音乐在许多方面影响儿童的发展

这是一篇关于音乐在许多方面影响儿童的发展的思维导图，介绍了语言交流、阅读和写作能力、大脑和智力发展、身体等内容。

Music influences children's development in many ways

• Language and Communication
  • • As a form of musical expression, nursery rhymes have been used as a method for children's early language learning (Weintraub, 1984), and have been used in various music education and music therapy (Standley, Walworth, &Nguyen, 2009; Standley, Walworth, Nguyen Engel, and Hillmer 2011; Trainor, Marie, Gerry, Whiskin, & Unrau, 2012) Musical ability is associated with phonological improvement in second language learning and the learning of lexical tones used to distinguish the meanings of words in tonal languages (Delogu et al., 2006; Wong & Perrachione, 2007) Specific acoustic properties of language have been shown to influence sound perception, and differences in phoneme duration are linguistically relevant (Delogu et al., 2006; Wong & Perrachione, 2007)
  • • Musical experiences contribute to the establishment of musical identities for young children, and in the process develop communication through the integration of their own and experiences from different social groups (Hargreaves, Miell, &McDonald, reference Hargreaves, Miell, McDonald, Hargreaves, & Mill, 2002) Children share music and in music environment, they have power, feelings, self-esteem, collusion and distance relationship. They use musical expressions to establish connections and reflect their position in the group (Almudena & Mª Luisa, 2019) The role of music in emotional communication provides a basis for parents to increase their confidence in sharing music with their infants, increase the frequency and enjoyment of musical interaction, and use game songs and lullabies to promote emotional regulation of children, which can increase the attachment relationship between each other (Creighton, 2011) Children's active participation in music lessons has been shown to increase participants' brain development and culture, as well as infants' communication and social-emotional development (Gerry, Unrau, &Trainor, 2012; Trainor et al., 2012)
  • How does music affect children's language and communication? In what ways does it help children improve their language and communication?
• Reading and literacy
  • There is a positive correlation between music training and reading ability(Bultzlaff, 2000) In a large study of children aged four to five,Musical perception predicts reading skills (Anvari et al., 2002) In children's music, there is a strong correlation between the ability to distinguish global pitch profiles of sound sequences and phonological and reading skills (Foxton, 2003) The phonetic development required for reading was also improved through training in altered hearing and sound segmentation and mixing (Swan and Goswami 1997; Habib 2000; Anvari et al. 2002; Foxton et al. 2003; 2003; Gaab et al. 2005; Tallal and Gaab 2006) Children with dyslexia also show impaired pitch discrimination and abnormal neural correlates of pitch processing (Santos et al., 2007), Solfeggeting and ear training with multimedia music can help some developmentally dyslexic and non-dyslexic children with writing (Kast et al., 2007)
  • • Regardless of race and socioeconomic status, students who take school music classes perform better in many academic areas because music helps children develop literacy skills. Although reading does not depend on hearing, children need to have auditory input and input first. With the improvement of reading skills, sounds will be correctly mapped to articulations. So there are many children with language and learning disabilities who can be greatly improved by music training（Jessica, 2014) The natural rhythm of music provides a time frame that directs attention and promotes semantic and syntactic structures in speech signals, so some rhythmic training has also been successful in improving reading skills（Jessica, 2014) Rhythm and reading use the same neural resources, and both depend on the temporal precision and consistency of sound responses to nerves（Jessica, 2014) The development of pitch related skills is another important part of musical training, and the perception of complex pitch patterns and melodic patterns may be particularly important for the development of reading skills, as it helps detect stress patterns and facilitates the segmentation of continuous speech streams into individual notes（Jessica, 2014)
  • What elements of music can help children improve their reading and literacy skills? How these elements of music relate to reading and literacy.
• Brain and intellectual development
  • Musical expertise has an important influence on the human brain, so the musician's brain is considered the best model for de-plasticity(Schlaug 2001; Münte et al. 2002; Pantev et al. 2003; Gaab et al. 2006) Using brain imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging, musical expertise was associated with increased activation in the right lower lateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior superior temporal gyrus（Schlaug et al. 2005) Differences in anatomical function associated with musical expertise are usually associated with the age at which musical training begins (Elbert et al. 1995; Schlaug et al. 1995; Schlaug 2001; Amunts et al. 1997; Jancke et al. 1997, 2000; Lotze et al. 2003) The amount of music practice was associated with levels of musical expertise and increases in gray matter volume in several brain regions (Schneider et al. 2002; Gaser and Schlaug 2003) As musical practice increased, activation of different brain regions decreased (Jancke et al., 2000; Koeneke et al., 2004)
  • • Children with high academic scores were more likely to take music classes than other children, and cognitive performance was positively correlated with the number of music classes in different areas of cognitive ability, such as spatial, verbal, working memory, and processing speed(Glenn，2011) Music training has a small but widespread effect on cognitive processing, and because it improves attention and executive function, which benefit almost all cognitive tasks, it also contributes to intelligence (charloger, Hannon & Trainor, 2007) Music may lead to a small increase in IQ and a high level of executive function, so the two aspects go hand in hand (Schellenberg, 2004). People with musical training may have similar relative strengths and weaknesses, but have higher levels of cross-disciplinary ability. Musically trained individuals do not have a lodger defect in executive function and average, but appear to be normal in executive function and above average in intelligence (Glenn，2011) Changes in electrophysiological measures of auditory function were greater in children who took music lessons than in age-matched children who did not take music lessons.（Karen & Merav，2013） Children with musical experience have better memories than children with no musical experience. , their memory continued to improve with further music practice, but stopped improving if they stopped taking music lessons. ‎（Karen & Merav，2013）
  • Which parts of the brain are stimulated and affected by music? What are the main characteristics of music for children's intelligence?
• The body
  • In the case of preterm birth, the fetus needs to stimulate the auditory system in utero with music or speech, causing the fetus to form a dentition column in their auditory cortex, and causing the cochlear hair cells to undergo critical adjustments (Graven&Browne, 2008) Infants aged 0-2 are more likely to engage in rhythmic and musical movements than speech, and their movements are positively correlated with rhythm coordination (Zentner & Eerola, 2010) Musculoskeletal diseases are common among adult musicians, but musculoskeletal diseases still exist in children and adolescents, so the risk factors for muscle problems associated with playing an instrument are similar (Sonia et al., 2008) The high prevalence of musculoskeletal and even disabling effects related to musical performance is an important health issue for children and adolescents, among which gender, age and exposure to Musical Instruments are important risk factors (Sonia et al., 2008). The preschoolers who received musical training outperformed the exercise control group on balance and executive motor skills, and the latter group also experienced exercise training（Franziska, Hanne & Gudrun Schwarzer， 2020）
  • What positive physical effects does music have on young children's development? What are the possible negative effects of studying music?