Difference between spoken language and written language
Characteristics
spontaneous
time-constraint
Features
1.Using less complex syntax;
2.Taking short cuts;
3.Using fixed conventional phrases/chunks;
4.Using devices such as fillers, hesitation
devices to give time to think before speaking.
Activities helpful for students
1.Reading aloud;
2.Giving a prepared talk;
3.Learning a piece of text
or dialogue by heart;
4.interviewing somebody or
being interviewed;
5.Doing a drill.
Some implications to teaching
Both teachers and students need to learn to accept repetitions, rephrases, hesitations, incomplete sentences, fillers or pauses.
Principles for teaching speaking
Balancing accuracy-based with fluency-based practices
Contextualizing practice
Personalizing practice
Building up confidence
Maximizing meaningful interactions
Helping students develop speaking strategies
Using classroom learning environment
Designing speaking tasks
Two factors
1.Language proficiency level
2.Challenging tasks
Common characteristics in successful speaking tasks
1.Maximum foreign talk:
2.Even participatio;
3.High motivation;
4.Right language level.
