形容词)
He is in good health. (S + V + 介词短语)
He is excited. (S + V + 分词)
主+谓+宾（S+Vt+O）
谓语特征
实义动词
都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。
例句及物动词
I love English.
He wants to learn English.
He knows that he is wrong.
例句
I like music./She hates him. (S + Vt + 名词/代词)
I want to help him.(S + Vt + 不定式)
I don't know what to do.（S + Vt + 疑问词 + 不定式）
I enjoy living here.(S + Vt + 动名词)
I don't think that he is right.
主+谓+间宾+直宾（S+V+IO+DO）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语（物直人间）
这两个宾语通常一个指人（间接宾语）；一个指物（直接宾语）
例句
I sent him a book.
Give me a cup of tea, please.
主+谓+宾+宾补（S+V+O+OC）
有些及物动词后只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明。
例句
We named our baby Tom. (S + Vt + 宾语 + 名词)
He painted the wall white.（S + Vt + 宾语 + 形容词）
I often see him in red.（S + Vt + 宾语+ 介词短语）
句子的时态
什么叫时态？
“时” = 时间（现在时间，过期时间，将来时间）
“态” = ？
“时态”=> 动词
名词的“态”
“水”
固态 - ice
液态 - water
气态 - steam
名词的“态”：存在的形态
动词的“态”
eat
准备吃 - to eat
正在吃 - eating
吃完了 - eaten
动词的“态”：一个动作从出现到结束的各个“阶段”
时态：在某一个时间，一个动作进行的阶段
一般时
一般现在时
动词结构
Be:am/is/are
Do:do/does
主语+谓语（一般现在时）+其他部分
He writes a letter everyday.
适用范围
1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态
I always wake up at 6.
She is often late.
2、表示众所周知的客观事实或普遍真理
People usually don't work at weekends.
The earth is round.
3、用于格言或者谚语
Failure is the mother of success.
一般过去时
动词结构
Be:was/were
Do:did
主语+谓语（一般过去时）+其他部分
He wrote a letter yesterday.
表示在过去某个时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。通常在句子里找到表示过去的时间
She went to Beijing yeaterday.
I liked playing with my dog when I was little.
Michael Jackson died in 2009.
动词原型变为过去式一般规律
常规：help->helped
以e结尾：live->lived
辅音+y：study->studied
辅元辅：plan->planned
一般将来时
动词结构
will do
am/is/are going to do
主语+谓语（一般将来时）+其他部分
He will write a letter tomorrow.
表示在将来某个时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态
I will visit the museum tomorrow.
He is going to study abroad next year.
一般过去将来时
动词结构
would do
was/were going to do
主语+谓语（一般过去将来时）+其他部分
He said he would write a letter.
表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。
You said you would go shopping.
He said that he was going to live in the countryside.
进行时
进行时态标志
be + doing
例句
现在进行时
He is writing a letter now.
过去进行时
He was writing a letter at 7 p.m. last night
将来进行时
He will be writing a letter at 7p.m. tomorrow.
现在进行时
1、表示说话时正在进行的动作
You are listening to me.
2、表示现阶段正在进行的事情
You are preparing for the post-graduate entrance exam.
3、现在进行时表将来
The train is coming.
过去进行时
1、表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作
He was talking to me at that time.
2、表示在过期短期内正在进行的动作或存在的情况
I was watching TV at home last night.
将来进行时
1、表示将某一时刻正在进行的动作
He will be sleeping at 6 a.m. tomottow.
2、表示要在将来某一时间开始，并继续下去的动作
Tom will be cleaning the house this Friday.
一般时 vs 进行时
一般现在时
陈述事实
现在进行时
感情色彩
一般将来时
个人意愿
将来进行时
陈述事实
完成时
现在完成时
动词结构
be:have/has been
do:have/has done
主语 + have/has been/done + 其他部分
He has written the letter.
适用范围
1、表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
The bus has already come.
现在完成时标志词
Already
Yet
Since
Ever since
So far
By now
...
Someone has cleaned the window.
She has bought a new car.
2、表示始于过去，持续到现在，可能持续下午的动作
He has studied English since 2010.
强调动作从何时开始：since + 时间点
We have lived here for two years.
强调动作持续了多久：for + 时间段
过去完成时
动词结构
be:had been
do:had done
主语 + had been/done + 其他部分
He had written the letter when I came.
表示过期某一时间之前已经发生或者完成的动作
He had gone to bed by 10:00 last night.
I had learned 1000 English words till then.
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday
完成进行时
现在完成进行时
动词结构
have/has been doing
主语 + have/has been doing + 其他部分
He has been writing a letter for 2 hours.
现在完成进行时表示某动作从过期某个时间开始，一直持续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去
翻译：一直都在
She has been working in this school for 6 years.
They have been standing here since 7 this morning.
现在完成时 vs 现在完成进行时
相同点
表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作
I have worked in this school since 2000.
I have been working in this schook since 2000.
不同点
现在完成时可以表示一个已经完成的动作，可以加瞬间性的动作；而现在完成进行时则表示一个正在进行的动作，不可以加瞬间性的动作
I have already read the book.
I have been reading the book.
现在完成时表示一次性的动作；现在完成进行时表示重复性的动作
I have met him at the library.
I have been meeting him at the library.
现在完成时通常只陈述事实；而现在完成进行时还可表示一种感情色彩
I have waited for two hours.
I have been waiting for two hours.
句子的语态
语态：表示主语和谓语之间的关系
分类
主动语态
主语是动作的发出者
I eat an apple.
被动语态
主语是动作的承受者
被动语态的形式：Be + done（动词过去分词）
及物动词才有被动语态
被动语态：be动词的时态+done
一般现在时的被动语态
am/is/are + done
The book is broken by me.
一般过去时的被动语态
was/were + done
The book was broken by me.
现在进行时的被动语态
am/is/are being + done
The question is being discussed now.
过去进行时的被动语态
was/were being + done
The question was being discussed at the metting yesterday.
现在完成时的被动语态
have/has been + done
The story has been forgotten.
过去完成时的被动语态
had been + done
More than 700 people had been cured by the end of last month.
含情态动词的被动语态
情态动词：表达语气和态度，不能单独当谓语，要和实义动词原型结合一起充当谓语。
常见的情态动词
结构：情态动词 + be done
He may be criticized by his father.
Many trees should be planted by people.
Flowers must be watered everyday.
主动语态转被动语态
Plants make oxygen.
Oxygen is made by plants.
The famous writer wrote a new book last year.
A new book was written by the famous writer last year.
I am going to buy a villa next Sunday.
A villa is going to be bought by me next Sunday.
什么时候用被动语态
不知道或者不必提动作的发出者时
An apple wae eaten.
I was born in 2000.
强调动作承受者时
She is loved by everyone.
客观严谨性
It's widely accepted...
句子的分类
助动词
助动词的作用是帮助实义动词完成“时间和数”的概念表达
be : am is are
现在进行时
be : was were
过去进行时
will
一般将来时
would
过去将来时
have has
现在完成时
had
过去完成时
do does
一般现在时
did
一般过去时
陈述句
肯定句
表示肯定含义，对事情进行肯定判断的句子
I am a good son.
You work hard.
That new teacher did a good job.
He has been in China for 10 years.
否定句
表示否定含义，对事情进行否定判断的句子
一般原则：在助动词后面 + not 来构成，not都可以缩写为n't
出现be动词，直接在后面加not
I am not busy.
You are not a teacher.
You aren't a teacher.
I was not in my room last night.
I wasn't in my room last night.
He is not driving a car.
He isn't driving a car
You were talking to me at that time.
You weren't talking to me at that time.
will/would,直接在后面加not
I will not go there.
I won't go there.
He said he would not come.
He said he wouldn't come.
出现助动词have/has/had,直接在后面加not
I have not finished it.
I haven't finished it.
She has not left.
She hasn't left.
By 7 a.m. ,the class had not begun.
By 7 a.m.,the class hadn't begun.
句子中出现实义动词时，动词前加don't doesn't didn't,同时实义动词变成原型
I don't walk to school everday.
Tom doesn't have a football.
I didn't have a good time at Disneyland last Sunday.
疑问句
一般疑问句
是一般只有yes或no来回答的句子
一般原则：将助动词提前至句首
出现be动词，直接将be动词提前到句首
Am I busy?
Are you a teacher?
Was I in my room last night?
Is he driving a car?
Were you talking to me at that time?
出现will，直接将其提前到句首
Will you go there tomorrow?
have/has/had直接将其提前到句首
Have you finish it?
Has she left?
Had the class begun by 7 a.m?
句子出现实义动词，在句首加上do/does/did.实义动词变为原型。
Do you have an English book?
Does Tom have a football?
Did he have a good time at Disneyland last Sunday?
特殊疑问句
以特殊疑问词开头，对句子中某一成分提问的句子，一般不能用yes或no回答
特殊疑问词
what 什么
who 谁
which 哪一个
whose 谁的
when 时间/什么时候
where 什么地点
why 什么原因
how 怎样
what(which,whose) + 名词
语序
对主语提问，使用陈述语序
Tom's mother often looks after him.
Who often looks after him?
Tom's mother often looks after him.
Whose mother often looks after him?
对于除主语之外的其他部分提问，语序为特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句
He gets up at six every morning.
When does he get up every morning?
She went to Yunnan by plane yesterday.
Where did she go by plane yeaterday?
She went to Yunnan by plane yesterday.
How did she go to Yunnan yeaterday?
There is going to be a football match tomorrow.
When is there going to be a football match?
有Be动词提前Be动词其他不变
感叹句
表示强烈情感的句子，通常使用感叹号。
感叹句引导词：what和how
What + a/an + adj. + 可数名词单数（+主+谓）！
What a delicious cake it is!
What an interesting class this is!
What a fine day it is!
What + adj. + 可数名词复数/不可数名词（+主+谓）
What kind women they are!
What nice music it is!
How + adj./adv.（+主+谓）
How hard the workers are working.
How clever the girl is!
句子成分
什么叫做句子的成分？
句子的组成部分
主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、补语、同位语
谓语
什么词能充当谓语？
动词（V.）
定义：表示动作或状态的词
分类
实义动词（Vt、Vi.）
连系动词
情感动词（can,may,must...） + 动词原型
助动词（do,does,have...）
充当谓语
四种情况可以充当
实义动词
连系动词
情态动词+实义动词/连系动词
助动词+实义动词/连系动词
要有时态的变化
非谓语动词
分类
现在分词Doing，表主动
过去分词Done,表被动
不定式To do,表将来
定义：非谓语动词可以用来充当除谓语外的所有句子成分
主语
什么词能充当主语？
名词
例句
The/A pig is a useful animal.
Pigs are useful animals.
Water is very important.
可数名词
可数名词有单、复数两种形式
单数用原型，复数形式通常在单数形式后面加“-s”构成
可数名词单数作主语时，谓语用单数形式，可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数
不可数名词
所表示的事务不能用数来计算
通常是抽象名词和物质名词
不可数名词做主语谓语用单数
名词不能裸奔
冠词
概念
是名词的一种标志、不能脱离名词独立存在，也不能单独作句子成分
英语中冠词有三个；分别是不定冠词a,an和定冠词the
不定冠词
a/an表示泛指
a用于辅音音素或半元音音素开头的单词前
an用于元音音素开头的单词
例句
用于第一次提到的人或物的名称前
There was a hole in the wall.
泛指某个人或某个事务
A girl is waiting at the school gate.
定冠词
the用来表示“特指”
例句
用于再次提到上文提到的或特定的人或事务
John bought a computer and a TV set,but there was something wrong with the TV
用于表示宇宙中独一无二的事物的名词前
the earth 地球
the sun 太阳
用于姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇俩
The Turners were sitting at the breakfast table.
零冠词
语言、学科、三餐、球类等的名词前不用
English is widely spoken all over the word.
职位、头衔、国民、地名和其他专有名词前不用
Dr.Smith,China
可数名词单数需要加冠词，不可数名词不加冠词表示泛指，加the表示特指
代词
是代替名词、形容词、数量词等的词
例句
I am a teacher.
He/She has a dog.
My/Your book is good.
This/That is my coat.
非谓语动词：动名词，不定式
动名词做主语
Seeing is believing.
Listening to music makes me happy.
不定式作主语
To clean the house is your job today.
加入不定式充当主语不定式过长，需要引入形式主语“It”
To go to Japan for a visit is my plan for this year.
It is my plan for this year to go to Japan for a visit.
主语还是to go to Japan for a visit
动名词或不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数
宾语
概念：动作行为的对象，是位于动作的承受者
主语宾语成分一样，且必须一样，被动语态主宾可以转换。
名词作宾语
例句
I love money.
You will achieve your dream.
Children should eat more fruit.
代词作宾语
例句
My mom lives me.
We all like him.
Tom's book is broken,so he is using mine/(my book).
非谓语动词作宾语
例句
I will go to swim tomorrow.
I like reading novels.
David refused to leave.
宾语补足语
对宾语的补充说明
名词作宾补
We call her Mary.
形容词作宾补
My work keeps me busy.
介词短语作宾补
I left a case on the train.
非谓语动词作宾补
Don't keep me waiting.
I asked him to help me.
表语
名词
I am a teacher.
代词
That man is me.
非谓语动词
My dream is to be rich.
介词短语
I am in Suzhou.
The dictionary is on the table.
形容词
Suzhou is beautiful.
The flower looks lovely.
形容词和介词短语不能作宾语
定语
例句
（花瓶里面的）花是蓝色的
（手里面的）鸡腿不香了
概念：修饰，限定，说明名词或者代词的部分。
“...的”+ 名词
形容词作定语
The cute and faithful dog died.
名词作定语
A diamond necklace.
A stone bridge.
介词短语作定语
Suzhou is known as the "Paradise on earth".
非谓语动词作定语
The galloping horse is like a strong wind.
定语位置“前短后长”
当一个词修饰名词时，通常放在名词前
当多个词修饰名词时，通常放在名词后
例句
《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是一个关于爱情和复仇的故事。
Romeo and Juliet is a story about love and revenge.
英语是一门容易学但是难精通的语言。
English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master.
今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西。
There is nothing important in today's newspaper.
只有一个定词修饰不定代词，也要放在不定代词的后面
状语
副词
修饰动词
The boy ran away speedily.
修饰形容词
The boy was extremely terrified.
修饰副词
The boy ran away rather speedily
修饰句子
Consequently,He fell down.
什么词可以充当状语？
副词作状语
He smiles sweetly.
副词短语作状语
He smiles over and over again.
介词短语作状语
He smiles like an angel.
非谓语动词作状语
He smiles,waving his hand.
状语可以放在句子的任何位置