ICAO neo

适用于攻克ICAO4-5的飞行人员 内容：有关于包括，飞机系统，程序，天气等多方面的内容 特点：思路清晰，板块多样，覆盖内容全面，细节充实 适用于长期的ICAO英语学习，不断添加补充。 达瓦里氏，乌拉

ICAO

• aircraft and aircraft system
  • aircraft
    • types of aircraft
      • 1.What type of aircraft are you flying? I am flying C172/PA44/DA42. 2.What type of aircraft have you flown? i have finished my entire flight training of the airline transport pilot integrates course containing private pilot, commercial pilot licenses training and instruments-rating training. I have flown C172 and PA44/DA42.three types of aircraft C-172S and R was used in my initial training stage DA42NG was used in my secondary training stage
    • the advantages and disadvantage of aircraft you fly
      • 1.what are the technical problem of the aircraft you fly? There are some advantages and disadvantages of the aircraft I fly now. The aircraft is equipped with digital instruments. It can improve our aircraft performance, increase our situation awareness and make our flight safer and easier.
    • type rating
      • 1.how many kionds of types-ratings do you have now? Now I have _____ type-ratings. - single engine land 单发陆地 - multi-engine land 多发陆地 -A320/B737. 2.please compare the airplane yoou flyin your company and that you fly in you school? In the flight school, I fly ___________(C172, SR20, PA44). actaully,They are the training aircraft in our initial flight training. They are easy to control.and the systems of these aircrafts are simple. In the company, I will fly __________ (A320, B737). They are large commercial aircraft. They are more advanced. They may improve the aircraft performance, reduce our workload and make our flight easier and safer.And of course it will be difficult to control and understand.
    • A320/B737
      • differences
        • 1.whats the difference between airbus and boeing There are some differences between airbus aircraft and Boeing aircraft. 1) Airbus aircraft use fly-by-wire system and Boeing aircraft use hydraulic mechanical system. 2) Airbus aircraft use side stick and Boeing aircraft use control column.
        • A320
          • sidestick
          • fly-by-wire system
        • B737
          • comtrol wheel/colume
          • hydraulic amd mechanical system
      • choose
        • 1.if you have the chance to choose from one of them which one will ou choose? (if you have chance to choose any type of aircraft which type of aircraft will you choose?) If I have a chance to choose, I will choose A320 because airbus aircraft use side stick and we will have more space, we will feel more comfortable. Besides, airbus use fly-by-wire and it can reduce our workload.
    • large commercial aircraft
      • designed amd ,amufactured in China
      • what your opinion about the aircraft designed and manufactured in China
        • 1.So far, there are some large commercial aircraft designed and made in China, such as ARJ-21, C919. They are equipped with advanced equipment and systems and They can make our flight safe and comfortable. We feel very proud of them and we are looking forward to flying them.
      • C919
        • 1.can you talk about something about C919 As we know, C919 is the large com-mer-cial aircraft designed and manufactured (made) in China. C stands for China, 9 stands for ever lasting， 19 means that the aircraft can take 190 persons. 2.what is your opinion on the new type of aircraft? There are some (technological) advantages of C919 (I think C919 is good). 1) C919 is equipped with fly-by-wire system and automatic flight control systems to improve aircraft performance and passenger comfort. 2) C919 is equipped with digital flight instruments to increase situational awareness and reduce pilots’ workload and make the flight safer and easier. 3.advantages 1.improve the aircraft performance 2.enhance the situational awareness 3.reduce pilot's workload 4.make flight safer and easier
        • side stick
        • fly by wire
        • digital flight instrument
        • HUD(head up display)
  • cockpit
    • flight controls
      • side stick
      • control column
    • traditional analog instruments
      • 1.Can you say something about traditional analog instruments? What are the advantages and disadvantages of analog instruments? Yes, as I know, analog instruments are mainly used in traditional cockpit and used as standby instruments in case of electrical failure. Each analog instrument shows one single flight information. For example, ADI shows the attitude of the aircraft and the altimeter shows the altitude of the aircraft.There are some advantages and disadvantages of analog instruments. Analog instruments are more reliable and they can be used at any time, even in case of electrical failure. However, the accuracy of analog instruments is low and it may take us more time to scan/check/get the flight information.
      • tranditional cockpit
    • digital instrumemts
      • modern/glass cockpit
    • compare the traditional instruments and digital instruments which one do you prefer?
      • 1.I Prefer digital instruments because digital instruments such as PFD and MFD can display some important flight information in a single display. They can reduce our workload, increase our situational awareness and ensure the flight safety.
    • EFIS
      • 1.is your aircraft equipted with EFIS? if yes please say something about it? if not what instruments are used to display flight information? Yes, our aircraft is equipped with EFIS, Electronic Flight Instrument System. EFIS consists of PFD and MFD. PFD is used to display some important flight information such as attitude, altitude, airspeed, heading, vertical speed and yaw. MFD is used to display navigation information and weather information and so on. They can increase the performance of the aircraft, reduce our workload and enhance the flight safety.
      • electronic flight instrument system
        • PFD
          • the PFD can provide information including:altitude.attitude heading calibrated airspeed.vertical speed and yaw
    • highly computerised
      • 1.In your opinion, is it a good thing for modern commercial aircraft to be highly computerized? Is there any disadvantage of this computerized tendency？ Yes, I think it’s a good thing for a modern commercial aircraft to be highly computerized. There are many computers in our cockpit such as flight control computer, flight management computer and air data computer. They can improve the performance of the aircraft, reduce our workload, and make our flight easier and safer. Of course, there are some disadvantages of this computerized tendency. For example, if there is electrical failure during flight, the computers may be out of work, it may threaten flight safety.
      • good thing
      • disadvantage
  • aircraft system
    • 1.what type of aircraft do you fly, what types of flight systems do you have? I fly _______. There are many aircraft systems in our aircraft such as electrical system, communication system, navigation system, flight control system and so on.
    • flight control system
      • flight control surfaces
        • 1.can you tell me something about control surfaces? Yes, flight control surfaces consist of primary flight control surfaces and secondary flight control surfaces. The primary flight control surfaces include ailerons, elevators and rudder. The secondary flight control surfaces include flaps, slats, spoilers and trim tabs. 2.what the position of these flight control surfaces The ailerons and flaps are located on the wings of the aircraft. The elevators and rudder are located on the tail of the aircraft. 3.what the function of these control surfaces The ailerons are used to control the roll. Elevators are used to control the pitch. The rudder is used to control the yaw. The flaps are used to increase the lift during takeoff and increase drag during landing. 6.
        • primary flight control surfaces
          • ailerons
            • 1.what should you think about when you extend ang retract the flaps? When extending or retracting the flaps, we should pay attention to - the altitude of the aircraft, - the speed of the aircraft, - the wind condition， - the runway condition and so on. 2.what are the standard call-out when retracting and extending the flaps? B737 1) PF calls "Flap 1", PM replies and checks "altitude good (check altitude below 20000 feet, speed below 230 knots)" , PM sets flap 1. 2) PF calls "Flap 5", PM replies and check "speed below 210 knots", PM sets Flap 5. 3) PF calls "Flap 15", PM replies and check "speed below 200 knots", PM sets Flap 15. 4) PF calls "Flap 30", PM replies and check "speed below 175 knots", PM sets Flap 30. 5) PF calls "Flap 40", PM replies and check "speed below 162 knots", PM sets Flap 40 （as needed). 3.what may be the consequence if the flaps are extended above the altitude limitation? If the flaps have been extended above altitude limitations, it may trigger the master warning. Besides, it may cause structural damage to the flaps. 4.according to yourcompanys SOP, what is the flap setting when takeoff? According to the SOP, we will set the correct flaps for takeoff based on - the performance of the aircraft, - the wind condition, - the runway conditions (length) - and so on. 5.what will you do if the flaps were jammed when performing landing? If the flaps are jammed during landing, first, we will report our situation to ATC and request the longest runway for landing. Second, we will hold to burn fuel to reduce the weight and reduce the touchdown speed.
          • elevators
          • rudder
        • secondary flight control surfaces
          • flaps
          • slats
          • spoilers
          • speed brakes
          • trim tabs
        • MFD/ND
          • the MFD/ND can provide navigation weather traffic
    • hydraulic system
      • the number of hydraulic systems/3
        • 1.how many hydraulic systems are there in your type of aircraft? I fly ______, there is no hydraulic system. But I know there are ______ hydraulic systems in A320, ______ system, _____ system and _______ system. There are ______ hydraulic systems in B737, System _____, System _____ and ________ system. 2.
        • A320
          • blue yellow green system
        • B737
          • A/B and standby system
      • function
        • 1.what is the function of hydraulic system? (is hydraulic system important whatis the main functon of hydraulic system?) Hydraulic system is mainly used to provide hydraulic power/pressure to operate/control aircraft units such as landing gear, flaps, brakes, steering and so on.
        • hydraulic power/pressure
          • to operate aircraft units
            • lamging gear
            • flaps
            • brakes
            • nose wheel steering
            • primary flight control surfaces
      • failure
        • 1.if one of them fials will it affect flight safety? As I know, there are three hydraulic systems in A320/B737. If one of them fails, we can switch to other working hydraulic system. They can provide hydraulic power, too, so it won’t affect flight safety.
      • consequences
        • 1.what are the possible consequences if the hydraulic systems fail? There are some possible consequences of hydraulic system failure. For example, if the hydraulic system fails during landing, the landing gears can’t be extended, we may have to make a belly landing. Besides, we can’t extend the flaps, the landing speed will be higher and the landing distance will be longer.
        • landing gears cant be extended or retracted
        • flaps cant be extended or retracted
      • hydraulic fluid leak
        • 1.if there is a fuel leak. how to respond to this? If there is hydraulic fluid leak before flight, we will report it to mechanics for check. If there is hydraulic fluid leak during flight, we will report our situation to ATC and request emergency landing, then we will follow checklist to check the aircraft units such as landing gear, flaps, brakes and steering
        • how to respond to this
          • 1.report it to ATC 2.request to perform the checklist
    • landing gear
      • 1.if the landing gear cant be extended, how to respond to it? If the landing gear can not extend, I will report it to ATC and request hold for further check and try manual extension to crank it down. If the nose gear can not extend, we can request touch and go to jar it down. If the landing gear can't be extended either, we have to make a belly landing. 2.describe the alternate landing gear extension system and how dose it work? The alternate gear extension system is used to extend the landing gear manually if the landing gear can't be extended hydraulically or electrically. In emergency situations, we can use the alternate gear extension system to disconnect the uplock of the landing gear and the landing gear will fall down with gravity. 3.if the gear indication lights dose not work, how can you judge weather your landing gear has been extended or not? If the gear indication lights are inoperative, we will request low pass for visual check if the landing gear is down. Besides, in large aircraft, the warning system such as GPWS or radar altimeter will trigger a warning if the aircraft is close to the ground and the landing gear is not down. Some aircraft can give us voice warning “gear not down”.
    • electrical system
      • electrical power
        • 1.how many types of electrical power sources in the aircraft? There are some sources of electrical power in the aircraft such as - engine driven generator, - APU generator, - external power (Ground Power Unit，GPU), - emergency generator, - battery and so on.
        • sources
          • EDG(engine driven generaters)
          • APU generater
            • 1.when do you need to use APU? When we are on the ground, before engines are started and GPU is not available, we will use APU (for power supply). When we are in the air, if the engines fail, we will use APU for power supply.
          • GPU(ground power unit)/external power
            • 1.when do you need external power? When we are on the ground, before engines are started and APU is inoperative （INOP）, we will use external power.
      • electrial failuer
        • 1..have you ever encountered electrical failure? No, I have never encountered electrical system failure during flight. 2.what will you do if one hydraulic system fails/ If one of the electrical systems fails during flight, 1）we can use other working electrical system. 2) we will check the faulty circuit and shut off the unnecessary electrical loads. 3) we will report our situation to ATC and request radar vectors to the nearest suitable airport.
        • how to respond to it
          • 1.use other working electrical system 2.identify and recgnize the faulty circuit 3,shut off the uncessary electrical equipment 4.land as soon as possible/request radar vectors to the nearest suitable airport
    • air conditioning system
      • 1.have you ever encountered air conditionning system failure in you flight? No, I have never encountered air conditioning system failure during flight.
      • failure
        • 1.What will you do if you encounter air conditioning system failure? If the air conditioning system fails during takeoff, we will return to land because if the air conditioning system fails, the temperature will be too high or too low and the pressurization system may be out of work, it may affect flight safety. 2.Will you return to land or continue the flight when your air conditioning system fails? If we encounter air conditioning system failure during flight, we will report our situation to ATC and request divert to the nearest suitable airport and request maintenance to come after landing.
        • return to land
          • uncomfortable
          • decompressiion
        • continue the flight
    • oxygen system
      • introduce oxygen
        • 1.The oxygen system is used to provide oxygen to persons on board in case of emergency. As I know there are two oxygen systems: one for flight crew and the other for cabin crew and passengers.
      • oxygen masks
        • 1.under what circumstance will pilots use oxygen masks? First, if there is depressurization, we will use oxygen masks. Second, if there is smoke or fire in the cockpit, we will use oxygen masks.
        • under what conditions
          • depressurization
          • smoke fumes and unusual smell
    • pressurization
      • 1.dose your aircraft have pressurization system? why dose aircraft need pressure system? I fly ______, there is no pressurization system. But I know, the large aircraft need pressurization system because pressurization is used to adjust cabin altitude and make persons on board safe and comfortable. Without pressurization above 3000m, the persons on board will feel uncomfortable, or even suffer from hypoxia, decompression sickness and so on. 2.
      • function
        • 1.adjust cabin altitude 2.make it safe and comfortable
      • depressurization and decompression
        • 1.what may cause in flght depressurization? There are some possible reasons for depressurization. First, outflow valve malfunction may cause depressurization. Second, air conditioning problems may cause depressurization. Third, bleed air leak may cause depressurization. Fourth, structural damage such as damage to the doors or windows may cause depressurization. Besides, there are some other reasons for depressurization.
        • reasons
          • outflow valve malfunction
          • air conditioning pack malfunction
          • bleed air leak
          • structural damage
        • slow and rapid decompression
          • 1.which one is more dangerous slow depressurization or rapid depressuration? I think, slow depressurization is more dangerous. It may be caused by small and slow air leak. In this situation, the pilots may not notice/find it and get incapacitated.
        • what to do
          • in circumstance of rapid depressurization, what is your standard procedures? If we encounter rapid depressurization, first, we will put on the oxygen masks. Second, we will report our situation to ATC and request emergency descent to FL100. 1.put on the oxygen masks 2.make emergency descent
    • engine
      • parameters
        • 1.what kind of parameters is important to the operation of flight? - N1; - EGT; - N2; - FF/FU; - oil temperature; - oil pressure; - oil quantity; - vibration. 2.what will you do when you notice abnormal parameters when cruising? If we notice abnormal engine parameter indications during cruise, we will follow SOP and QRH to trouble shoot /solve the problem.for example, if the oil temperature is higher than normal, we will monitor other engine parameters. then we will report it to ATC and request emergency landing at the nearest suitable airport and emergency services. 3.
        • valid and important
          • N1/N2
          • EGT
          • fuel flow amd used fuel
          • vibration
          • oil pressure
          • oil temperature
        • abnormal parameters
          • engine failure and restart
      • engine fire
        • during take off roll
          • before V1
            • rejected takeoff
          • after V1
            • continue to land and return to land
        • just after airborne
          • discharge the fire bottles or extiguishers
            • by mistake
              • engine flame out
              • damage to the engines
            • procedures
              • check /confirm
              • fire bottle1
                • fire out
                • fire on NO2
          • shut down the faulty engine
          • request priority landing and emergency services
      • engine failure
        • 1.whats your procedure when there is aan engine failure when cruising? If the engine fails during flight, 1) we will shut down the faulty/affected engine and reduce power to idle. 2) we will check if there is any damage to the faulty/affected engine. 3) if there is no damage to the engine, we will consider/perform engine restart. 4) we will report it to ATC and request priority landing.
      • piston engine VS turbine engine
        • 1.what are the difference between piston engines and turbine engines? There are some differences between piston engines and turbine engines. 1) piston engines use gas and turbine engines use fuel. 2) turbine engines are more powerful than piston engines. 3) turbine engines are more fuel efficient than piston engines. 4) turbine engines have less vibration than piston engines.
        • differences
          • 1.more powerful reliable fuel efficient
        • detonation of piston engine
          • 1.what will you do if you encounter piston engine detination(baozheng) If we encounter this situation, 1) we will adjust the mixture control; 2) we will report it to ATC and request emergency landing and emergency services.
          • adjust the mixture control
  • communication
    • communication equipment
      • 1.what are some methods for communication with controllers? There are two ways to communicate with ATC. First, we can communicate with ATC by radios such as HF radios and VHF radios. Second, we can communicate with ATC by data link. 2.what type of aircraft do you fly? what communication equipment devices are there in your aircraft? how to use them? Ifly .... We have some communication equipment in our aircraft such as - radios, - data links, - satellite phone, - PA (passenger addressing), - interphone. 1) We can communicate with ATC by radios and data link. 2) We can communicate with passengers by PA. 3) We can communicate with cabin crew and ground staff by interphone. 4) We can communicate with our company (dispatcher) by satellite phone.
      • radios
        • HF radios
        • VHF radios
        • voice communication
        • ATC
      • data link
        • CPDLC(control pilot data link communication)
          • 1.what dose CPDLC stands for? CPDLC stands for Controller Pilot Data Link Communication. 2.when the two way radio communication failuer occurs,how can you operate CPDLC to comply with the instructions of controllers? When we encounter the two-way radio communication failure during flight, first, we will squawk 7600. Second, we will follow the last ATC instructions. Third, we will use CPDLC to tell the controller that we have two-way communication failure and request revert to CDPLC. fourth, we will acknowlege ATC instructions and send them back to follow ATC instructions.
        • text
        • ATC
      • interphone
        • cabin crew ground maintenamce staff
      • PA(passenger addressing)
        • 1.when do pilots make PA? There are some situations we will make a PA. First, if we encounter turbulence during flight, we will make a PA to inform the passengers to remain seated and fasten their seatbelts. Second, if there is medical emergency on board, we will make a PA to find if there is a doctor on board. 2.if your captain and co-pilot incapacitated in flight,will you make PA? If the captain or first officer is incapacitated in flight, we won't make a PA because it may make the passengers in the cabin panic and out of control. 3.how will you tell the flght attandance if the captain and co pilot incapacitated in flight? If the captain or first officer is incapacitated in flight, I will take the control of the aircraft and use the interphone to tell the cabin crew to offer first aid to him or her. Then I will report our situation to ATC and request land at the nearest suitable airport and medical services upon arrival.
        • passenger cabin crew
      • satellite phone
        • company operations
    • communication failure
      • 1.have you ever encountered radiio failure? No, I have never encountered radio failure during flight. 2.what is your companys radio failure procedure? If we encounter radio failure, first, we will squawk 7600 （to indicate we have communication failure）. Second, we should follow the last ATC instruction or follow flight planned route. Third, we will restart the radios and reestablish communication with ATC. If possible, we may revert to CPDLC.
      • recriver failure
        • squawk 7600
        • transmit blind
      • transmitter failure
        • squawk 7600
        • squawk ident
        • make turns
      • summary
        • 1.what would you do when the receiver or transmitter or tranceiver fail? If we encounter receiver failure, we will squawk 7600 and we can transmit blind on the frequency. If we encounter transmitter failure, we will squawk 7600, and we can squawk ident or make turns to show we can receive the transmissions. If we encounter two-way communication failure, we will squawk 7600. And we should follow the last ATC instructions or follow the flight planned route.
      • two way failure
        • 1.dose your company provide guidelines for two-way radio communication failure? where? Yes, our company provides some guidelines for handling two-way communication failure. We can get these information from EFB or airport details.
        • squawk 7600
        • follow the ATC instructions
      • loss of conmmunication
        • during approach
        • reasons
          • 1.what human factors may affect good communication? There are some human factors that may affect good communication. First, if controllers or pilots don’t use standard words, it may affect good communication. Second, high pilot workload may affect good communication. Third, wrong frequency setting may affect good communication. 2.what factors may affect effective communication between controlers and pilots? There are many factors that may affect effective communication between pilots and controllers. First, the radio equipment may affect effective communication between pilots and ATC. For example, if there is radio failure such as transmitter failure or receiver failure or two-way failure, it may cause communication failure. Second, human factors may affect effective communication between pilots and ATC. For example, if the pilots or controllers don't use standard words and phrases, it may cause misunderstanding or miscommunication. 3.in your opinion,what pilots can do to improve the quality of communication between controlers and pilots? There are many things we can do to improve the communication between pilots and controllers, first, we should check the radios to ensure they are working properly/well. Second, we should follow the communication procedure and use standard words to avoid misunderstanding between pilots and controllers.
          • radio quipment problem receiver transmitter transceiver failure
          • environment factors
            • 1.what environment may affect effective communication? There are some environmental factors that may affect effective communication. First, lightning strike may affect effective communication because lightning strike may cause damage to the antennas and cause communication failure. Second, loud background noise may affect effective communication.
            • lightning strike
          • human factors
            • 1.have you encountered misunderstanding between controllers and pilots? No, I have never encountered misunderstanding between pilots and controllers. But I have heard some accidents caused by misunderstanding between pilots and controllers. For example, once, the controller instructed the pilot to “descend two four zero zero feet”, which means “descend two thousand four hundred feet”, but the pilot misunderstood it as “descend to four hundred feet”. As a result, the aircraft crashed into the hill. 2.are there any effective ways to avoid misunderstanding between pilots and controllers? Yes, there are some efficient ways to avoid misunderstanding between pilots and controllers. first, we can check the radios to ensure they are working well. Second, we should follow the communication procedure and use standard words to avoid misunderstanding between pilots and controllers. Third, if we have some doubt about ATC instructions, we should confirm it with ATC immediately. Fourth, we should improve our English proficiency.
            • misunderstanding
            • dont use standard words
              • 1.what communication skills may affect smooth communication between controlers and pilots? First, if we don’t speak loudly and clearly, it may affect smooth communication. Second, if we don’t use standard words, it may affect smooth communication. Third, poor English may affect smooth communication.
      • loss of radio contact
  • navigation
    • ways to navigate
      • 1.What are the three normal ways to navigate ? In order to navigate successfuly , the pilot must know or be able to judge his position at all times . Location can be determined by the folowing ways : A . Landmark navigation ( reter to visible landmarks ) B . presumed pilotage ( azimuth and distance calculated from known position ) C . Radio navigation ( using radio navigation equipment )
    • navigation aids
      • 1.during flight what flight aids do you need? During flight, we often use VOR, NDB, ILS and GPS. A . VOR ( VHF omnidirectional beacon ) B . NDB ( non - directional beacon ) C . DME ( distance measuring equipment ) D . GPS ( global Positioning System )
      • ILS
        • 1.what are the advantage of ILS compared with VOR? VOR approach is non-precision approach and it can provide only the lateral guidance while ILS approach is precision approach and it can provide both lateral guidance and vertical guidance.
        • precision approach
          • LOC(lateral guidance)
          • GP/GS(glide slope)verticle guidance
        • VOR approach
          • non-precision guidance lateral guidance
        • definition
          • 1.what is ILS?(what is the basic function of the ILS?) The ILS stands for instrument landing system. it is a ground-based instrument approach system which provides precision guidance to an aircraft approaching a runway during IMC, such as low ceiling, fog, rain and assist pilots to make a safe landing
        • instrument approach procedure charts
          • definition
            • 1.it is published for each ILS approach, providing pilots with the needed information to fly an ILS approach during IFR operations including radio frequency, minimum visibility requirement
          • contents
            • 1.it contains radio frequencies used by the ILS components or the navaids minimum visibility requirement for specific approach.
        • components of ILS
          • 1.An ILS consists of two independent sub-systems. One providing lateral guidance, the other vertical guidance to aircraft approaching a runway
        • ground equipment
          • 1.what is the ground equipment of the instrument landing system? a localizer(LOC) antenna array and glideslope or glidepath antenna array the former is normally located beyond the departure end of the runway and generally consists of several pairs of directional antennas. the later one is sited to one side of the runway touchdown zone
        • how are the signals displayed on instruments
          • 1.the signals are displayed on an indicators in the instrument panel the instrument is generally called the omni-bearing indicator or NAV indicator. the pilots control the aircraft so that the indications on the instruments remain centered on the display vertical guidance is shown on the instrument by the glideslope indicator, aids the pilot in reaching the runway at the proper touchdown point.
        • back course
          • definition
            • 1.usage of older less directional antennas allows a runway to have a non-precision approach called a localizer back course this allows ircraft land use the signal transmitted from the back of the localizer array this signal is reverse sensing so a pilot may have to fly opposite the needle indication.
        • ILS categary
          • 1.ICAO hsa classfied ILS approaches for several cateories accordance to decision height and RVR limit CAT I, CATII, CATIIIa/b/c
      • VOR
        • 1.What is ＂ VOR "? VORS are very high frequency radio stations that emit radio in al directions , like spokes radiating from a wheel shaft . Each ray is represented by the outward magnetic direction . 2.What is a VOR " radial line "? Radial line refers to a magnetic azimuth line extending from the omnidirectional beacon station . It emits 360 rays from the VOR . These rays are generaly identified by the direction from the station . If an aircraft is on the 360° radial line , it must be due north of the VOR 3. what are the advantages of usinq VOR navigation ? A . Electrostatically free reception -- VOR equipment is transmitted in the VHF range , making it static free . It can eliminate the effects of thunderstorms and other weather phenomena that cause static disturbance on flight . B . Very accurate - the course calibration accuracy of VOR is very high , basicaly within ±1. C . Fly along the selected route -- using the VOR along the route enables the aircraft to fly to the VOR from any direction ; Choosing the right radial line will enable the aircraft to fly from the VOR to any destination . When there are more than two VORS By obtaining the heading and vOR , the position of the aircraft can be determined quickly and easily on the chart . D . Correction of crosswinds -- The pilot maintains a neutral course away fom the bar and the crosswinds will be corrected .
      • NDB
        • 1.What is the NDB ? NDB is a directional beacon station , which is a low - to medium - frequency radio beacon station that transmits directional signals . From these signals , with the appropriate equipment , the pilot on the aircraft can determine the position and determine the ＂ station ＂ or " station ". 2.What is ADF ? ADF is automatic directional instrument ; Many aircraft are equipped with radio receivers that work in low and medium frequency bands . When tuning an NDB or a commercial radio station , the pilot can use the ADF for navigation . 3.What are the advantages of ADF navigation ? A .Simple equipment and low cost . B .It is not limited by sight distance and can receive medium wave broadcast signals for orientation 4.ADF naviqation limitations A . Cross - wind drift cannot be automatically calculated . B . susceptible to lightning , rain and static electricity . C . susceptible to other disturbances , such as sunrise and sunset influences , topOgraphy and shoreline influences .
      • DME
        • 1.What is a DME Range measuring equipment - DME - equipped aircraft can measure the Oblique distance from ground DME equipment to obtain distance and ground speed intormation . When the DME is working , the enquiry pulse pair is emitted from the aircraft to the ground at a specified interval ; The ground station sends a response pulse pair to the aircraft at another frequency . The time of the signal loop exchange is measured by the onboard DME equipment and the distance and ground speed are calculated .
      • GPS
        • 1.What is GPS ? Global Positioning System ( GPS )- Space - based radio positioning , navigation , and time transmission system . The system ’ s continuous Earth datum provides high - precISion pOsition and velocity information , as Well as acCurate time , to an infinite number of GPS device users . System is not affected by the weather and provide global grid reference System , the GPS Concept is based onSatellite transmission to users related to time and location of the Spatial pOsition of each Satellite precise information ContinuOuSIy , GPS receiVer automatiCally cho0Se appropriate Signals from satellites and calculate them into 3d pOsition , Velocity and TIme
    • navigation computer/system failure
      • 1.what will you do if you get lost in flight? auctually there are some good common sense procrdures to follow first, we should keep in mind the principle: control the aircraft, navigation, communication If the town and city cannot be seen, we should climb being mindful of traffic and weather condotions. An increase in altitude will increase reception range of radio and navigation, and also radar coverage if flying near a town or city, it might be possible to read the name of the town and water tower by using landmark navigation if the aircraft has navigational radio such as VOR/ADFreceiver, we can use these basic navigation to determine position by plotting an azimuth from two or more navigational facilities if GPS is installed, it can be used to determine the position and location of the nearest airport at the same time, we should communicate with any available facility.if the contact is made with a controller radar vectors may offered. while other facilities may parovide direction finding assistance if situation becomes threatening, we shoulf transmit on the emergency frequency on 121.5 and set transponder to 7700. 2.what will you do if the navigation computer fail? If our onboard navigation equipment has failed during flight, we will fly with basic navigation system, then we will report our situation to ATC and request radar vectors. If possible, we will check the landmarks. 3.
      • raw data/basic navigation
      • request radar vectors and minitoring
    • modern navigation equipment/system
      • 1.what navigation aids should be installled in morden cockpit? I think many navigation equipment may be installed in future cockpit such as Beidou Navigation, GPS, RNP (required navigation performance)，RNAV (regional navigation).
      • be intergrated/ installed into furture cockpit
        • GPS
          • 1.what do you know about GPS? As I know, GPS is Global Positioning System. It is one of （the most widely used）global navigation satellite systems （GNSS）. 2.do you prefer GPS or conventional navigation system? I prefer GPS because GPS can provide more precision guidance to the aircraft in full time (all) weather conditions all over the world. 3.what will you do if GPS fails in flight? If GPS fails during flight, we will use conventional navigation system such as VOR, NDB, DME. Besides, we will report our situation to ATC and request radar monitoring and radar vectors. 4.
          • global positioning system
          • GPS failure conventional navigation
        • RNAV/RNP
          • 1.what is RNP approach? RNP stands for Required Navigation Performance. There are two types of RNP approaches: RNP approach and RNP AR approach. Both approaches are similar to RNAV approach, however, RNP approach with the use of various sensors and equipment, achieves far greater accuracy through the use of performance based navigation (PBN) and can therefore be flown to a DA rather than a MDA 2.what are the advantages of RNPapproach campared with conventional approach? There are many advantages of RNP approach compared with other types of approach. First, the aircraft can maintain a constant angle or CDFA until reaching minima. This has positive benefits to fuel saving, engine life, passenger comfort and situational awareness. Second, it can reduce the flight crew stress. Third, it can minimize the risk of CFIT. 3.why is RNP APPROACH more and more popular? RNP approach is more and more popular. On the one hand, RNP approach can provide lateral navigation (LNAV); On the other hand, RNP approach can provide vertical navigation (LNAV). Besides, RNP approach can be used in the airports with complicated terrains. 4.what are the difference between RNAV and RNP? There is a significant difference between RNAV and RNP. RNP is equipped with OPMA equipment while RNAV is not equpped with OPMA equipment 5.what are the advantages of modern satallite? There are some advantages of modern satellite navigation. 1) It can provide precision guidance to the aircraft all over the world. 2) It can provide precision guidance to the aircraft in all weather conditions. 3) It is more accurate than conventional navigation. 4) It is more reliable than conventional navigation. 6
          • difference
          • advantages
            • 1.reduce pilots workload 2.increase situational awareness 3.improve aircraft performance 4.increase safety margin 5.avoid accidents and incidents(CFIT)
        • ADS-B
        • GNSS(globle navigation satellite system)t
          • 1.what dose GNSS STANDS FOR? GNSS stands for Global Navigation Satellite System. 2.what is included in GNSS? GNSS includes GPS (Global Positioning System) in USA, GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) in Russia, Galeo in Europe, Baidou Navigation System in China and some other satellite System.
          • BDS
          • GPS(USA)
          • GLONASS
          • Galleo(Europe)
  • emergency equipment
    • 1.what type of aircraft do you fly, what emergenncy quipment are there in your aircraft? I fly .... We have some emergency equipment on board such as - fire extinguishers, - oxygen masks, - axe, - flashlight, - first aid kit, - life vests - escape rope - emergency slides and so on. 2.why are pilots required to be familiar with the emergency equipment? We are required to be familiar with the emergency equipment because they can be used in emergency situations to ensure flight safety. For example, if we encounter cabin fire, we can use fire extinguishers to put out fire. If we encounter depressurization, we can put on oxygen masks to avoid crew incapacitation. 3.
    • fire extinguishers
      • 1.how many portable fire extinguishers are there in your aircraft? I fly______. There are ________ portable fire extinguishers. 2.during flight, when will the pilots discharge the fire extinguishers? There are some situations we will discharge the fire extinguishers in flight. First, if there is cabin fire, we will discharge the fire extinguishers. Second, if there is fire in the cockpit, we will discharge the fire extinguishers. Third, if there is engine fire, we will discharge the fire extinguishers.
      • the number of
      • under what circumstance
        • fire
          • 1.fire on board 2.cabin fire 3.lavatory fife 4.enine fire 5.electrical fire 6.cargo hold fire 7.avonics fire 8.wheel well fire
    • oxygen masks
      • 1.under what circumstance will pilot use oxygen masks? First, if there is depressurization, we will use oxygen masks. Second, if there is smoke or fumes in the cockpit, we will use oxygen masks. 2.if there is strange smell in the cockpit, what will you do? If there is strange smell in the cockpit, first, we will put on the oxygen masks and find the source of unusual smell. Second, we will report it to ATC and request emergency landing at the nearest suitable airport and request emergency services after landing such as fire services and medical services.
      • smoke on board
      • depressurization
    • emergency slides
      • 1.how many evacuation slides are there in your aircraft? I fly______, there are _______ evacuation slides in our aircraft. 2.what are the locations of the slides? As I know, there are six evacuation slides in B737. Two are in the front, two are in the middle and two are in the tail of the aircraft. 3.what can evacuations slides do? The emergency slides are used to help the persons on board to leave the aircraft as soon as possible in emergency situations such as bomb on board, fire on board. 4.have you ever heard the evacuation slides deployed during ground operation? Yes. Once, it happened to West China Airline. When the aircraft was still taxiing on the taxiway, one passenger opened the emergency exit and the emergency slide was deployed. 5.
      • the number
      • position .
        • in the cabin
        • in the middle
        • in the tail
      • function
        • evacuate the passengers
        • leave the aircraft as soon as possible
      • examples
    • flashlight
    • axe
    • lifevest
    • first aid kit
    • escape rope
    • evacuation
      • 1.under what circumstance will you perform emergency evacuation? There are many situations we need to evacuate. For example, 1）if there is smoke or fire on board, we need to evacuate. 2）if there is bomb on board, we need to evacuate. If we have to evacuate, first, we will report our situation to ATC and tell the controller we will evacuate. Second, we will make a PA to inform the passengers we will evacuate and prepare for it. Third, the cabin crew will open the emergency exits and emergency slides and evacuate the passengers.
  • files and documents
    • 1.are there any technical manuals in you cockpit can you name some of them? Yes. There are some manuals or handbooks in the cockpit such as - Aircraft Flight Manual, - Normal Checklists, - MEL, - QRH - SOP - loading sheet and so on. 2.do you often consult those manuals? Yes, we often consult/read the manuals or handbooks during flight. (Before flight, we consult/read the Aircraft Flight Manual to know the performance of the aircraft. ) In normal situations, we will use normal checklists In emergency situations, we will use QRH and SOP to ensure flight safety. 3.are these manuals English or Chinese?which one do you prefer? Our manuals are in English and in Chinese, but I prefer to read original English manuals because it can save our time and improve our English and ensure flight safety. Besides, there may be some errors in translated Chinese versions and affect flight safety. I prefer Chinese manuals because Chinese is my mother language, it is easy to find what I want in Chinese. 4.is it possible that the paper manuals will be replaced by electronic manuals filed on the computer? I don’t think the paper manuals will be replaced by the electronic manuals. because paper manuals can be used at any time, even in case of electrical failure. That is to say, if there is electrical failure, the electronic manuals will be out of work. 5.which one do you prefer?paper or electronic manials? I prefer to read electronic manuals because it’s easy for us to find whatever we want and it can save some room/space for pilots. 6.
    • (tachnical) manuals or handnooks
      • AFM/POH/FCOM
      • QRH
        • 1.do you konw about QRH? QRH is Quick Reference Handbook. QRH includes normal checklist, emergency checklist and procedures. 2.do you think QRH is useful? Yes, I think QRH is useful. If emergency situation occurs, we can follow the checklists and procedures in QRH. It can increase our situation awareness, reduce our workload, reduce human errors and ensure flight safety. 3.have you ever heard interactive QRH? Yes, I have heard of interactive QRH (quick reference handbook). Boeing Interactive Quick Reference Handbook (IQRH) is the mobile version of the paper QRH, providing increased efficiency to Boeing airplane operators that have FCOM/QRH data subscriptions. With Interactive QRH, Boeing pilots will enjoy • Electronic access to all normal and non-normal checklists, performance tables, and maneuvers • Checklists that are interactive, aircraft tail number-specific, and customizable (e.g. font size, night mode) • Effortless electronic distribution of QRH updates • Advanced navigation and search capabilities 4.what is the difference between interactive QRH and traditional QRH? There are some differences between interactive QRH and conventional QRH. There are some notes in every step in the interactive QRH, it’s easier for pilots to understand what to do, how to do it and why to do it. But in conventional QRH, there are only procedures without any notes. Allows user to check for dataset updates on the Dataset Selection View. • Alerts the user if the device is not registered to receive content. • Added a time stamp on Dataset Selection View showing the last successful dataset update. • Alerts user if the device is not connected to internet. • Added Home Icon to return to Dataset Selection View.
        • quick reference handbook
        • useful/ helpful
        • interactive QRH VS conventional QRH
      • SOP
        • standard operation procedure
          • who dose what and when
        • main functions
          • 1.encourage effective communication and cooperation teamwork 2.increase situational awareness 3.reduce pilots workload 4.reduce human errors 5.increase safety margins 6.ensure flight safety
        • effective method
          • to prevent human errors
        • measures and traning
          • strict compliance with/adherence to
            • review go over read
            • check pi;ot
            • QAR(quick Access Recorder)
        • factors and conditions
          • poor SOP awareness
          • poor CRM
          • poor safety management
        • good CRM practices
      • normal checklists
        • 1.could you please introduce the normal checklist? when will you use checklist? what are included in the checklist? Normal Checklists are used in normal situations to check the important （critical/significant） items of the aircraft and ensure flight safety. There are many normal checklists such as pre-startup checklist, taxiing checklist, pre-takeoff checklist, after-takeoff checklist, landing checklist and so on. 2.how do crew member coorperate to complete the checklist? The crew members will work as a team to complete the checklist procedures. 1) The pilot monitoring will call/read out the checklists, 2) the pilot flying will check the items in the checklist. 3) both pilots will cross check each other to ensure flight safety.
        • introduce
          • before startup checklist
          • after startup checklist
          • before takeoff checklist
        • cooperate
          • complete checklist procedure
            • PM read
            • PF check
            • cross check
      • MEL
        • 1.do you know about MEL, what dose MEL stand for? Yes, I know MEL. MEL stands for Minimum Equipment List. 2.why MELis important? MEL is important for flight safety. There are many important items in the MEL. They are the minimum requirements of the flight. If we are going to fly the aircraft, the aircraft must meet the MEL requirements, or our flight will be cancelled. 3.
        • minimum equipment list
      • loading sheet
        • 1.how do you get the loading sheet? We can get the loading sheet from the flight dispatchers. 2.which department in charge of providing loading sheet? The dispatching office is responsible for providing the loading sheet. 3.whats the use of loading sheet?what information can you get from the loading sheet? Loading sheet is very important. We can get some important information about weight and balance from loading sheet such as persons on board (POB), cargos, fuel quantity, CG and so on.
        • how to get
          • flight dispatcher
        • which department
          • dispatching office
        • include
          • weight and balance
            • weight
            • CG
            • POB(persons on board)
            • fuel
      • flight logbook
        • 1.who is responsible for filling the fight logbook? According to the SOP, the pilot monitoring (PM) is (normally) responsible for filling in the flight logbook. 2.are there any request for filling the flightlogbook? According to the SOP, the flight logbook should be filled in during cruise or after landing (with engines shutdown and parking brakes set). During ground movement or during flight level change, the flight crew shouldn’t fill in the flight logbook. Besides, the flight logbook entries should be neat/clear and correct. (The flight logbook data and fault record should be checked if necessary.)
        • when
        • why
        • what
        • Subtopic
      • FCTM/PTM
        • 1.what dose FCTM stand for? FCTM stands for Flight Crew Training/Techniques Manual. 2.what information can you get from the FCTM? We can get some information from FCTM such as general information of FCTM, the aircraft systems, the normal procedures, emergency procedures and so on. 3.when do you use FCTM? We often use FCTM when we have ground training or when we have simulator training.
        • flight crew trainiing/technical ,manual
        • include
        • when
          • during ground training
          • during simulator training
      • EFB
        • 1.do you often use EFB during flight operation? Yes, we often use EFB (Electronic Flight Bag/Bank) in flight operations. We can get some important information from EFB to ensure the safety and efficiency of the flight. 2.what EFB applications do you use most during preflight preparation? There are some EFB applications we often use during preflight preparation such as weather information, airport information, flight planned route, aeronautical charts, aircraft performance and so on.
      • maintenance logbook
        • 1.what items should pilots check in maintenance logbook? When checking the maintenance logbook, 1) the flight crew will check if there is any mechanical problems in the aircraft. 2) the flight crew will check the maintenance record. 2.when should the pilots check the maintenance book? During preflight cockpit system check, the flight crew will check the maintance logbook. 3.why dose the flight crew need to check maintenance logbook? The flight crew need to check the maintenance logbook to know the aircraft conditions and ensure the aircraft meets MEL requirement, ensure the aircraft is airworthy.
      • manuals
        • paper manualsVS electrical manuals
        • original English manual VS translated Chinese manual versions
• weather
  • weaher1
    • warmup
      • 1.whats the weather like today? Today, it’s ________(sunny/cloudy/windy/raining/snowy). 2.is todays weather suitablr for flight? Yes, I think so. The visibility is ______ (good). The sky is ________ (clear). The wind is ________ (calm). No, I don’t think so. The visibility is _______ (poor/low). There is ______ (strong wind/heavy rain/heavy fog).
    • weather analysis
      • 1.how do you do weather analysis? We can get weather information from the dispatch room or EFB before the flight and we will discuss weather information in the comment room during the pre-flight presentation. 2.should a pilot realise the importance of understanding the adverse effect of bad weather? In my opinion, it is very important for pilots to understand adverse weather, because adverse weather can affect flight safety, such as wind shear, icing, turbulence, crosswinds, poor visibility, thunderstorms, lightning strikes, etc. (for example, wind shear may increase or decrease airspeed, flight will be difficult to control, the aircraft will lose altitude, or even crash to the ground).
    • weather and flight safety
      • 1.do you think weather is a major factor concerning flight safety? Well, I think weather is the main factor affecting flight safety. There are many adverse weather conditions that can affect flight safety, such as wind shear, lightning, turbulence, icing and so on. 2.in your opinion, what kind of weather condition is the most dangerous? I think low-level wind shear is the most dangerous. Low altitude wind shear can cause an aircraft to lose altitude, making it difficult for the aircraft to get over obstacles like terrain or buildings because we're too close to the ground. 3.do you have any suggestion for reducing the accidence caused by bad waether? Yes, there are many things we can do to reduce the accidents caused by bad weather conditions. First, we can get weather information before flight and discuss the weather information in the briefing room. Second, during flight, we can use weather radar or request radar vectors to avoid bad weather conditions.
  • windshear
    • the definition
      • 1.what is wind shear? Wind shear is one of the most dangerous weather conditions. Wind shear is a sudden and rapid change in wind speed and direction.the aircraft may encounter strong downdraft and updraft 2.how do you konw weather you encounter windshear or not? There are a number of ways we know we're experiencing wind shear. One, if there is a "wind shear" warning, we have wind shear; Second, if there was an unacceptable flight path deviation, we experienced wind shear. 3.where is it mostly likely to occur? Wind shear is most likely to occur at coastal and highland airports. 4.what effects might windshear bring to your aircraft? (why is windshear harmful to the flight safety?) Wind shear has great influence on aircraft performance. First, wind shear may increase or decrease airspeed.when we fly from tailwind into headwind, the airspeed will be increased. and when we fly headwinf into tailwind the airspeed will be decreased. Second, wind shear can cause aircraft to lose altitude.
    • windshear during operation
      • 1.What would you do if you heard a "wind shear" warning during takeoff before V1? If we hear a "wind shear" warning before V1 during takeoff , we will abort takeoff. In this case, we will reduce power to idle (power) and use maximum brakes to bring the aircraft to a stop on the runway. 2.What would you do if you are approaching VR speed, encountering wind shear, and airspeed suddenly drops? If we get close to the VR speed and encounter wind shear, at the same time the airspeed drops suddenly, we're going to take off, using maximum thrust, and get out of the wind shear area. In addition, we will pay attention to the plane's ground speed. 3.if you hear go around windshear, what will you do to recover from this situation? the fist thing we will do is to have a good control of the aircraft, and then we will perform the missed approach as the warning suggests. Applying maximum power, and retract the flaps and landing gears to reduce drag and have a good climb performance. and then we will perform the go around procedure in accordance with the approved overshoot procedure. after we are clear of the wind-shear, we will report pur situation to ATC and request further instructions. 4.During your approach, you noticed that you deviated from the glide path by more than one point. What could be the cause? There are reasons to deviate from the glide path by more than one point. First, if we encounter wind shear as we approach, it can cause us to miss the glide path by more than one point. Second, if we make an unstable approach, it will cause us to deviate from the glide path by more than one point. 5.According to the previous report, low level wind shear will be encountered during take-off, how do you decide? If wind shear is expected during takeoff, before takeoff, we will delay takeoff, before V1, we will abort takeoff, after V1, we will keep the control of the aircraft and use TOGA to leave wind shear area. 6.if you encounter windshear during landing? if there is wind shear warning during landing, we will go around immediately and hold for weathewr improvement
    • windshear warning
      • 1.dose your aircraft provide wingshear waring? I fly ______, there is _____ wind shear warning system. (But I know there is wind shear warning system in larger aircraft such as A320 or B737). If there is wind shear ahead, we can hear (the warning sound), "wind shear, wind shear". 2.what would be the possible consequence if the winshear warning is ignored by the pilots? If wind shear warnings were ignored by pilots, it is very dangerous. First, it may cause the airspeed increased and decreased. Second, it may cause the aircraft to lose altitude, so the aircraft is difficult to control.
    • suggestions
      • 1.what are your suggestions to reduce accidance caused by windshear? There are a number of things we can do to reduce accidents caused by wind shear. One, we can get wind shear warnings from other pilot reports, control or our wind shear systems. Second, if there is a warning of wind shear in front of V1, we will delay takeoff. After V1, we will control the aircraft and use maximum power (TOGA)
    • low level windshear
      • 1.which kind of windshear do you think is the most dangerous? in my opiniion, low level windshear is most dangerous to fly in, because low level wind shear may cause the aircraft to lose altitude and it is difficult for us to clear the obstacles such as terrains or buildings(fly over the surrounding terrains or buildings), because the aircraft is too close to the ground. however,in large aircraft such as B737 A320, there is wind shear ahead, we can haer the warning sound"wind shear, wind shear" and the pilot can take immediate measures or actions to recover from the windshear.
  • turbulence
    • definition
      • turbulence
        • 1.what is turbulence? turbulence is air movement that normally can't be seen. it may occur when the sky seems to be clear and can happen when the sky seems to be clear and can happen unexpected. turbulence may be caused by any number of different conditions includinf jet streams, mountain waves, cold or warm fronts or thunderstorm. 2.why is severe turbulence dangerous? first, it may cause structual damage to the aircraft such as fuselage and wings. second, it may cause the aircraft difficult to control. third, the passengers may get injured during turbulence.
      • wake turbulence
        • 1.what is wake turbulence? Wake turbulence is a kind of turbulence caused by another/preceding/previous aircraft. It is also called wingtip vortex. 2.is wake turbulence dangerous to the safety of flight? Wake turbulence is dangerous to flight safety.  1) It may cause induced roll and yaw.  2) The aircraft will be difficult to control.  3) The aircraft may even lose control and crash onto the ground. 3.when you are expected to encounter wake turbulence, what would you do? When we expect to encounter wake turbulence, 1) We can follow ATC instructions to keep enough separation with the preceding aircraft to avoid wake turbulence from the preceding aircraft. 2) If we encounter wake turbulence, we will (try to) keep the control of the aircraft and request change the flight path to avoid the wake turbulence. (maneuve)
      • CAT
        • 1.what is CAT CAT stands for clear air turbulence it its extremely dangerous because it can't be detected before we fly into it. 2.what should you do when you encounter CAT. we will report our situation to ATC and request change the route altitude to avoid the CAT. then we will make a PA to inform the cabin crew and passengers to remain seated and fasten their seatbelts.
    • emergency situation
      • 1.if there are passengers get hurt during the turbulence what will you do? first, we will ask the flight attendants to offer first aid to injured passengers second, we will make a PA to find a doctor on board. third, we will report our situation to ATC and request lang at the nearest airport and medical services.
  • icing
    • 1.is icing dangerous to flight safety why? Yes, icing is dangerous. First, it may increase the drag and decrease the lift. Second, it may cause damage to the aircraft and cause flight control problems. Third, it may cause engine problems such as engine vibration, engine flameout or engine failure. Fourth, it may cause airspeed or altitude errors (if pitot tubes are blocked by ice). fifth, it may cause the aircraft stall. sixth. if the pitot tubes are blocked by ice it may cause the inaccuratr indications of airspeed and altitude. 2.what are the indications of the airframe icing in the cockpit? (are there any indications of the airframe icing condition in the cockpit?) As I know, there is no indication of icing conditions in the cockpit. But we can check the windshield or wings. If there is ice on the windshield or wings, we are in icing condition. Besides, if icing occurs, the airspeed may be reduced and rate of climb may be reduced. 3.have you ever encounter icing conditions in flight? No, I have never encountered in-flight icing. But I know in-flight icing is dangerous, so we should avoid icing conditions during flight. 4.if there is ice accumulated on the wings what will you do? If ice accumulates (builds up) on wings, we will report the situation to ATC and request change the altitude to leave the icing areas. Then we will turn on the de-icing and anti-icing system. 5.what de-icing systems are there in the aircraft? such as penumatic boots, hot air system, electrical heater, and de-icing fluid. 6.under what circunstance will ice conditions exist? in-flight icing conditions exist with air temperature below freezing and there is moisture or liquid water droplet in the air. ice may accumulate or build up on the aircraftfuselarge wings and wind shields.
  • crosswind
    • 1.what should you pay attention if there is high crosswing when landing? If there is high crosswind during landing, we should contact ATC and request wind check. If the crosswind exceeds our limit, we will go around immediately and hold for weather improvement. 2.if there is high crosswind at your destination airport what should you be careful about? If there is strong crosswind at your destination airport, we should be more careful about wind information and our aircraft performance. If the crosswind exceeds our performance limit, we will hold for weather improvement until crosswind within our limit. 3.if the crosswing exceeds the limit, but the captain insist on landing,what should you do? If I encounter this situation, I will check the wind limit, and suggest/advise him to go around, because it is dangerous to land with strong cross wind. 4.if the previous aircraft go around due crosswind what will you do? If the previous aircraft goes around due to crosswind, we will contact ATC and request wind check. If the wind exceeds our limit, we will go around. 5.do you think crosswind is dangerous why? Yes, of course. First, cross wind landing may cause the aircraft difficult to control and skid off the runway centerline or even skid off the runway. Second, crosswind may cause structural damage to the aircraft such as wings, engines and landing gear.And in may cause the aircraft wingtip or engines to strike the runway. So, crosswind landing is very dangerous. 6.if crosswing is marginal around your standard what will you do? If the cross wind is marginal, we will think about the aircraft performance, visibility and the runway condition. But I think the best way is to go around and hold for weather improvement. 7.what will you do if there is strong crosswind? we should consider many factors such as wind speed and wind direction, the performance of the aircraft and runway condition.
  • low visibility
    • operation in low VIS
      • 1.in heavy fog if you miss the corret taxiway what will you do? If we miss the correct taxiway, we will hold position, then we will report our situation to ATC and request further instructions. If necessary, we may request a follow-me car to guide us to the desiganated position. 2.in your opinion how can pilots reduce the collision in heavy fog? We can do many things to avoid ground collisions in low visibility. First, we should taxi slower and taxi with caution in low visibility and before taxi, the pilots should have a good briefing about the airport taxiways and taxiing routes . Second, during taxi we should follow ATC instructions and cross check the taxiways and taxi routes if possible the pilots should follow the taxiway lighting signals and have good situation awareness. If necessary, we may request a follow me car.
    • RVR
      • 1.what dose RVR stand for? RVR stands for Runway Visual Range. It includes touchdown RVR, mid-point RVR and stop-end RVR. 2.where do pilot obtain RVR before departure? 1） we can get RVR information from ATIS. 2）we can get RVR from NOTAM. 3) we can get RVR from EFB. 4) we can confirm RVR with ATC。 3.dose yourcompany operate low visibility take=off? As I know, our company doesn't operate low visibility takeoff. If the visibility is below our company limit/minima, we will delay takeoff and hold for weather improvement. 4.what is low visibility take-off? when take-off, the RVR is lower than 400m we will call it low visibility take-off. 5.when are low visibility procedure required? According to regulations, if visibility is below the minimum standard for airport operation, a low visibility procedure is required. In this case, the controller will inform the pilot that low visibility procedures are in place.
    • why is low visibility dangerous
      • 1.why low visibility is dangerous? low VIS is one of the most dangerous weather conditions to affect flight safety. while moving on the ground,first low visibility may cause the aircraft to miss the correct taxiway second, low visibility may cause ground collision or runway incursion. when flying in the air low visibility may cause the aircraft disorientation.
    • procedures in low VIS
      • takeoff and landing
        • 1.what should you do if you will operate in low VIS? before takeoff or landing,if the VIS is below takeoff minima, we will delay takeoff and hold for weather improvement. if the VIS is below landing minima, we will go around and hold for weather improvement to divert to our alternate airport.
      • Subtopic
      • Subtopic
  • lightning strike
    • 1.do you think lightning strike is dangerous to flight safety? Lightning strike can put great threat to flight safety. First, it may cause structural damage to aircraft such as fuselage, wings and electronic equipment. Second, it may cause electrical failure. Third, it may cause communication and navigation failure. 2.have you ever encountered lightning strike? No, I have never encountered lightning strike during flight. But I know lightning strike is dangerous, so we should avoid lightning strike during flight. 3.under what weather conditions dose lightning strike most likely to occur? Lightning strike is most likely to occur/happen in CBs or thunderstorms. In which season is lightning most likely to occur? In summer or in lat spring 4.if your aircraft encounterd lightning strike what will you do? If we encounter lightning strike, first, we will report our situation to ATC and request change the course/route to avoid lightning strike. second, we will check if there is any structural damage on board. If there is any damage to the aircraft, we will request emergency landing and emergency services. If there is no damage to the aircraft, we will continue our flight. 5.how could you avoid lightning strike? There are many things we can do to avoid lightning strike. First, we can get the weather information before flight and during flight to avoid flying into CB or thunderstorm. Second, if we encounter lightning strike during flight, we will change the route/course to avoid the lightning strike.
  • thunderstorm
    • 1.have you encountered thunderdtorm?(when will we meet thunderstorms mostly) No. I have never flown into CBs or thunderstorms. But I know CBs or thunderstorms are dangerous. thunderstorm is most likely to occur in late spring and summer 2.what damages will CBs bring to the aircraft? CB is dangerous because CB often goes with lightning, heavy rain, strong wind and severe turbulence. Lightning strike may cause structural damage to the aircraft, especially the electronic equipment. Heavy rain may cause low visibility or engine flameout. Strong wind and severe turbulence may cause the aircraft difficult to control. 3.how do pilots seach CBs during flight? First, we can search for the CB with weather radar. The CBs are displayed on the ND/MFD in purple color, red color, or yellow color . pueple areas show there is extreme preciptitation red areas show there is strong precitation yellow areas show there is moderate preciptation Second, we can get weather information about CB from ATC or other pilot reports. 4.besides CBs what other adverse weather may affect flight safety, how? Besides CBs, there are some other adverse weather conditions that may influence flight safety such as wind shear, icing, turbulence and so on. 5.how dose the thunderstorm develop? Three conditions are required for thunderstorms to form: an unstable trend, some kind of uptrend, and relatively high humidity. 6.what are the three stages of the thunderstorm? Thunderstorms have three stages: accumulation, maturity and dissipation. in cumulus stage ,the hot air rises and cools down to form water droplets. in mature stage, the water droplets grow bigger and the rain begin to drop because the updraft can't support the water drop in dissipating stage, the rain begins to get smaller unti it disappears 7.how do pilots go around thunderstorm? We can search for thunderstorms with weather radar, and thunderstorms show up as yellow, red or purple on weather radar. If the weather radar shows a thunderstorm, we will request a change of course to circumnavigate the thunderstorm. We can also request radar guidance to avoid the thunderstorm. when we clear of thunderstorm, we will rejoin/resume/ return the flight planned route. 8.waht can pilots do to reduce the danger of thunderstorm? to avoid the danger of thunderstorm, we should do a good weather analysis. before each flight, we can get the weather information from the dispatching office, met office or ATIS. during flight we can get weather information from our weather radar, ATC, or other pilot reports After that, we shou make a good briefing about the weather conditions and avoid flying into the thunderstorm.
• airports
  • EGPW
  • complicated airports
    • 1.are there any complicated airports operated by your company? I work for Air China. There are many complicated airports operated by our company such as high-elevation airports (Lhasa Gongga Airport, Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport) and seaside airports so on. 2.what kinds of airports can be divided as complicated airports? I think many airports can be considered as complicated airports. First, if the airports have more complicated airport layout such as complicated runways and taxiways, they can be considered as complicated airports such as kennedy international airports. Second, if the airports have more complicated weather conditions and more complicated terrains, they can be considered as complicated airports.such as sea airports seaside airports or high elevation airports. 3.when flying to complicated airports what should the flight crew be careful about? When we fly to complicated airports, first, we should be careful about the complicated terrains such as the mountains. second, we should be careful about the complicated weather conditions such as strong crosswind, turbulence and wind shear. 4.what is the use of EGPES, when flying complicated airports? (E)GPWS is (Enhanced) Ground Proximity Warning System. It is used to avoid the surrounding terrain. If the aircraft is too low to the terrain, we can hear warning sounds, “too low, terrain”, “terrain, pull up”, “too low, gear”.
  • suggestion
  • high elevation airport
    • 1.when your destination airport is high elevation airport, whatshould you prepare for it? When our destination is a high elevation airport, we will make good preparations before takeoff. First, we will make a good walk around check to ensure the aircraft is in good conditions. Second, we will know the airport runway conditions, weather conditions and ground services. Third, we will discuss the possible emergency situations and procedures with other crew members meanwhile, the flight crew must meet specific requirement of pilot quanlification of flying high elevation airports. (the pilots must have completed enough training of flying high elevation airports) (the captain must be under 55years and have more than 200hours of flying high elevation airports. the first officer must have more than 1200 flight hours) 2.if you encounter abnormal situation in high elevation airport, how will you respond to that? If I encounter some abnormal situation, I will try my best to control my aircraft and pay attention to the surrounding terrains. At the same time, I will report this situation to ATC, request priority landing or divert to the nearest suitable airports. 3.camparing the high elevation airports and the sea level airports are there any differences? compared with sea level airports ,there are some differences of flying high elevation airports because air density and aircraft engiune power(performance) decreases with altitude and temperature but approach speed increases with altitude. for examplam, the air density is thinner, the aircraft engine performance will be significantly reduced. on the one hand, a longer takeoff distance is needed to accelerate to Vr. on the other hand a longer distance is needed to stop the aircraft. 4.if you land at high elevation airport what should you be more careful about? If we are going to land at a high elevation airport, we should be careful about the surrounding terrains and complicated weather conditions such as wind shear or turbulence. 5.dose your company requires specific qualification of pilot for flying high elevation airports? Yes. According to regulation, the pilots must have high elevation training and get special high elevation airport qualification. Besides, the captain should be under 55 years old and the copilot must have more than 1200 flight hours. 6.what kind of airport can be described as high elevation airports? high elevation airports include general high elevation airports(>1500m/4922ft) and very high elevation airports(2438m/8000ft) 7.
  • unfamiliar airports
    • 1.what will you do if you land at an unfamiliar airport? If we fly to an unfamiliar airport, before flight, we will make good preflight preparation to get important information such as the weather condition, the runway condition, the taxiways and so on. After landing, if necessary, we will request a follow-me car. 2.dose your company provide any training to pilotsto familiarize with the new airport? Yes, our company provides some training to help pilots be familiar with new airport. First, we can have simulator flight to the new airport. Second, we will fly with experienced pilots to be familiar with the new airport. 3.after landing on the unfamiliar airport and you miss the first rapid exit what will you do? After landing on an unfamiliar airport, if we miss the first rapid exit, we will report the situation and request further instruction.
• flight procedure
  • preflight preparation
    • 1.assume you are going to to fly tomorrow will you prepare? how do you prepare the flight before? Yes, if we fly tomorrow, we will make preflight preparation today. First, we will get weather information making sure the weather is suitable for flight and airport information such as taxi routes and hotspot and so on. Second, we will get the information about the performance of the aircraft such as weight and balance, fuel consumption and so on. 2.what do you often do in preflight preparation what is your company procedure? There are many things we often do during preflight preparation. First, we will get the weather information and airport information from the qirport diagram such as departure airport, destination airport and alternate airport. Second, we will check the performance of the aircraft such as fuel consumption, weight and balance and flight plan. operatinglimitations according to the POH/AFM Third, in the briefing room we will make preflight briefing to understand each other's responsibilities and duties and they are fully prepared for this flight.and we will go over the normal and emergency checklists Fourth, we will make preflight inspection such as walk around check to ensure the aircraft meets MEL requirement.and is airworthy 3.what do you often do in the briefing room before boarding the aircraft? We will have safety briefing with cabin crew in the briefing room before flying. First, we will discuss our duties and responsibilitiesduring flight.(we should keep in mind our task sharing responsibilities) Second, we will discuss the weather information such as windshear thunderstorm severe icing, turbulence and and how to confront with those difficulities Third, we will discuss the possible abnormal or emergency situations and procedures. (responsibility, weather, procedure) 4.what information or data will you get before eavh flight, where do you get these information? Before departure, we should get some important information such as weather information, airport information, aircraft performance, and our flight plan and so on from our dispatching office or our EFB. 5.how long dose your preflight preparation last? Our preflight preparation often lasts one or two hours. Sometimes it may last about one day. 6.is walk around insprction an important part of preflight preparation? Yes. I think walk-around inspection is an important part of preflight preparation. during walk around inspection, we often follow the following route, we will begin with the nose then we will walk from the right of the aircraft to the left of the aircraft and end with the nose. we will check the nose landing gears, engines, flight control surfaces, pitot tubes, fuel, and so on to ensure the aircraft meets the MEL requirements. in ectreme cold weather, we will check the airframe to see if there is ice accumulation and we will check the engines and pitot tubes to see if they are blocked by ice. this procedure can improve the ssafety margin 7.if you find some abnormal situation during preflight cockpit system check what will you do? If we find some abnormal situation during preflight cockpit system check, we will follow the checklist to solve the problem. Then we will report the maintenance staff for maintenance check. 8.do you have any experience of finding any abnormal situation during preflight preparation? No. I have never had any experience of finding any abnormal situations during preflight preparation. 9.what dose preflight preparation include? preparation usually includs consideration of all factors that may reasonably have an impact on the safe conduct of a proposed flight such as pilot weather aircrafd and flight plan. 10.what is the role of pilot during the preflight preparation? pilots play an important rolr in preflight preparation. first, the pilots should have the required certificates such as pilot certificate, medical certificate, maintenance logbook or flight records, airworthiness and registration certificate. second the pilots should konw the performance of the aircraft such as the operating limitations(POH),minimum equipment list, weight and balance and the latest maintenance requirement and records, we can get te information from the EFB. third, the pilots should obtain and analyze the weather reports and forecasts, weather charts, PIREPs, SIGMETS, NOTAMs and so on fourth the pilots should have preflight briefing with cabin crew (We will have safety briefing with cabin crew in the briefing room before flying. First, we will discuss our duties and responsibilitiesduring flight.(we should keep in mind our task sharing responsibilities) Second, we will discuss the weather information such as windshear thunderstorm severe icing, turbulence and and how to confront with those difficulities Third, we will discuss the possible abnormal or emergency situations and procedures.) fifth, the pilots should have a good preflight inspection to ensure the aircraft is airworthy
    • what is preflight preparation
      • 1.Preflight is the first important part of any flight . A series of tasks such as preflight briefing , weather check , preflight inspection , etc . have to be completed to make sure that the aircraft is airworthy and that the flight and cabin crew are completely prepared in every aspect . (tasks, airplane, men)
    • what us included in pre-flight preparation
      • 1.what dose preflight preparation include? preparation usually includs consideration of all factors that may reasonably have an impact on the safe conduct of a proposed flight such as pilot weather aircrafd and flight plan.
    • preflight briefing
      • 1.what are included in preflight briefing? During the pre-flight meeting, we have a safety preparation meeting with the cabin crew. First, we're going to talk about the weather. Second, we discuss the responsibilities of each crew member; Third, we discuss possible anomalies and procedures. 2.do you think preflight briefing necessary? Pre-flight preparation will be necessary. Pre-flight preparation improves communication and collaboration between flight crews and flight attendants. In addition, during the pre-flight preparation meeting, we can discuss some important matters related to flight safety. 3.why do we need preflight briefing? We need pre-flight meetings, because pre-flight meetings are necessary. Pre-flight preparation improves communication and collaboration between flight crews and flight attendants.
    • walk around check
      • 1.whose resbonsibility for walk around check? Generally speaking, the captain is responsible for walk-around inspection. Usually, the first officer will make walk-around inspection. 2.is there a special route for walk around check? Yes, there is a special route for walkaround inspection. During walk-around inspection, we will begin with the nose, then we will walk from the right of the aircraft to the left of the aircraft and end with the nose to ensure the aircraft is in good condition.. 3.which parts need to be checked during walk around check? During walk-around inspection, we will check the aircraft units such as the nose, the engines, the landing gear, the flight control surfaces, pitot tubes and so on. 4.when having walk around check during winter. is there any special things you should be careful about? When having walk-around inspection in extremely cold winter weather, we will check if there is ice on the aircraft and we will check the pitot tubes to see if they are blocked by ice.
    • night preparation and preflight
  • ATIS
    • 1.WHAT IS atis? atis stands for automatic terminal information services it provides important information to the arriving and departing aircraft such as the latest airport information and weather information at the airport. it is numbered from A to Z,such as information A and information B. ATIS infoemation is normally updated every half an hour or every hour. 2.what information is included in ATIS? in general an ATIS includes the following items: name of aerodrome designator of ATIS time of observation expected types of approach and SID runway in use significant runway surface conditions braking action surface wind information visibility cloud information temperature and dew point altimeter setting and so on 3.when should we listen to ATIS? prior to pushback and start up or prior to approach, the pilot should listen to ATIS frequency to get the ATIS broadcast. on initial contact with Ground controller or approach controller, the pilots should inform the controller that they have received the ATIS and repeat the information code
  • takeoff phase
    • the takeoff and departure briefing
      • 1.what is the takeoff and departure briefing? the takeoff and departure is not as common as the arrival briefing, yet it is no less critical. itis a short breifing which includes some basic information needed to be understood by both PF and PNF, such as weather information, normal and abnormal procrdures during takeoff and departure, task- sharing emergencies and so on
      • definition
        • 1.what is the takeoff and departure briefing? the takeoff and departure is not as common as the arrival briefing, yet it is no less critical. itis a short breifing which includes some basic information needed to be understood by both PF and PNF, such as weather information, normal and abnormal procrdures during takeoff and departure, task- sharing emergencies and so on
      • content
        • 1.a typical takeoff and departure information should include weather conditions for takeoff and departure which should be part of every briefing some procedural precautions about weather-related modifications should be reviewed before involving the actual activity: such as, engine or wing anti-ice, modified takeoff computations, restrictions of using a reduced power takeoff. normal information such as: climb profile to be flown, a high terrain clearance to excute, speed information of different phases of acceleration, and initial altitude, the way to perform departure climb for example according to published SID or radar vector clearance, nav setup, restrictions and so on. abnormal information such as: noise abatament procedure, rejected takeoff, engine failure but we should not attempt to address further emergencies because it can run the briefing too long to be effective, reduced power takeoff, and so on. crew member task sharing: PF and PNF duties, the basics of "who will do what"in emergency situations further briefing: when the aircraft is cleared onto the runway for takeoff, the PF should re-brief the initial heading route to be flown and initial clearance altitude, comfirm the flap setting, takeoff speed. by coducting this last chance mini-brief will focus the rew on the details at hand. (weather conditions, precedural precaution, normal/abnormal procedure, crew member task sharing, furtherbriefing)
      • importance
        • 1.it can estabilsh and clarify each other's respective roles and it is the opportune time for captain to establish or promote the atmosphere od enlightened leadership. it will make clear "who will do what" in emergency situation By conducting last chance mini-brief can focus the crew on details at hand. (roles, atmosphere, leadership, who will do what, mini-brief)
    • definition
      • 1.what is takeoff takeoff is the phase of flight which the aircraft gose through the transition from moving on the ground to flying in the air. (transition)
    • how to perform takeoff
      • 1.how to complete takeoff phase first, we will get the ATC clearance to line up and be ready for departure during which we will follow SOP and complete the Pre-takeoff checklist. make a further mini-takeoff and departure briefing. then, we will set the takeoff thrust after, we get the takeoff clearance, we will increase the speed to V1.if everything is ok we will accelerate to Vr and lift off then when we establish the positive rate of climb, we will retract the landing gear. then we will increase speed to V2 and retract the flaps. after that we will complete the after takeoff checklist.
  • aborted takeoff
    • definition
      • 1.what is rejected takeoff(aborted takeoff/abandon takeoff) Rejected takeoff or RTO is the maneuver performed during takeoff to expeditiously stop the aircraft on the runway . As the airplane accelerates during takeoff roll , energy increases rapidly . The energy increase is in proportion to the square of the inercase in speed This energy must be dissipated to stop the airplane The decision to reject takeoff must be made before V1 so that the maneuver can be initiated no later than V1 and must be accompanied by immediate accomplishment of the rejected takeoff maneuver. in this way, the aircraft can be stopped successfully on the runway under given circumstances. (maneuver, energy, decision) Key Words and Expressions 重点词汇与词 组 phase of flight 飞行阶段 reject takeoff 中断起飞 abort takeoff 中断起飞 abandon takeof 中断起飞 line up 上跑道 ready for departure 准备好起飞 pre - takeoff checklist 起飞前检查单 takeoff thrust 起飞推力 critical failure 重要系统失效 engine failure 发动机失效 burst tyre 爆胎 tyre blown out 爆胎 runway incursion 跑道入侵 wind shear warning 风切变警告 master warning 主警告 trigger 触发 retard thrust lever to idle 回收推力杆至慢车位 maximum brakes 最大刹车 maximum reverse thrust 最大反推 speedbrakes 减速板 ground spoiler r 地面扰流板 rudder pedal 方向舵踏板 overrun the runway 冲出跑道 skid off the runway 侧滑出跑道
    • factors
      • 1.what factors may cause aborted takeoff There are many factors may cause the pilots to reject takeoff. First, if we encounter engine problems such as engine failure or engine fire, we will reject takeoff. Second, if we have landing gear problems or configuration problem such as burst tyre/tyre blown out, or wrong flpas setting we will abort takeoff. Third, if there is runway incursion, vehicle crossing runway, we will abort/abandon takeoff. In the event any of the above occurs , the pilot not flying makesthe appropriate announcement , such as “ engine failure ”.
    • when should we perform
      • 1.what will you do if the warning alerts are triggered during the takeoff rolling? If the warning alerts are triggered before V1, we will reject/abort takeoff. After V1, we will continue takeoff, report it to ATC and request return to land.as after V1 it may not be possible stop the airplane on the runway. 2.how should we perform rejected takeoff if we rncounter critical failure such as engine failure before V1, we will reject takeoff. If there is engine failure or engine fire after V1, we have to continue to take off and request return for landing bacause it is difficult to stop the aircraft on the runway and it may run out of the runway if we reject takeoff after V1.
    • how to perform
      • 1.can you tell us how to perform rejected takeoff? In case of rejected takeoff, we will take immediate actions to stop the aircraft on the runway. First, we will retard the thrust lever/reduce power to idle and use the maximum brakes. Second, we will raise/extend the speedbrakes and ground spoilers to decelerate the aircraft third, we will use maximum reverse thrust. Meanwhile/at the same time, we will use rudder pedal to keep the directional control of the aircraft. 2.what is the task sharinf during the rejected take off During rejected takeoff, the pilot flying will call out “takeoff rejected”,and at the same time reduce power to idle and use the maximum brakes to stop the aircraft. Pilot monitoring will report the situation to ATC and request ground services and make the appropriate announcement , such as“ engine failure ”.
    • consequence
      • 1.what would happen when performing rejected takeoff after V1 If we reject takeoff after V1, we may run out of / overrun/overshoot the runway because the runway remained is not long enough to stop the aircraft on the runway. tyres mat be burst out if we decide to stop the aircraft on the runway after V1, because the energy absorbed by tyres have exceeded the torlerance. As airspeed approaches V1 , for the balanced field condition , the efort required to stop the airplane on the runway for an RTO approaches maximum .
  • runway incursion
    • definition
      • 1.what is runway incursion A runway incursion is an incident where an authorized aircraft, vehicle or person is on an active runway this adversely affects runway safety as it creats the risk that an airplane taking off or landing will collide with the object. it is defined by the ICAO on April 27 2006,as any occurrence at the aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the protected aera of a surface designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft.
    • incidence
      • 1.have you ever heard runway incursion? Yes. I have heard some runway incursion incidents. For example, once, it happened in Spain. One aircraft was cleared to land, but another aircraft was crossing the active runway, the landing aircraft had to go around When one aircraft was cleared for takeoff, but another aircraft was crossing the runway, the takeoff aircraft had to abort takeoff. 2.examples on 11 October 2016.CHINA estern Airlines Flight MU5643, an Airbus A320, nearly collided with light MU5106 of the same airline, an Airbus A330 at shanghai hongqiao International Airport in shanghai, China when the former was taking off on runway 36L while the latter was crossing the same runway under wrong instruction. the former performed a TOGA takeoff, managed to climb over the latter and avoided a collision.
    • factors
      • 1.what factors may cause runway incursion? There are some main factors that may cause runway incursion. First, bad weather such as heavy fog/low visibility may cause runway incursion. Second, huamn factors misunderstanding between pilots and controllers may cause runway incursion. Third, poor airport management, for example, the ground vehicle enters the runway without ATC clearance, may cause runway incursion.
    • how to avoid
      • what can pilot do to avoid runway incursion? There are many things we can do to avoid runway incursion. First, we should follow ATC instructions before we enter or cross the runway. Second, if there is any doubt about ATC instructions, we should confirm it with ATC immediately until we have a total understanding of the instructions during the radiotelephony cpmmunication we ought to use standard words and phrases to eliminate misunderstanding between controllers and pilots. Third, we should have good situational awareness.that is to say we should always know who we are, what are we doing, what aare we going todo. Fourth, we should strengthen airport management by using more advanced lighting systems fifth, we should focus on weather, if there is any bad weather we should hold for weather improvement. sixth, is about the flight instructors: the flight instructor should instill in the student an awareness of the potential for runway incursion, and should emphasize the runway incursion avoidance procedures.
    • consequences
      • 1.what consequences can runway incursion lead to? runway incursion are very dangerous. first, runway incursion may cause ground collisions, cause structual damage to the aircraft and cause injures or death to persons on board. second, it may cause long ground delays or holding in the air (damage, delay)
  • runway excursion
    • definition
      • 1.what is runway excursion? a runway excursion occurs when an aircraft departs the runways in use during the take-off or landing run for example a departing aircraft fails tobecome airborne or successfully reject the take off before reaching the end of the designated runway a landing aircraft is unable to stop before the end of the designated runway is reached an aircraft taking off, rejecting takeoff or landing departs the side of the designated runway
    • factors
      • 1.what are the contributory factors of runway excursion? wind velocity headwind or crosswind component exceptionally variable and in the vicinity permitted aircraft maxima poor ao fluctuating forward visibility, if the visibility is low, it may cause the aircraft departs the runway runway contaminated by water ice snow slush whether or not this status correctly advised in advance, it may lead to hydroplaining during landing roll-out (wind, visibility, runway condition) an abondoned take-off after V1 may lead to runway incursion, as the runway remained is not long enough to stop the aircraft on the runeay incorrect calculation of limiting aircraft weigh, inaccurately reported ambient conditions and subsequent correct put into aircraft flight systems
    • consequences
      • 1.what are the effects of runway excursion? it may cause death or injury to persons on board the aircraft it may cause damage to the aircraft it may cause death or injury to persons not on the aircraft it may cause damage to aircraft or off-airfield installations it may cause damage to other aircraft or to vehicles it may cause delay consequent upon runway obstruction due to the excursion., on the ground and hold in the air
    • how to avoid
      • 1.what can be done to avoid runway excursion? (what are the solutions for avoiding runway incursion) we should never make the decision to reject a takeoff after V1,unless it is impossible to rotate or it is certain that the safety of the aircraft would be endangered if it bacame airborne. we should have correct calculation of maximum operating weight, field length required, and relavant critical speed etc. based on accurately reported ambient conditions and subsequent correct input into aircraft flight systems should preclude a runway excursion under all normal and most abnnormal conditions. accurate and timely reporting of ambient conditions by ATC,especially wind strength, direction and variation, runway surface state and braking action. correct calculation of limiting aircraft weight, speeds strict observance of handling techniques specified in the Aeroplane Flight Manual and other Operations Manual effective decision making and technique for rejecting a landing soon after initial touchdown(where permitted for an aircraft type) or for rejecting a take off from a speed close to or of V1.
    • examples
      • 1.what are thr typical examples of runway excursion? an aircraft departs from or lands on a runway other than that designated or a taxiway either of which may be obstructed and /or shorter or narrower than the intended runway. in exceptional cases, the landing case may involve the use of the wrong runway. (short runway, wrong runway, ) a depating aircraft fails to get airborne before the ebd of runway due to inappropriate aircraft handling technique decision to reject a takeoff taken a speed exceeding V1 aircraft weight exceeds maximum for prevailing conditions reported runway conditions differing from conditions aircraft weight and trim used or setting thrust or pitch trim position is wrong aircraft system malfunction(nose wheel steering, engine malfunction) (technique, rejected takeoff, weatheraircraft weight, system setting) a landing aircraft is unable to stop before end of runway due to touch-down speed is rxcessive treshold crossing height is too high and touchdown point is beyond the normal touch down zone aircraft weight exceeds maximum fro preveiling conditions reported wind velocity or runway surface conditions differ from actual conditions aircraft system on which landing performance is predicated such as brakes or spoilers malfunctions significant hydroplaning (touchdown point, crossing height , speed, malfunction of system, weather=wind+repots) an aircraft landing or taking off departs the side of the runway due to inappropriate aircraft handling technique wind velocity exceeds the maximum specified Aircraft Flight Manual(AFM) limitations for crosswind component or the maximum demonstrated POH crosswind aircraft malfunction(engine failure or low powe),asymmetric brake or spoiler failure, nose wheel steering failure loss of directional control due to the effects of hydroplaning (technique, system, weather)
  • ground collision
    • 1.have you ever herad any ground collision incidence? Yes, I have heard some ground collision incidents. For example, the aircraft collided with other aircraft during pushback or during taxiing. 2.do you konw groun collision? Yes, I know ground collision. For example, the aircraft collided with other aircraft, ground vehicles or ground equipment. 3.what damages might ground collision might bring to the aircraft? Ground collision may cause structural damage to the aircraft such as fuselage, wings, engines and so on. It may cause injuries to persons on board. 4.why dose ground collision sometimes happen? There are some possible reasons for ground collisions. First, bad weather, especially poor visibility may cause ground collisions. Second, mechanical problems may cause ground collisions. For example, if brakes and steering are inoperative, the aircraft may lose control and it may cause ground collision. Third, human errors may cause ground collision. For example, there may be misunderstanding between the pilots and controllers. Besides, there are some other reasons for ground collision. 5.if you collide witha ground truck while taxing what will you do? If we collide with a ground truck while taxiing, we will stop the aircraft immediately, then we will report the situation to ATC and request ground services such as tugs passenger stairs and shuttle buses and so on. If necessary, we will execute emergency evacuation. 6.in your opinion how can you avoid ground collisions? First, when we are moving on the ground, we should be careful, especially in bad weather conditions. econd, we should follow ATC instructions and regulation strictly. Third, we should have good situational awareness. fourth, modern technology can be used to avoid ground collision such as ground movement guidance and control system, the aircraft can follow the greens to avoid ground collision. 7.what is ground collision? ground collision is one of the most common occurence in aviation accisents. for example, the aircraft collided with another aircraft, the aircraft collided with ground vehicles such as tugs, shuttle buses, follow-me car and so on. aircraft collided with the ground equipment such as bridges.
  • emergency descent
    • 1.when it is necessary to perform emergency descent? There are many conditions we will make emergency descent. First, if we encounter depressurization during flight, we will make emergency descent. Second, if there is smoke or fire onboard such as engine fire, cabin fire, we will carry out emergency descent.
    • when to perform
    • how to perform
      • 1.when executing emergency descent first if time permits, we will report our situation to ATC and request emergency descent Second, we will check the recall items. third, we will retard the thrust lever to idle
    • what help can ATC provide
      • 1.the ATC can offer us some help while executing emergency descent. fist ATC will offer us clearance to excute the emergency dexcent second ATC will remind other aircraft emergency descent in progress and give way to us third, atc will offer us the flight conditions and en route minimum altitude and so on.
  • holding
    • factors
      • 1.what factors may lead to holding in the air? There are some possible reasons for holding in the air. 1) If the weather at destination is below minimum or deteriorates, we have to hold in the air for weather improvement. 2) If we encounter mechanical problem, we will request hold to perform the checklist(for further check). 3) If there is flow control(due to VIP flight or military activities), we have to hold in the air.
    • how to perform
      • 1.if the ATC request you to hold at the significant fix what will you do? If ATC requests us to hold at a significant fix, we will ask ATC the holding instructions and the reason for holding. Then we will fly a given holding pattern until advised. (holding instruction, reason, perform)
    • holding information
      • 1.when you requestthe holding instructionsfrom the ATC what information do you need? When we request specific holding instructions from ATC, we need some important information about holding such as holding fix (where to hold), holding altitude, speed inbound track, left-hand pattern or right-hand pattern and outbound time/leg and so on.
    • holding pattern
      • 1.what is holding pattern A holding pattern for IFR aircraft is usually a racetrack pattern based on a holding fix. A standard one uses left － hand turns and takes about4 minutes to complete Additionally , right - hand pattern may be assigned to some holding patterns if there are airspace restrictions nearby.
      • holding fix
        • 1.what is holding fix? This fix can be a radi0 beacon such as an NDB or VOR . The fix is the start of the first turn of the racetrack pattern . Aircraft will fly towards the fix , and once there will enter a holding pattern . In the absence of a radio beacon , the holding fix can be any fixed point in the air , and can be created using two crossing VOR radials an intersection or it can be at a specific distance from a VOR using a coupled DME . When DME is used , the inbound turn may be permanently defined by distance limits rather than in minutes . Furthermore , in appropriately equipped aircraft , GPS waypoints may be used to define the holding patern , eliminating the need for ground - based navigational aids entirely .
  • missed approach
    • 1.have you ever excuted missed approach? No. I have never executed a missed approach.
    • factors
      • 1.what may cause a missed approach? There are some possible reasons for missed approach. First, if the landing gear can't be extended, we have to make a missed approach. Second, if the weather is below minima, we have to make a missed approach. Third, if there is runway incursion, we have to make a missed approach.
    • when to perform
      • 1.what will you do when the weather is marginal? If the weather is marginal during approach, we will go around immediately and hold for weather improvement. 2.under what circumstance must you go-around? There are some situations we must go around. First, if the landing gear can't be extended, we have to go around. Second, if the weather is below minima, we have to go around. Third, if there is runway incursion, we have to go around.
    • importance
      • 1.why is going around necessary? Yes, going around is necessary. If we encounter some emergency or abnormal situations during approach and it may affect the flight safety, we have to go around, or it may cause accidents or incidents.
    • how to perform
      • 1.can you tell me how to perform missed-approaxh? Yes, the go around procedures vary from airports to airports. The standard go around procedures are published in the airport approach charts. If we have to go around, we will follow the standard go around procedures and use TOGA power to pull up the aircraft.
  • emergency landing
    • 1.if your landing gear coundn't be extended during approach what will you do? 2.if you decide to make a belly landing what preparation will you do? 3.do you think belly landing is safe why?
    • belly landing/
      • definition
        • 1.A belly landing is when an aircraft lands without its landing gear fuly extended and uses its underside , or belly , as its primary landing devic , while a belly landing refers to incidents ( where a mechanical malfunction prevents the pilot from extending the landing gear .
      • danger
        • 1.is belly landing dangerous? During a belly landing , there is normally extensive damage to the airplane Bely landings carry the risk that the aircraftmay flip over . disintegrate , or catch fire if it lands t00 fast or too hard Extreme precision is needed to ensure that the plane lands as Straight and level as possible while maintaining enough airspeed to maintain control however belly landing is not the most dangerous accidence ifbelly landing is properly handled .
      • reasons
        • 1.there are many possible reasons for belly landing first the pilot may forget to extend the landing gear second the mechnical problem may prevent the pilot from extending the landing gear in these case, we have to make a belly landing
      • how to do
        • 1.if we have to make a belly landing first we will report our situation to ATC and request emergency landing and emergency services such as foamed runway, fire services, medical services, towing services and so on. second, we will hold somewhere to burn fuel to reduce the weight of aircraft,reduce the landing speed of the aircraft and reduce the risk of fire upon landing.
    • gear-up landing
      • definition
        • 1.A gear-up landing is when an aircraft lands without its landing gear fuly extended and uses its underside , or belly , as its primary landing devic Normally the term gear - up landing refers to ( incidents in which the pilot forgets to extend the landing gear
  • emergency evacuation
    • definition
      • 1.emergency evacuation refers to immediate and urgent movement of the people on board away from an aircraft which may take place on the ground in water or mid- flight
    • when to perform
      • 1.when is it necessary to excute emergency evacuation? There are many situations in which we will execute an emergency evacuation. First, if there is fire on board such as engine fire, cabin fire, cockpit fire, we will execute emergency evacuation. Second, if there is a bomb on board, we will carry out emergency evacuation. Third, after emergency landing such as forced landing or belly landing, we will make emergency evacuation. (fire bomb emergency landing)
    • how to perform
      • 1.if you encounter abnormal situation, and you decide to perform emergency evacuation after landing, what preparation will you make before landing? If we encounter abnormal situation and we decide to make emergency evacuation after landing, before landing, we will make some preparations, first, we will report our situation to ATC and tell the controller we will make emergency evacuation after landing, so they can have time to prepare the equipment which we need Second, we will make a PA to inform the cabin crew and the passengers to prepare for the emergency evacuation. third we will complete the emergency evacuation checklist, making sure we are completely prepared for the evacuation fourth the cabin crew will open the emergency exits and emergency slides and lead the passengers to leave the aircraft in time and in order we will be the last one to leave the aircraft 2.what is your company procedure of emergency evacuationn after landing? In emergency evacuation, first, the cabin crew will show the passengers the route of evacuation and what they should be careful about. Second, the cabin crew will open the emergency exit and emergency slides. Third, the cabin crew will lead the passengers to leave the aircraft in order and in time. Fourth, the flight crew will complete emergency evacuation checklist and will be the last ones to leave the aircraft.
    • fire on board
      • 1.we should excute emergency evacuation as soon as possible if an emergency evacuation is required according to the regulation, in case of fire on board, we should evacuat the passenger in 90seconds
      • Subtopic
    • measures
      • 1.commercial aircraft are equipped with aircraft safety cards detailing evacuation procedures these include locating and using emergency exits using slides and floatation devices for water landings
  • flow control
    • where
      • 1.where will flow control mostly happen? we are most likely to encounter floew control in big international airports such as beijing Capital international airports shanghai hongqiao airports beacause there are many aircraft departing and landing everyday.
    • reason
      • 1.what are the possible causes of flow control? There are many reasons for flow control. First, bad weather such as thunderstorm and low visibility may cause flow control. Second, military activity may cause flow control. Third, VIP flight or emergency flight may cause flow control.
    • how to reduce
      • 1.what can be done to reduce flow control? There are many things we can do to reduce flow control. First, we can keep good communication and cooperation to reduce flow control. Second, we can use RVSM to increase airspace capacity to reduce flow control. Third, we can use more advanced ATC systems, equipment or procedures to reduce flow control.
    • where dose it happen
      • 1.dose flow control occur more frequently in big airports? Yes. We are more likely to encounter flow control at big airports because there are more aircraft taking off or landing at big airports.
  • delay
    • reason
      • 1.what are the possible reasons of long delays? There are many possible reasons for delays. First, bad weather may cause delays such as thunderstorm or poor visibility.for example if there is thunderstorm in the vicinity of the airport, we have to delay our departure or delay our approach. Second, mechanical problem may cause delays. Third, flow control or VIP flight may cause delays. Fourth, military acvitivy may cause delays. fourth, if there is emergency aircraft in front of us , we have to give way to it and we have to be delayed 2.do long delaysoccur more frequently at big airports? Yes, long delays occur more often at big airports such as Beijing Capital International Airport, Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport because there are many aircraft departing and landing every day. 3.have you ever encountered long delay more than one hour? Yes, I have ever experienced long delays during flight. Once, I flew from _______ to _________, there was a thunderstorm at the destination airport ______, we were delayed about three hours.
    • how to reduce
      • 1.what are your suggestions to reduce delays? There are many things we can do to reduce delays. First, we can make good preflight preparations to reduce delays caused by mechnical failure and bad weather. Second, we can keep good communication and cooperation with ATC to reduce delays. Third, more advanced systems and procedures such as RVSM and RNAV can be used to reduce delays.
    • abnormal situation
      • 1.imagine your passengers have all embarked, but your flight will be delayed for more than one hour ,your passengers are very angry what will you do? As a captain, I will make a PA to calm down the passengers and inform the passengers of the reason for the delay. Besides, I will inform the cabin crew to offer more meals and drinks to passengers and calm down the passengers. 2.what do you think airlines compensate passengers because of long delays? It depends. If the long delays are caused by bad weather or flow control, I think the airlines shouldn’t compensate the passengers. If the long delays are caused by airlines, the airlines should compensate the passengers.
  • diversion
    • 1.have you diverted? No，I have never diverted so far. 2.
    • reasons
      • 1.what might be the reasons for the diversion? There are many possible reasons for diversion. First, if the weather at the destination is below minima, we have to divert to our alternate airport. Second, if we encounter mechanical problem such as electrical failure, we have to divert to the nearest suitable airport. Third, if there is medical emergency on board, we will divert to the nearest suitable airport.
    • preparation
      • 1.what preparation will you make before the diversion? Before diversion, we will make some preparation for it. First, we will report our situation and intention to ATC and request divert to our alternate airport. Second, we will get the weather information and runway conditions at our alternate airport. Third, we will change our flight plan in the FMS. Fourth, we will make a PA to inform the cabin crew and passengers that we will divert to our alternate airport. fifth. we will contact our company dispatchers to inform them that we will divert. 2.before diverssion, what infortion should flght crew konw about the alternate airport? Before diversion, we should know some information about the alternate airport such as - runway conditions, - weather conditions and - ground services. fuel endurance 3.do you have alternate airport plan before each flight? Yes, we should plan the alternate airport before each flight because we may encounter emergency situations such as bad weather, mechanical problems or medical emergency during flight and we have to divert.
    • assistance
      • 1.what kind of assistance can ATC provide before diversion? If we decide to divert, the ATC can offer us the weather information, runway conditions and ground services at the alternate airport.
    • how to do
      • 1.who do you need to contact in case of diversion? If we have to divert, we will contact ATC and our company dispatchers. 2.what factors should be considered before the diversion? There are many factors we will consider when making the decision to divert, such as the weather information and runway conditions about the alternate airport, the fuel endurance, ground services and so on.
    • abnormal situation
      • 1.if you have to divert, an you have different opinions about the desicion what will you do? If we have to make a diversion and I have different opinions with captain about the decision, I will show my opinions and reasons to captain. If the captain doesn’t take my opinions, I have to follow captain’s decision. 2.if there are some comlains among the passengers about the divertion, what will you do to comfort the passengers? If some passengers complain about the diversion, as a captain, first, I will make a PA to inform the passengers about the reason for diversion. Second, I will ask the cabin crew to offer the passengers more drinks to calm down the passengers.
    • when to divert
      • 1.there are many situations in which we will divert first if the weather is at the destination is beloe the minnima,we have to divert to our alternate airport second, if we encounter mechnical problem such as electrical failure, we have to divert to the nearest suitablr airport thied, if there is medical emergency on board we will have to divert to the nearst suitable airport
  • stall
    • definition
      • 1.what is stall a stall is an aerodynamic condition which occurs when smooth airfloew over the airplane's wings is disrupted, resulting in loss of lift. specially a stall occurs when the AOA the angle between the chord line of the wing and the relative wind- exceeds the wing's critical AOA. it is possible to exceed the critical AOA at any airspeed, at any altitude, and at any power setting.
    • catagory
      • 1.stall are divided into two different levels impending stall: an impending stall occurs when the AOA causes a stall waining. but has not yet reached the critical AOA. indications of an impending stall can include buffeting, stick shaker or aural warning. full stall:a full stall occurs when the critical AOA is exceeded.and it causes the total loss of lift of the stall.
    • stall recognition
      • 1.a pilot must recognixe the flight conditions that are conductive to stalls and know how to apply the necessary corrective action. this level proficiency requires learning to recognize an impending stall by sight sound and feel stalls are usually accompanied by a continuous stall warning for airplanes equipped with stall warning devices these devices may include an aural alert lights, or a stick shaker these willall alert the pilot when approaching the critical AOA.
    • STALL RECOVERY
      • 1.THE PILOT SHOULD REMEMBER THE MOST IMPORTANT ACTION to an impending stall or a full stall is to reduce the AOA 2.stall recovery could consist of as many as six steps 1.disconnect the wing leveler or autopilot 2.it is about pitch nose-down control. reducing the AOA is critical for all stall recoveries, push forward on the flight controls to reduce the AOA below the critical AOA trim nose down pitch if the elevator dose not provide the needed response. 3.roll wings level 4.add thrust. power should be added as needed 5.retract speedbrake/spoilers this will improve lift and the stall margin 6.return to the desired flight path
    • reasons
      • 1.what makes an aircraft stall? There are some possible reasons for stall. 1) bad weather such as wind shear, severe turbulence, icing may contribute to the aircraft stall. 2) mechanical problems such as flight control system failure, engine failure may give rise to the aircraft stall but the real reason is that the angle of attack exceeds the critical angle of attack
    • how to do
      • 1.how dose stall warning system work, if the stall warning is triggered what will you do? If the aircraft stalls during flight, the stall warning system will give us a stall warning. If the stall warning was triggered, we will push (forward) the flight controls （control column or side stick）to reduce the angle of attack below the critical angle of attack. 2.how to avoid gong into stall? During flight, we can keep a good control of the aircraft to ensure the aircraft angle of attack is within the critical angle of attack. 3.how do pilots recover from stall? If the aircraft stalls during flight, we will reduce the angle of attack. First, we will disconnect the wing lever or autopilot. Second, we will push (forward) the control column or side stick to make the nose down. Third, we will roll the wings level. Fourth, we will add thrust or power. Fifth, we will retract the speedbrakes or spoilers to improve the lift and the stall margin. Sixth, we will return to the desired/planned flight path.
    • stall warnning system
      • 1.dose your aircraft have stall warning? Yes, our aircraft has the stall warning. If the aircraft stalls during flight, the stall warning system will give us a stall warning. it will produce noisy sound indicating stall happens.
  • altitude deviation
    • reasons
      • 1.what are the reasons to cause altitude deviation? There are some main factors that may cause altitude deviation. First, if we encounter (are caught in) a strong updraft, it may cause altitude deviation. Second, if we encounter altimeter error, it may cause altitude deviation. Third, if we misunderstood the level instruction from ATC, it may cause altitude deviation.
    • how to do
      • 1.whhat should apilot do to avoid altitude deviation? There are many things we can do to avoid altitude deviation. First, we should follow ATC instructions to avoid altitude deviation. If we are unsure about the ATC instructions, we should confirm with ATC immediately. Second, we can cross check each other to avoid altitude deviation.
  • terrain clearance
    • terrain alerts
      • 1.have you ever receiverd terrain alerts ffrom ATC orterrain radar during flight? No, I have never received terrain alerts from ATC or terrain radar during flight. 2.what useful information can you get from terrain radar? We can get some useful information from terrain radar such as the terrain tracking information and terrain avoidance guidance. If we are too low to the surrounding terrain, we can hear “too low, terrain; too low, terrain”, “terrain, pull up; terrain pull up” and so on.
      • terrain radar
    • abnormal situation
      • 1.if ATC request the pilot to check the altitude what will he do? If ATC requested us to check the altitude immediately, we would follow the ATC instructions to check the altitude of our aircraft and confirm we have enough separation with the surrounding terrain. 2.Suppose you experience engine failure while flying over an obstacle, what is the standard operating procedure? If we are encountering engine out over obstacles, we will have good control of the aircraft and follow engine out SOP to avoid the terrain. Then we will report our situation to ATC and request emergency landing and emergency services. 3.If you hear "Too low, terrain; Too low, terrain "sound warning, what is the best way to avoid terrain? If we hear "too low terrain, too low terrain" aural alerts, these alerts indicate that we are too close to the surrounding terrain. we will follow GPWS instructions to pull up the aircraft to avoid the terrain.
    • how to do
      • 1.if you are in VMC, what can you do to avoid terrain? If we are in daylight VMC, we will follow the GPWS instructions to avoid the terrain. Besides, we can request radar vector to avoid the terrain.
  • conflicting traffic
    • near air miss
      • 1.have you ever encountered near air miss? I have never encountered near air miss. But I know, near air miss means that two aircraft are too close to each other, it may trigger TCAS warning or it may even cause mid-air collision. 2.what are the possible reasons for near air miss? There are many possible reasons for near miss or air miss. First, mechanical problems such as TCAS failure or radar failure may cause near miss. Second, human errors may cause near miss. For example, if the controller lost situational awareness and issued wrong instructions to pilots, or the pilots misunderstood the ATC instructions, it may cause near miss. 3.what pilots can do to avoid near air miss? There are many things we can do to avoid near air miss. First, we can follow ATC instruction to maintain enough separation with other aircraft. Second, we can follow TCAS RA to avoid near air miss. Third, if ATC instruction goes against TCAS RA, we should follow TCAS RA to keep enough vertical separation with the conflicting traffic.
    • mid-air collision
      • 1.have you ever heard mid air collision? Yes, I have heard some mid-air collision. For example, once a passenger flight collided with a cargo flight over Germany because one aircraft followed ATC instructions and the other aircraft followed TCAS RA. 2.what are the possible reasons for mid-air collsion? There are some possible reasons for mid-air collision. 1) TCAS failure or radar failure may cause mid-air collision.(mechanical failure) 2) low visbiliry may cause mid-air collision.(weather) 3) misunderstanding between pilots and controllers may cause mid-air collision.(human errors) if the controller lost situational awareness and issued wrong instructions to pilots it may cause 3.how can pilots avoid mid-air collision? There are many things we can do to avoid mid-air collision. 1) we can follow ATC instructions to avoid mid-air collision. 2) we can follow TCAS RA to avoid mid-air collision. 3) If ATC instructions conflict with TCAS RA, we should follow TCAS RA.
    • crowded airspace
      • 1.nowadays, the terminal became more and more crowded,is there any potential risks? Yes, there are some potential risks. First, it may cause TCAS warning or air miss. Second, it may cause mid-air collision. 2.how can pilots avoid traffic confliction in crowded(congested) airspace? First, we can follow ATC instruction to avoid traffic conflict. Second, we can follow TCAS RA to avoid traffic conflict. Third, if ATC instruction goes against TCAS RA, we should follow TCAS RA to avoid traffic conflict.
• men related to flight
  • cabin crew
    • 1.are you familiar with the job of cabin crew? Yes. We are familiar with cabin crew’s job. Before flight, the cabin crew will have safety briefing with pilots. Then, they will have safety check before the passengers board the aircraft. During flight, they will have regular cabin check and offer cabin services to passengers. In emergency situations, the cabin crew will report the situation to captain and help to calm down the passengers. 2.in emergency situation what assistance can cabin crew offer? In emergency situations, the cabin crew can provide some support to pilots. First, the cabin crew can report the emergency situation to captain. Second, the cabin crew can calm down the passengers. During emergency evacuation, the cabin crew can lead the passengers to leave the aircraft as soon as possible. 3.how to improve the relationship bteween flight crew and cabin crew? There are many things we can do to improve the relationship between flight crew and cabin crew. First, we will know the duties and responsibilities of each crew member. Second, we will keep good communication and cooperation with each other. 4.do you think it is necessary for pilots to be familiar with the job of cabin crew. Yes, I am familiar with cabin crew’s work. Cabin crew does many things to help us to complete the flight and ensure flight safety. For example, before flight, the cabin crew will have safety briefing with pilots. Then, they will have safety check before the passengers board the aircraft. During flight, they will have regular cabin check and offer cabin services to passengers. In emergency situations, the cabin crew will report the situation to captain and help to calm down the passengers. 5.do you have to have emergency training with cabin crew? Yes, we have to have emergency training together with cabin crew. According to the regulation, we should have emergency training with cabin crew once a year. 6.how can flight crew work together to ensure flight safety? We can do many things to work with cabin crew to ensure flight safety. First, in the briefing room, we will know the duties of each other. Second, during flight, we will work as a team and keep good communication and cooperation with cabin crew.
  • passenger problem
    • 1.if there is a drunk pasenger what will you do? if Passengers who are found to be seriously intoxicated before take-off the cabin crew shall immediately report the situation to the captain, who shall decide whether to carry the passenger or not. the pilot shall not permit to carry intoxicated passenger according to the regulations.As Flying drunk can cause heart attacks and breathing problems, And once these happen when airborne, it is difficult to carry out effective first aid. If they are found to be drunk after take-off, which may disturb the order of the cabin and affect caibn service they shall be subject to strengthened monitoring, and their behaviors shall be controlled by their counterparts. Those who make trouble while intoxicated or engage in other illegal activities must be brought under control and dealt with in accordance with relevant laws and procedures. we will report to the ATC and request airport police on arrival to detain the drunl passenger. 2.if there is fight in the cabin what will you do? first i will stop this fight immediately because flight on board will disturb the order in flight and affect cabin sevece and injuries or deaths o board second, i will ask air mashaller to detain these people and closely monitor them. at the same time i'll ask cabin crew to serve them with drinks to chill down and persuade them not to flight according to regulations and laws third, if the situation can not be controlled i will report our situation to ATC and request priority landing and airport policy to detain them for sefety reasons. 3.if the passenger refuses to turn off his cellphone what will you do? first i will order the cabin crew to persuade the passenger to turn-off the cell-phone and tell the passenger the reason according to regulations and laws if the situation can not be controlled, we will confiscate his cell-phone until the aircraft lands,and will assign air mashaller to closely monitor him to avoid irrational behavior and i will report our situation to ATC and request airport police to await our arrival 4.if thee passenger refuses to check in the oversize laggage over the gate what will you do?
  • CRM
    • definition
      • 1.what is CRM? CRM stands for crew resource management. it can be defined as a management system which makes optimum use of all available resources-equipment, procedures, and people to promote safety and enhance the efficiency of flight operation. (management system, ) CRM is not concerned so much with the technical konwledge, and skills required to fly and operate an aircraft, but rather with the cognitive and interpersonal skills needed to manage the flight within an organized aviation system.
    • CRM training
      • 1.what dose CRM training includes? CRM training covers a wide range of knowledge, skills and attitudes including communications , situational awareness, problem solving, desicion making, and teamwork, together with all the attendant sub-disciplines to which each of these aeras relate. 2.have you ever taken CRM training how often? Yes. We often take CRM training. According to the regulation, we should take CRM training every year. 3.what topics do you often discuss in CRM training? There are many/some topics we often discuss during CRM training such as - how to work as a team, - how to keep good communication and cooperation with each other, - how to improve our situation awareness, - how to reduce human errors and so on. 4.dose your airline provide joint CRM training for flight crew and cabin crew? Yes, our airline often provides joint CRM training for flight crew and cabin crew such as emergency evacuation, flight crew incapacitation and so on.
    • imprtance
      • 1.do you think human error is a major factor affecting flight safety? Yes. I think human error is a major factor affecting flight safety. As I know, about 80 percent of accidents were caused by human errors. 2.do you think a good cooperation between captain and firdt officer can benefit flight safety. Yes，I think good cooperation between captain and first officer can benefit the flight safety because good cooperation can increase our situation awareness, reduce our workload, reduce the human errors and ensure the flight safety. Poor cooperation may cause accidents or incidents. (SA,workload, human errors,flight safety)
    • how to improve CRM
      • 1.in your captain, what can the captain do to ensure the whole crew work as a team? As a captain, we can do many things to have our crew work as a team. First, we will know/discuss the duties and responsibility in the preflight briefing in the briefing room. Second, we should keep good communication and cooperation during flight to ensure the flight safety and improve the efficiency of the flight.
  • flight training
    • initial flight training
      • 1.I had my initial flight training in ______ Flight College in 2015.(China civil aviation flight university of China)
    • flight instructors
      • 1.what have you learned from your instructors? I have learned many things from my flight instructor. First, I have learned many flight skills from my flight instructor. Second, I have learned how to be a responsible man.
    • subjects
      • 1.what subjects have you learned from your initial training? We have learned many subjects during initial flight training such as local training, cross-country training, high speed approach, stall, steep turn and so on.
    • first solo
      • 1.can you describe your first solo flight? My first solo was exciting and successful. That was a sunny day. The visibility was good, Wind was calm. It was good for flying. I flew two traffic patterns and made a successful landing. 2.when was your first solo flight? 3.how was your first solo flight? My first solo was exciting and successful. That was a sunny day. The visibility was good, Wind was calm. It was good for flying. I flew two traffic patterns and made a successful landing. 4.what have you learned from your firdt solo flight? We have learned many things from my first solo flight. First, we should make good preflight preparation to make flight easier and safer. Second, we should follow the checklist and follow SOP to ensure flight safety.
    • simulator training
      • 1.how many hours have you in the simulator training? I have had about 40 hours in the simulators. 2.why do pilots need simulator training? Simulator training is necessary for pilots. In the simulator, we can practice many abnormal situations or emergency situations and how to handle it. It can help to improve our flight skills and flight experience. 3.what subjects can you practice in the simulator training? We can practice many subjects in the simulator such as engine failure, engine fire, hydraulic failure, electrical failure, flapless landing and so on. 4.have you practiced any training about hydraulic failure in your simulator training? No, we don’t have any training related to hydraulic system failure because there is no hydraulic system in C172. 5.do you like simulator training? Yes, I like simulator training because simulator training can improve our flight skills. 6.
    • recurrent training
      • 1.where did you have your recurrent training? We often have recurrent training in our company flight training center. 2.how often should you have recurrent training? how long? According to the regulation, we should have recurrent training twice a year and each time we should have four hours’ recurrent training. 3.what sublects can you review in the recurrent training? In recurrent training, we can review many emergency situations and emergency procedures such as hydraulic failure, engine failure, depressurization and so on. 4.which subject do you think is the most difficult in the training? I think total hydraulic failure is most difficult to handle in the recurrent training because if there is total hydraulic failure, the aircraft will lose control and it’s difficult to resume control. 5.why do we need recurrent training? We need recurrent training because we can review some emergency situations and emergency procedures such as hydraulic failure, engine failure, depressurization and so on to improve our flight skills.
  • medical emergency
    • 1.what medical services can cabin crew provide to passengers? Cabin crew can provide some medical services to passengers on board. First, cabin crew can provide first aid to passengers on board. Second, cabin crew can provide some oxygen and some medicine. Third, cabin crew can provide CPR procedures （mouth to mouth services/ Artificial respiration）. 2.if one passenger on board suffer from heart attack during flight what will you do? If one passenger suffered from heart attack, first, we will ask the flight attendants/cabin crew to offer/provide first aid to him. Second, we will make a PA to find a doctor on board. Third, we will report our situation to ATC and request land at nearest suitable airport and medical services. 3.if the captain became incapacitated what will you do? If the captain gets incapacitated, first, I will take the control of the aircraft and take on his duties. Second, I will inform the cabin crew to offer first aid to him. Third, I will report the situation to ATC and request priority landing (diversion to the nearest suitable airport) and medical services. 4.under what circumstances will pilots declare medicial emerency? There are many conditions/situations (in which) we will declare medical emergency. First, if the pilot gets incapacitated, we will declare medical emergency. Second, if the passenger gets seriously ill such as heart attack, we will declare medical emergency. Third, if the passengers get seriously injured, we will declare medical emergency. 5.
    • cabin capacitation
      • 1.if the captain became incapacitated in flight what will you do? If the captain gets incapacitated, first, I will take the control of the aircraft and take on his duties as having a good control of the aircraft is the most impotant ting Second, I will inform the cabin crew to offer first aid to him, although the first officer is capable to fly the airplane on his own but for security it is best to awake the captain Third, I will report the situation to ATC and request priority landing and medical services. 2.what are the reasons for crew incapacitation? There are many possible reasons for crew incapacitation, First, depressurization may cause crew incapacitation.if there is depressurezation it may cause significant hypoxia, altitude sickness,barotrauma, finally seriously impairing the conciousness of the pilot Second, if the pilots get seriously ill or seriously injured, it may cause crew incapacitation such as a heart attach or a stroke Third, smoke or fire in the cockpit may cause crew incapacitation for example, heavy smoke which may cause smoke inhalation 3.what can we do to minimize incapacitation risks? There are many things we can do to avoid crew incapacitation. First, we can do more sports/exercise to keep healthy. Second, we should have regular medical check, making sure we have the required certificate. Third, if there is depressurization or smoke situations in the cockpit, we should put on the oxygen masks to prevent us from being incapacitated 4.if one crew member loses his conciousness during flight what will you do? If one crew member loses consciousness during flight, first, I will take the control of the aircraft. Second, I will inform the purser to offer first-aid to him. Third, I will report the situation to ATC and request divert to the nearest suitable airport and medical assistance upon arrival.
    • medical check
      • 1.how often should pilots have medical check? According to the regulation, we often have medical check once a year before 40. When we are more than 40 years, we often have medical check twice a year. 2.do you think medical check is necessary why? Yes. I think medical check is necessary. It can ensure the pilots are healthy and the pilots’ health can ensure flight safety. it can also reduce the possibility of crew incapacitation and make sure the crew memeber can maintain a good situational awareness which is critical to safe operation of the flight.
• abbreviation
  • ATIS
    • 1.WHAT IS atis? atis stands for automatic terminal information services it provides important information to the arriving and departing aircraft such as the latest airport information and weather information at the airport. it is numbered from A to Z,such as information A and information B. updated every half an hour or every hour makes sure THE ATIS can provide latest information of certain airport to arriving and departing aircrafts. 2.what information is included in ATIS? in general an ATIS includes the following items: name of aerodrome designator of ATIS time of observation expected types of approach and SID runway in use significant runway surface conditions braking action surface wind information visibility cloud information temperature and dew point altimeter setting and so on 3.when should we listen to ATIS? prior to pushback and start up or prior to approach, the pilot should listen to ATIS frequency to get the ATIS broadcast. on initial contact with Ground controller or approach controller, the pilots should inform the controller that they have received the ATIS and repeat the information code 4.is ATIS useful to the operation of flight? Yes. ATIS is useful to flight operation. We can get some important information from ATIS, such as runway in use, types of approach, wind information, cloud information, temperature, dew point, QNH, and so on.we can use thode information to make our next decision in advance. such as prior to our approach we can us the information to decide weather we continue our flight to our designated airport or divert to our alternate airport.
  • SOP
    • 1.what is SOP? SOP stands for standard operating procedures. telling the crew member"who dose what and when". including normal procedures, emergency procedures and aircraft performance. 2.what is the function of SOP? (effective communication, teamwork, manage risks, consistency, flight safety and efficiency, human errors, cooperation, cross check) SOP is designed to encourage effective communication and teamwork in the cockpit and assist crew members to manage the risks and assure the consistency in the cockpit and enhance flight safety and efficiency SOP is an effective method to prevent human errors because SOPs encourge effective communication and cooperation in the cockpit in this way we can cross check each other's work to minimize the human errors 3.if we don't follow SOP, what are the effects? (disagreement, safety margin, risks accidents)l if we don't follow the sops, first it may cause disagreement between crew members in the cockpit. second, it may reduce the safety margin and increase the risks of accidents. 4.what can the airlines do to ensure the pilots follow sops? (crew member, company check pilots, CRM) th airlines have taken many measures to ensure the pilots follow sops, first, the crew member should review the SOPs periodically. second, company check pilots should monitor the crew members if they follow the SOPs strictly during flight. third, the crew members should keep good CRM to ensure the compliance with SOPs. 5.do you think SOP is the effective method to reduce error? Yes, I think SOPs are effective methods/ways to prevent human errors because SOPs encourage effective communication and cooperation in the cockpit. SOPs require us to work as a team, cross check each other’s work and reduce human errors. （） 6.what factors may affect the compliance with SOPs? (poor SOPS awareness, poor communication and cooperation, poor teamwork, safety management) There are some factors and conditions that may affect the (strict) compliance with SOPs such as poor SOP awareness, poor communication and cooperation, poor teamwork, poor airline safety management and so on. 7.do you think a good CRM habit depends on strict compliance with SOP? (good communication, cooperation, SA,human errors,flight safety) Yes, I think good CRM practices are dependent upon the strict adherence to SOP because good CRM and SOPs are used to keep good communication and cooperation with each other, increase situational awareness, reduce human errors and ensure flight safety.
  • CRM
    • 1.1.what is CRM? CRM stands for crew resource management. it can be defined as a management system which makes optimum use of all available resources-equipment, procedures, and people to promote safety and enhance the efficiency of flight operation. 1.what dose CRM training includes? CRM training covers a wide range of knowledge, skills and attitudes including communications , situational awareness, problem solving, desicion making, and teamwork, together with all the attendant sub-disciplines to which each of these aeras relate. 2.have you ever taken CRM training how often? Yes. We often take CRM training. According to the regulation, we should take CRM training every year. 3.what topics do you often discuss in CRM training? There are many/some topics we often discuss during CRM training such as - how to work as a team, - how to keep good communication and cooperation with each other, - how to improve our situation awareness, - how to reduce human errors and so on. 4.dose your airline provide joint CRM training for flight crew and cabin crew? Yes, our airline often provides joint CRM training for flight crew and cabin crew such as emergency evacuation, flight crew incapacitation and so on. 1.do you think human error is a major factor affecting flight safety? Yes. I think human error is a major factor affecting flight safety. As I know, about 80 percent of accidents were caused by human errors. 2.do you think a good cooperation between captain and firdt officer can benefit flight safety. Yes，I think good cooperation between captain and first officer can benefit the flight safety because good cooperation can increase our situation awareness, reduce our workload, reduce the human errors and ensure the flight safety. Poor cooperation may cause accidents or incidents. 3.1.in your captain, what can the captain do to ensure the whole crew work as a team? As a captain, we can do many things to have our crew work as a team. First, we will know/discuss the duties and responsibility in the preflight briefing in the briefing room. Second, we should keep good communication and cooperation during flight to ensure the flight safety.
  • HUD
    • 1.introduction of HUD HUD stands for head-up display it is a new aviation technology. it integrates ground navigation and flight attitude information on the head-up display with computer technology. the pilot can keep head-up position and focus on the flight instrument and navigation data on the head-up mirror to follow the HUD to guide flight. the data on the HUD head-up mirror is superimposed with the real scene outside the aircraft. the pilot can modify the flight status according to the data instruction at any time, so as to realize precise flight and effectively prevent the events of too long flat floating distance and large low altitude slope of the aircraft under various weather conditions and it is used when performing CATII approach 2.main components of HUD? HUD system is mainly composed of display units, control units, computer and power supply. 3.how dose HUD work? first, HUD receives effective information from airborne navigation system or flight director. second the computer will translate the received information or data into symbols or signals third, flight information symbols or signals will be diaplayed on the display units in front of the pilots with the external visual superposition these information includes flight information displayed on the main (PFD)and (ND) such as airspeed, ground speed. altitude 4.advantages of HUD? with the introduction and application of HUD in aviation, HUD has the following advantages first, it will increase the pilot's situation awareness and enhance the safety and efficiency of the flight operation second, it will i,prove the full-time performance of the aircraft, reduce flight delays, and reduce the operation minima of the airports. third, it will provide precise estimated touchdown position and excute CDFA and stablE APPROACH FOURTH, IT WILL PROVIDE MORE FLIGHT INFORMATION AND AVOID ACCIDENTS OR INCIDENTS. 5.what kind of training should pilots take before using HUD? The pilots should take some training before using HUD during flight such as how to use HUD, low visibility operation, CAT II ILS operation and so on.
  • CVR
    • 1. INTRODUCTION CVR stands for cockpit voice recorder, it is a device used to record the audio envirnment in the flighr deck for accidents and incident investigation purposes. the CVR records and stores the audio signals of the microphones and earphone of the pilot's headsets and of an aera microphone installed in the cockpit. 2.dose the aircraft in your company equipped with CVR? Yes, according to the regulation, all the aircraft should be equipped with CVR. 3.what are the function of CVR? The cockpit Voice recorder (CVR) is used to record: - Voice communication between flight crew members in the cockpit; - Voice communication between pilots and controllers; - Voice communication between flight crew and cabin crew; - Voice warnings in the cockpit, etc. 4.What do you think of the surveillance capabilities of the cockpit voice recorder (CVR)? I think the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) is very important. It ensures pilots are following standard operating procedures to communicate with crew members or controllers, reducing cabin crew chatter and ensuring flight safety.
  • QAR
    • 1.what is QAR? QARstands for quick access recorder it is an onboard device used to monitor and record a large number of flight parameters and data. it can collet hundreds of data covering most of the parameters of the aircraft performance at the same time it is widely used to mioonitor the performance of the aircraft As FAR as I know, QAR is often used to monitor whether a flight crew is following standard operating procedures to ensure flight safety and improve flight efficiency. 2.what is the usage of QAR? QAR is an effective method to ensure a safe and efficient operation of flight.QAR lays an important basis for flight skills check, safety assessment, safety investigation and aircraft maintenance. QAR is used to monitor and record some important items about the aircraft performance during flight such as aircraft system conditions, engine parameters, flight control parameters and so on. with the help of the QAR, airlines can find out the problems in flight crew control, engine performance and aircraft performance in time, find out the causes for those problems and take targeted measures so as to eliminate or minimize potential accidents and ensure flight safety. most of the civil aviation are equipped with QAR.
  • TCAS
    • 1.what is TCAS? TCAS is short for traffic Collision Avoidance System. it is used to avoid conflicating traffic or reduce the incidence of mid-air collision between aircraft. in modern glass cockpit aircraft, the TCAS display may be integrated in the navigation display 2.what dose TCAS consist of? what are their functions? TCAS consists of TCAS TA(traffic advisory) and TCAS RA(resolution advisory) TCAS TA can provide information about the conflicting traffic such as altitude, speed, direction TCAS RA can provide guidance to avoid the conflicting traffic if there is a conflicting traffic, the TCAS TA will give us a warning sound "traffic traffic" the TCAS RA will give us guidance to avoid it"climb, climb","descend, descend""clear of traffic, clear of traffic". 1.nowadays, the terminal became more and more crowded,is there any potential risks? Yes, there are some potential risks. First, it may cause TCAS warning or air miss. Second, it may cause mid-air collision. 2.how can pilots avoid traffic confliction in crowded(congested) airspace? First, we can follow ATC instruction to avoid traffic conflict. to maintain enough separation with other aircraft, or request radar vectors to avoid the conflicting traffic. Second, we can follow TCAS RA to avoid traffic conflict. Third, if ATC instruction goes against TCAS RA, we should follow TCAS RA to avoid traffic conflict.
    • mid air collision
      • 1.1.have you ever heard mid air collision? Yes, I have heard some mid-air collision. For example, once a passenger flight collided with a cargo flight over Germany because one aircraft followed ATC instructions and the other aircraft followed TCAS RA. 2.what are the possible reasons for mid-air collsion? There are some possible reasons for mid-air collision. 1) TCAS failure or radar failure may cause mid-air collision.(mechanical failure) 2) low visbiliry may cause mid-air collision.(weather) 3) misunderstanding between pilots and controllers may cause mid-air collision.(human errors) if the controller lost situational awareness and issued wrong instructions to pilots it may cause 3.how can pilots avoid mid-air collision? There are many things we can do to avoid mid-air collision. 1) we can follow ATC instructions to avoid mid-air collision. 2) we can follow TCAS RA to avoid mid-air collision. 3) If ATC instructions conflict with TCAS RA, we should follow TCAS RA.
    • near air miss
      • 1.have you ever encountered near air miss? I have never encountered near air miss. But I know, near air miss means that two aircraft are too close to each other, it may trigger TCAS warning or it may even cause mid-air collision. 2.what are the possible reasons for near air miss? There are many possible reasons for near miss or air miss. First, mechanical problems such as TCAS failure or radar failure may cause near miss. Second, human errors may cause near miss. For example, if the controller lost situational awareness and issued wrong instructions to pilots, or the pilots misunderstood the ATC instructions, it may cause near miss. 3.what pilots can do to avoid near air miss? There are many things we can do to avoid near air miss. First, we can follow ATC instruction to maintain enough separation with other aircraft. Second, we can follow TCAS RA to avoid near air miss. Third, if ATC instruction goes against TCAS RA, we should follow TCAS RA to keep enough vertical separation with the conflicting traffic.
  • CFIT
    • 1.what is CFIT? CFIT stands for controlled flight into terrain it occurs when an airworthy aircraft under the complete control of the pilot is inadvertently floen into terrain water or an obstacle. the pilots are generally unware of the danger until it is too low. () 2.when dose CFIT mostly happen? most CFIT accidents occur in the approach and landing phase of flight and are often associated with non-precision approaches. 3.what are the contributory factors of CFIT? lack of familiarity with the appproach or missing of the approach chart failure to use Standard Phraseology leading to confusion and misunderstanding. pilot's fatigue and disorientation bad weather such as heavy rain, turbulence and ice may increase our workload and cause loss of situational awareness,it may cause cfit. poor CRM ability (approach, radiotelephony communication, pilot, CRM weather) 4.how to avoid CFIT? we can use TAWS(terrain awareness and warning system) to improve our SA the pilot should pay more attention to the approach and landing risks by using CDFA, it can help to reduce the work;load of the pilot, and provide a smooth approach we can use eTOD(electronic terrain and obstacle data) (attention, TWAS, CDFA, eTOD)
  • CDFA
    • 1.what is CDFA? CDFA stands for continuous descent fimal appraoch it is a technology consistent with stabilized approach procrdures, for flying the final approach segment of a non-precision approach(NPA) procedure as a constant descent, without level-off, from an altitude at or above the final approach fix altitude to a point approximately 15m height above the landing runway threshold or the landing runway threshold or the point where the flare maneuver should begin for the type of aircraft flown. 2.what are the advantages of CDFA? it will increase safety by employing the concepts of stablised approach criteria and procedure standardisation. it will improve pilot situational awareness and reduced pilot workload it will also improve fuel efficiency by minimizing the low -altitude level flight time it will reduce noise level by minimizing the level flight time at high thrust setting it will provide procedural similarities to approach procedure with vertical guidance(APV) and precision approach operations it will reduce probability of infringement on required obstacle clearance during the final approach segment. There are some advantages of flying CDFA: 1) it can increase the safety margin by using stable approach and standard procedures; 2) it can increase pilots' situational awareness and reduce pilots' workload; 3) it can improve the fuel efficiency by minimizing the low-altitude level flight time; 4) it can reduce the noise level by minimizing the level flight time at high power; 5) it can avoid CFIT (controlled flight into terrain).
  • RVSM
    • 1.what is RVSM? RVSM stands for reduced verticle separation manima it is the reduction of the verticle separation minama(VSM)above FL290 from 2000ft to 1000ft 2.what are the benefits of RVSM? it will double the airspace capacity, between FL290 and FL410 it will provide the oppotunity for aircraft to operate at closer to the optimum flight levels wiyh the resulting fuel economies 3.what are the requirements of the aircraft operating RVSM? First, the aircraft should not be allowed to operate in RVSM airspace until (it is) approved by the authority. the aircraft operating RVSM should be equipped with two independent altitude measurement systems an altitude alerting system an automatic altitude control system a secondary surveillance radar(SSR) transponder with altitude reporting system that can be connected to the altitude measurement system in use for altitude keeping. 4.contingency procedures when unable to maintain RVSM? Reduced Vertical Separation Minima . · The pilots shal notify ATC of any equipment failure , weather hazards such as severe turbulence etc, which may affect the ability to maintain the cleared level or the RVSM requirements . When an aircraft operating in RVSM Airspace encounters severe turbulence due to weather or wake vortex which the pilot believes will impact the aircraft's capability to maintain its cleared flight level , the pilot shall inform ATC . ATC is required to establish either an appropriate horizontal separation minimum , or an increased vertical separation minimum of 2000ft; Where a meteorological forecast is predicting severe turbulence within the RVSM Airspace , ATC shall determine whether RVSM should be suspended and if so,the period of time,and specific flight level ( s ) and or area . When notified by ATC of an assigned altitude deviation of more than 300ft(90 m ), the pilot shall take action to return to the cleared levelas quickly as possible . · In the event of a pilot advising that te aircraft is no longer capable of RVSM operations , it is particularly important that the first ATS unit made aware of the failure performs the necessary co - ordination with subsequent ATS units . Reduced Vertical Separation Minima . pdf 5. Separation standards within RVSM Airspace Within RVSM airspace ( between FL290 and FL410 inclusive ) the vertical separation minimum is : 。1000ft(300m) between RVSM - approved aircraft , and ●2000ft(600m) between non - RVSM approved state aircraft and any other aircraft operating within RVSM airspace . ●2000ft(600m) between non - RVSM aircraft operating as general air traffic ( GAT ) and any other aircraft within RVSM airspace 6.What should you do if the autopilot fails in RVSM airspace? If autopilot fails in RVSM airspace, we will report our situation to ATC and tell the controller we are unable RVSM due equipment and request leave RVSM airspace. Then we will try to resume the operation of autopilot.
  • FCTM
    • 1.what is FCTM? FCTM stands for flighr crew training manual 2.what can FCTM provide? it can proivde information such as the abnormal procrdures emergency situations and emergency procedures and so on. 3.when to use FCTM? we often use FCTM when we are praparig for the flight or when we have simulator training
  • CPDLC
    • 1.what is CPDLC? CPDLC stands for controller pilot data link communications it is a means of communication between controller and pilot , using data link for ATC communication. CPDLC is a two way data link system by which controllers can transimit non urgent strategic messages to an aircraft as an alternate to voice communication, the message is displayed on a flight deck visual display. 2.wgat are the advantages of CPDLC? it will have less communication on the ATC frequency it will increase sector capacities it will deal with more pilots request simutaneously it will reduce probability of miscommunication(due callsign confusion safer frequency changes, hence fewer loss of communication events. 3.How do you operate CPDLC to enforce control orders in the event of a two-way radio failure? When we encounter the two-way radio communication failure during flight, first, we will squawk 7600. Second, we will follow the last ATC instructions. Third, we will use CPDLC to tell the controller that we have two-way communication failure and request revert to CDPLC.
  • RNP
    • 1.WHAT IS rnp APPROACH? RNP stands for Required Navigation Performance. There are two types of RNP approaches: RNP approach and RNP AR approach. Both approaches are similar to RNAV approach, however, RNP approach with the use of various sensors and equipment, achieves far greater accuracy through the use of performance based navigation (PBN) and can therefore be flown to a DA rather than a MDA. 2.what are the advantages of RNP approach compared with other approach? There are many advantages of RNP approach compared with other types of approach. First, the aircraft can maintain a constant angle or CDFA until reaching minima. This has positive benefits to fuel saving, engine life, passenger comfort and situational awareness. Second, it can reduce the flight crew stress. Third, it can minimize the risk of CFIT. 3.what dose RNP approach more and more popular? RNP approach is more and more popular. On the one hand, RNP approach can provide lateral navigation (LNAV); On the other hand, RNP approach can provide vertical navigation (LNAV). Besides, RNP approach can be used in the airports with complicated terrains.
• other topic
  • fuel
    • 1.what is the maximum fuel quality your aircraft can take? I fly _____. The maximum fuel quantity is ______ gallons. . 3.what reasons may cause fuel shrtage? There are many reasons for fuel shortage on board. First, fuel leak may cause fuel shortage. Second, bad weather such as thunderstorm may cause long delays or diversion and cause fuel shortage. Third, human errors such as wrong calculation of fuel consumption may cause fuel shortage on board, too. 4.please talk about the legal requirement of fuel quality? I fly ________. The maximum fuel quantity is ______ gallons（加仑）. The fuel quantity required for each flight includes the fuel to the destination airport, the fuel to the alternate airport, the fuel to hold and the fuel reserve. 5.when will you refuel the aircraft? First, we will check our flight plan and check how much fuel we need. Second, we will contact ground staff to refuel the aircraft. Third, during refueling, we will monitor the aircraft. Fourth, after refueling, we will check fuel amount on board. 6. 7. 9.
    • dump fuel
      • 1.please introduce the fuel dumping procedure? To dump fuel, 1）we will report our intention to ATC and request fuel dumping instructions, 2) we will fly to the fuel dumping area and commence fuel dumping. 3) When fuel dumping is completed, we will report it to ATC again and request further instructions. 2.under what circumstance will the pilot dump fuel? There are some situations we will dump fuel. First, if the landing weight exceeds the maximum landing weight, we will dump fuel. Second, if we will make an emergency landing such as belly landing, we will dump fuel. 3.which aeras do not allow to dump fuel? As I know, fuel dumping is not allowed over the cities and rivers because it may cause air pollution or water pollution and it may influence people’s lives. we have to fly to published fuel dumping zone / area to dump fuel or hold in the holding pattern to burn fuel 4.what assistace will you require from the atc when you are going to dump fuel? During fuel dumping, ATC will give us fuel dumping instructions and provide radar vector to the fuel dumping area. Besides, ATC will tell other aircraft we are dumping fuel and avoid the fuel dumping area.
    • refuel
      • 1.what factors should be considered while refueling the aircraft? There are some safety factors we should consider when refueling the aircraft, First, we will try to keep the aircraft away from any flames or open fire to avoid catching fire. Second, we shouldn’t make telephone calls or smoke near the aircraft. Third, we should monitor the aircraft and check if there is fuel leak. 2.after refueling, how do you know if there is enough fuel on board? After refueling, we can check our loading sheet and our fuel panel to know the required fuel quantity and the actual fuel quantity on board.
    • fuel leak
      • 1.what will you do if there is fuel leak during flight? If we encounter fuel leakage during flight, we will report our situation to ATC and request divert to the nearest suitable airport for priority landing and request emergency service upon arrival. 2.when refurling, what will you do if there is fuel leak? If we encounter fuel leakage during refueling, we will report the situation to ground staff and stop refueling. Then we will report the situation to mechanics for maintenance check. Of course, we will report the situation to ATC and our company, too.
    • required fuel
      • 1.what factors should be considered when calculating the required fuel? There are many factors we will consider when calculating the fuel quantities for each flight such as weight and balance, weather conditions, altitude and airspeed，possible delays or diversion and so on. 2.
    • fuel saving and economy
      • 1.what is your company fuel policy? As I know, our company/airline encourages the pilots to save fuel. That is to say, if the pilots save fuel, they can get more/extra/additional money. 2.do you think cruise at high altitude will help to reduce fuel comsumption? I think cruising at higher altitude can reduce fuel consumption. The aircraft at higher altitude will have less drag because the air (density) is thinner at higher altitude, so it can reduce fuel consumption. 3.what is the pilot's role in saving fuel? I think pilots play an important role in saving fuel. Pilots can follow the company rules or regulations to fly at a higher/better altitude and speed. In this way, the pilots can save fuel. 4.what's your opinion on encouraging pilots to sace fuel? As I know, the airlines often encourage pilots to save fuel. I think it’s good to encourage pilots to save fuel. On the one hand, it can reduce company cost. On the other hand, it is good to our environment/earth. 4.what factors may affect fuel consumption? There are many factors that may affect fuel consumption / economysuch asweather conditions airspeed altitude , the weight of the aircraft the pilot ’ s flight skills and so on
    • contaminatd fuel
      • 1.if contaminated fuel is used, what will be the results? If contaminated fuel is used, it may cause engine problem such as engine flameout, engine failure and engine vibration. Besides, it may cause damage to the engine.
    • fuel emergency and minimum fuel
      • 1.under what circumstances, will pilot declare fuel emergency? According to regulations, if the fuel endurance at 3000ft over destination airport is less than 30 minutes, we will declare fuel emergency. 2.1.under what circumstances, will pilot declare minimum emergency? According to regulations , if the fuel endurance at 3000ft over destination airport is less than 45 minutes , we will declare minimum fuel . 3.if there is a minimum fuel situation how will you report it to atc? If we are in minimum fuel situation , we will report the situation to ATC like this ,“ Wuhan Approach ,CCA101, our fuel endurance is less than 45 minutes , request priority landing at Wuhan Airport . 2.how can you judge the fuel endurance during flight? 1) We can know/get fuel endurance based on the full fuel and fuel used on the ECAM or EICAS. 2) we can know/get the fuel endurance based on the flight time and the rate of fuel consumption 5.
    • fuel endurance
      • 1.what factors may affect fuel endurance? There are many reasons for fuel shortage on board . First , fuel leak may cause fuel shortage Second , bad weather such as thunderstorm may cause long delays or diversion , it may consume more fuel . Third , during preflight preparation , wrong calculation of fuel consumption may cause fuel shortage on board ,too. 2.how to calculate fuel endurance? We can calculate / determine fuel endurance based on the full fuel and fuel used on the ECAM or EICAS . Besides , we can calculate the fuel endurance based on the flight time and the rate of fuel consumption . 3.what should we do during duriing flight? During flight , we should check our fuel to ensure we have enough fuel to our destination and avoid fuel emergency and minimum fuel situations .
    • fuel check
      • 1.how can you do the fuel check? During walk around inspection , we wil dump some fuel from the fuel tank and see if the fuel is clean or not .
  • urgency and distrtess
    • 1.under what circumstances will you declare distrss? Under the following situations, we will declare distress (make a MAYDAY call/call MAYDAY）: total electrical failure, total/both engine failure, in-flight fire such as cabin fire, cockpit fire, toilet/lavatory fire, engine fire, bomb on board, cabin depressurization, crew incapacitation, fuel emergency and so on. 2.under what circumstances will you declare urgency call? Under the following situations, we will declare urgency (call PANPAN: possible assistance needed): one engine failure or flameout, one engine shut down due to bird ingestion or bird strike, passenger illness such as heart attack, passenger injury and so on. 3.what is the difference between distress and urgency call? In urgency situations, we don’t need immediate assistance from ATC while in distress situations, we need immediate assistance. According to ICAO, urgency is an emergency situation but does not require immediate assistance. In this situation, the pilots will call PANPAN. Distress is an emergency situation but requires immediate assistance. In
    • definition
      • 1.what are the definitions in icao of distress and urgency? According to ICAO , distress is defined as a condition of being threatened by serious or imminent danger and of requiring immediate assistance while urgency is defined as a condition concerning the safety of an aircraft or other vehicle or some person on board or within sight , but which does not require immediate assistance .
    • simulator
      • 1.have you ever rncountered abnor,al situation during flight? No, I have never encountered abnormal situations during flight, but I have practiced many abnormal situations in simulator training and recurrent training such as engine failure, electrical failure and so on 2.do you have emergency training during simulator training? Yes, every year, we will have simulator training about emergency situations such as engine failure, hydraulic failure, communication failure, navigation failure and so on.
    • pan mayday call
      • 1.what are the meaninigs of these two calls? what information is included in the calls? In distress situations , the pilots will make an MAYDAY call . MAYDAY means “ HELP , HELP , HELP ”. In urgency situations , the pilots will make a PANPAN cal , which means ‘ Possible Assistance Needed The distress or urgency message should consist of the following information : MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY or PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN , name of the station addressed ( ATC cal sign ), identification of the aircraft ( cal sign ), nature of the emergency , intention of the pilot in command , present or last known position , flight level and heading , and any other useful information such as endurance remaining , POB .
    • how to do
      • 1.what should you do when you are in distress or urgency? In distress or urgency situations , first , we will squawk 7700 to indicate we are in emergen.Second , we will declare distress or urgency to ATC , request priority landing at the nearest suitable airport and request emergency services upon arrival such as medical services and fire ervices .
  • fire
    • 1.have you ever encountered fire or smoke on board? No, I have never encountered smoke or fire on board. But I know smoke or fire on board is very dangerous. It may cause structural damage to the aircraft and injuries to persons on board. 2.in your opinion , how can pilots increase the safety margin? There are many things we can do to increase the safety margin. 1) we should follow SOP to increase safety margin. 2) we should have good situation awareness to increase safety margin. 3) we should use standard words/callout to increase safety margin. 4) we should develop good flight disciplines to increase the safety margin. 3.what are the three elements for fire? There are three elements for fire : flammable material , oxygen and heat . Fire can be extinguished by removing any of the three elements : shutting off the fuel supply , starving the oxygen , removing the heat with water or chemicals . 4.during flight which aeras will most likely catch fire? During flight , the areas which are likely to catch fire are the engines , cockpit , cargo hold cabin , toilet , galley , landing gear and avionic bay . Fire on board is a very dangerous situation We should keep in mind what may cause the fire and what to do in case of fire .
    • cockpit fire
      • 1.if you nitice there is fire in the cockpit, what can you do to solve it? If there is smoke in the cockpit, 1) we will put on the oxygen masks. 2) we will declare distress (make a MAYDAY call) and request emergency descent and divert to the nearest suitable airport and request emergency services such as fire services (fire trucks, fire engines), medical services (ambulance, first aid) 3) we will perform/carry out smoke procedures to find out the source of smoke and remove the smoke. 2.what are thr reasons of smoke in the cockpit? There are some possible reasons for smoke in the flight deck. First, electrical fire (short circuit) may cause smoke in the flight deck. Second, pilots smoking in the cockpit may cause smoke in the flight deck. third, smoke in the air conditioning pack may cause smoke in the cockpit. 3.if there is electrical fire in the cabin what will you do? In case of smoke or fire in the cockpit caused by short circuit or other electrical malfunctions , the pilots should keep calm and keep the control of the aircraft . Then the flight crew , cabin crew and passengers wil put on the oxygen masks and the pilot should report the distress to ATC , start emergency descent and make immediate landing
    • cabin fire
      • 1.how will you respond to the smoke in the cabin? If there is smoke in the cabin, first, we will put on the oxygen masks; second, we will report the situation to ATC and request emergency landing at nearest suitable airports and emergency services. third, the cabin crew will find the source of smoke. fourth, we will make emergency descent and remove the smoke.
    • engine fire
      • 1.after airborne, you encountered engine fire what will you do to solve it? If we encounter engine fire just after airborne, we will report our situation to ATC and request immediate return for priority landing and emergency services after landing such as fire services and medical services. Then we will use fire bottles/extinguishers to put out engine fire. If necessary, we will shut down the faulty engine. 2.what factors can lead to engine fire? Here we just take engine fire for example There are some possible reasons for engine fire First , flammable substances such as fuel , oil hydraulic fluid may be in contact with hot surfaces and cause engine fire . Second , mechanical problems of engine itself may lead tO engine fire . Third human errors / maintenance errors may cause engine fire . Besides , there are some other reasons for engine fire , such as foreign object strike or ingestion and lightning strike . 3.if the engine is on fire what will you do? In case of engine fire , first , we will retard the thrust lever of affected engine to idle and shut off the fuel supply to the faulty engine . Second we will discharge the fire bottle to extinguish the fire . Meanwhile , we will declare the distress to ATC and request emergency landing at the nearest suitable airport and emergency service upon landing .
  • tailstrike
    • definition
      • 1.what is tailstrike? In aviation , a tail strike is an event in which the rear tail of an aircraft or horizontal stabilizer strikes the runway . This can happen during takeoff of a fixed - wing aircraft if the pilot puls up too rapidly , leading to the rear end of the fuselage touching the runway . this can also occur during landing if the pilot raises the nose too aggressively.this is often the result oof an attempt to land nearer to the runway threshold. (scrape touch strike )
    • reasons
      • 1.what are the possible reasons for tail strike? There are many possible reasons for tail strike First , pilot flight skills may lead to tail strike For example , the pilot pulls up the aircraft too much during takeoff or landing . Second , strong wind shear , strong crosswind or strong tailwind may contribute to tail strike . Third , CG problem / weight and balance problem may give rise to tail strike.for example, the CG of the aircraft exceeds the normal rear position limitation, it will cause the aircraft more easier than normal to be nosed up when the pilots pulls up the control column
    • consequences
      • 1.what are the possible consequences of tail strike? Tail strike may cause damage to the fuselage and the tail of the aircraft and cause structural failure .tailstrike incidents rarely cause significant damage or cause danger, but may cause financial losses as the planes have to be thoroughly inspected and repaired.
  • structual damage
    • reasons
      • 1.what are the possible reasons for tail strike? There are some possible reasons for structural damage . First , bad weather such as lightning strike , severe turbulence and severe icing may cause structural damage to the aircraft such as fuselage and wings . Second , if there is explosive depressurization , bomb explosion and fire on board , it may cause structural damage or total loss of aircraft . Third , ground accidents such as ground collision and tail strike may cause structural damage.
    • how to respond to that
      • 1.if there is structual damage what will you do? If our aircraft suffers from structural damage we will report our situation to ATC and request priority landing and emergency services upon landing . After landing , we will report structural damage to the mechanics for maintenance check .
  • equipment malfunction
    • flight instruments
      • 1.what is flight instrument? Flight instruments are the instruments in the cockpit of an aircraft . They provide the pilot with information about the flight situation of that aircraft , such as altitude , airspeed and direction. 2.how many kinds of flight instruments are there in the cockpit? There are two kinds of instruments in the aircraft : analog instruments and digital instruments . The analog instruments are traditional instruments and each analog instrument indicates one single flight information . For example , Attitude Director Indicator ( ADI shows the attitude of the aircraft . Altimeter shows the altitude of the aircraft . Airspeed indicator shows the speed of the aircraft Vertical speed indicator shows the rate of climb or descent of the aircraft . Heading indicator displays the heading of the aircraft Turn indicator displays the yaw of the aircraft . 3.what is digital instruments? Digital instruments are important features in modern glass cockpit . One single display can show some important flight information . 4.what is EFIS? EFIS consists of PFD and MFD . PFD can display the aircraft attitude , altitude , airspeed , vertical speed , heading , and yaw . MFD can display navigation information and other important information such as weather information and conflicting traffic 5.WHAT can ECAM and EFIS provide to pilot? ECAM ( Airbus ) and EICAS ( Boeing ) can provide pilots with information about engine parameters and other aircraft systems .
    • electrical failure
      • 1.why may flight instruments will fail? In case of electrical failure , lightning strike , fire on board or pilot error , the flight instruments may be out of work , for example , the autopilot may be disconnected , the weather radar may fail , navigation display may fail .
    • auto pilot
      • 1.how to respond to autopilot failure during flight? If the autopilot can ’ t be connected during flight , the pilot flying will control the aircraft ,the pilot monitoring wil complete the checklist to resume autopilot and report the situation to ATC and request land at the nearest suitable airport . Both pilots will cross check each other .
    • weather radar
      • 1.what will you do if the weather radar fails? If the weather radar fails during flight , we will report the situation to ATC and request the weather information along the route and request radar vector to avoid the weather ahead
    • navigation display
      • 1.if the navigation display fails what will you do? If there is navigation display failure during flight , we will use stand by instrument and request radar vectors to the nearest suitable airport .
  • passenger flight and cargo flight
    • 1.
    • differences
      • 1.As I know, there are some differences between passenger flight and cargo flight. First, the passenger flight transports passengers and their luggage to their destination while cargo flight just transports cargos. Second, in passenger flight, we can fly with flight attendants while we just fly with cargos in cargo flight.
    • duty
      • 1.what are the duties of pilots of passenger flight? As pilots of passenger flight, we are responsible for the safety of the flight including the safety of the aircraft, the safety of persons on board and their belongings.
  • day and night flight
    • differences
      • 1.There are some differences between day flight and night flight. During day flight, we have better visual reference. During night flight, it’s difficult to have visual contact with the runway, we have to use ground equipment to help us to land safely.
    • night flight
      • 1.during night flight wat equipment can help us to land safely? In night flight, there are some ground equipment we can use to help us to land safely on airport such as the approach lights, ILS, NDB and VOR.
  • aie routes
    • 1.dose your company have enough air routes Yes. I work for Air China. We have enough international routes such as Beijing to New York, Beijing to Paras and so on. 2.do you prefer to fly international routes or national routes? long or short routes? I prefer international routes. There are many reasons for that. First, I will have more flight experience. Second, I have the chance to travel around the world and enjoy local culture. It’s my dream. Third, I can improve my English. I prefer short routes because I will have more flight experience with more takeoffs and landings. Besides, I will have more time to stay with my family.
  • runways
    • narrow runways
      • 1.what factors may cause the aircraft to overrun th runway after landing? There are many factors that may cause the aircraft to overrun the runway after landing. First, if the flaps are jammed during approach, the landing speed is higher than normal, the aircraft may overrun the runway. Second, if the aircraft is above the glide slope during landing, the aircraft may overshoot the runway. Third, if there are problems with brakes or thrust reversers, it may cause the aircraft to run out of runway. 2.have you ever experienced taking off or landing on the short and narrow runway? No, I have never experienced takeoff or landing on short and narrow runways. 3.what kind of runways can be considered as short and narrow runway according to ICAO regulations, if the runway length is less than 45m wide and less that 1800m long for large aircraft and less than 2200m for heavy aircraft, it is called short and narrow runway. 4.are there any risks or threats when operating on the short and narrow runway? Yes, there are some risks/threats/dangers when taking off or landing on short and narrow runways. First, it may cause the aircraft to overrun the runway or skid off the runway, Second, it may cause structural damage to the aircraft and injuries to persons on board. third it may reduce the safety margin 5.can you tell me how to make a successful landing on the shoirt and narrow runway? There are many things we should do to make a safe landing on the short and narrow runways. First, we should make good preflight preparation to get the weather conditions about the airport and the aircraft performance (landing performance: landing distance). Second, we should follow standard operation procedures, especially in case of strong wind, low visibility and runway contamination. Third, we should use precision approach such as ILS approach and we should avoid overshooting. 6.wha should we do if we decide to takeoff on the short and narrow taxiway? there are many things we should do when taking off on the short and narrow runways. fist we should make good preflight preparation to get the weather conditions about the airport and the performance of the aircraft second, we should follow standard operation procedure(SOP),especially in case of strong wind, low b=visibility and runway contamination. third, we should use full length of the runway for departure and keep the directional control of the aircraft, and use oppropriate flap setting and trim setting. (preflight preparation=weather+airport+aircraft, SOP, task sharing,directional control,full length ) 7.what should we do if we decide to land on the short and narrow runway? there are many things we should do when landing on the short and narrow taxiway. first, we should follow the checklist to determine the required landing distance, if there is contaminatio on the runway or mechnical problems such as flaps jammed and the landing distance can't meet the requirement ,we should divert or return to land. second, we should make the appraoch briefing and confiem the task-sharing third we should use precision approac such as ILS approach and land into the wind. forth, we should avoid overshooting.
    • Subtopic
  • airport security
    • qirport security
      • 1.do you think it is necessary to strenghen the airport security? Yes, I think it necessary to strengthen airport security check because airport security check can prevent/avoid/stop the dangerous goods and dangerous people (terrorists/criminals)entering the airport and the aircraft and ensure the safety of the airport and the aircraft. 2.what are your suggestions for improving the airport management? I have some suggestions for airport management. first, The airport can use/introduce more advanced systems and equipment to improve the airport security check. second, the airport can offer/provide more training to the staff and improve their knowledge and skills. 4.what measures can be taken to prevent terrorist attack from happening? There are many things we can do to prevent terrorist activity(attack) from happening. First, we can improve airport security check to prevent terrorists and dangerous goods from entering the airport and aircraft. Second, both pilots and cabin crew can improve their skills to fight against/with the terrorists or hijackers. 5.do you think theairport security check has been improved in the last decades? I think the airport security check has been improved in the last decade. First, the passengers (and their baggage) have been scanned/checked again and again before boarding the aircraft. Second, more advanced systems and equipment have been used/introduced to improve the airport security check. Third, more rules and regulations (laws) have been made to improve the airport security check. (For example, the extra lithium battery is not allowed to bring onboard).
    • dangerous goods
      • 1.have you ever taken any dangerous goods transportation training? Yes. I have taken dangerous goods (transportation) training. According to the regulation, pilots should have dangerous goods training every two years. 2.why do pilots need to take some specific dangerous goods training? I think pilots should have (specific) training for dangerous goods transportation because dangerous good are dangerous to flight safety and we should know how to identify the dangerous goods and how to handle dangerous goods leak. 3.if yoou have leaked some flammable liquid substance leak?what will you do If we have flammable liquid leak during flight, first, we will report the situation to ATC and request emergency landing and emergency services such as fire services and medical services. second, after landing, we will execute/make emergency evacuation. 4.have you ever taken any dangerous goods transpotation training how often? Yes. I have taken dangerous goods transportation training. According to the regulation, pilots should have dangerous goods training every two years. 5.what topics do you discuss during dangerous goods training? We can discuss some topics in dangerous goods training such as how to identify/find/check the dangerous goods, the danger of dangerous goods, how to deal with dangerous goods (leak) during flight. 6.what can be considered as dangerous goods in aviation industry? As I know, there are many/nine kinds of dangerous goods such as flammable liquid, flammable gas, flammable solid, explosives, radioactives, toxic, erosive, oxide and others. 7.are lithum battery dangerous goods? what treats may dangerous goods put to aircrafts? Yes, lithium batteries are dangerous goods. They are dangerous to flight safety because they are flammable and explosive, they may cause smoke or fire on board and cause structural damage to the aircraft. 8.can you list a few dangerous goods? As I know, there are many dangerous goods such as flammable liquid, flammable gas, flammable solid, explosives, radioactives and so on. 9.dose your company provide some guidelines for identifying dangerous goods? Yes, our company provides some guidelines/procedures/guidance for identifying and handling/dealing with dangerous goods. I think it’s necessary. Before each flight, we will check (the cargo manifest) if there is dangerous goods onboard. If there is dangerous goods, we will monitor the aircraft carefully to prevent/avoid dangerous goods leak. If there is dangerous goods leak, we will report it to ATC and request emergency landing at the nearest suitable airport and request emergency services. 10.why do you think we need specific training for dangerous goods? I think pilots should have specific training for dangerous goods transportation because dangerous good are dangerous to flight safety and we should have some knowledge of dangerous goods transportation. 11.before departure if you receive an announimous call saying thattheris a suspicious baggage in your aircraft what will you do? If there is a suspicious luggage on board our aircraft, first, we will inform the cabin crew to search the cabin for the luggage. Second, we will report our situation to ATC and request bomb disposal squad and other emergency services such as fire services and medical services. Third, we will execute emergency evacuation. 12what have you learned from the dangerous goods training? We can learn many things from dangerous goods training such as the types of dangerous goods, the danger of dangerous goods, how to identify the dangerous goods, how to deal with dangerous goods during flight. 13.what is your company procedure concerning suspicious laggage check? If there is a suspicious luggage on board our aircraft, first, we will inform the cabin crew to search the cabin for the luggage. Second, we will report our situation to ATC and request bomb disposal squad and other emergency services such as fire services and medical services. Third, we will execute emergency evacuation. 14.if the ATC tells you that they have received annonimous call saying that there is bomb onboard what will you do? If there is a suspected bomb on board, first, we will inform the crew members to search the cabin for the suspected bomb. Second, we will report our situation to ATC and request bomb disposal squad and emergency services. Finally, we will execute emergency evacuation. 15.what are your companys standard procedure to deal with suspecten bomb on board? If there is a suspected bomb on board, first, we will inform the crew members to search the cabin for the suspected bomb. Second, we will report our situation to ATC and request bomb disposal squad and emergency services. Finally, we will execute emergency evacuation. 16.what can be considered as dangerous goods? some substances such as flammables and explosives are dangerous because they may cause the aircraft to catch fire or cause structure damage to the aircraft. besides it may affect the safety of persons on board. 17.why dose certain amount liquid cant be taken into the aircraft? Some liquids are not allowed to be carried into the cabin. first, it is difficult to detect/find/check if the liquids are dangerous goods or not. second, different liquids may be brought/carried/taken into the cabin by different people and mixed together to make a bomb. (different people may take different liquids into the cabin and mix it together to make a bomb) 18.if you are required to transport dangerous goods what should you do? first, we will check the loading sheet about the dangerous goods second, we will minitor the aircraft to check if there is dangerous goods leak.
  • bird
    • bird strike
      • 1.have you ever encountered bird strike?> No, I have never encountered bird strike during flight. 2.when are you most likely to encounter bird strike? I think we are most likely to encounter bird strike during takeoff or during landing because birds often fly at lower levels. 3.before you take off from the airport where can you get the bird activity information? Before we take off from the airport, we can get the information about bird activity from ATC, ATIS and other pilot reports. 4.how dose bird strike affect flight safety? Bird strike is very dangerous to flight safety. First, bird strike may cause structural damage to the aircraft such as nose, windshields and engines. Second, bird strike may cause engine problems such as engine flameout, engine failure, engine surge （vibration） and so on. 5.what measures can be taken to reduce the danger of bird strike? There are many things we can do to avoid the bird strike. First, we can get information about bird activity from other pilot report (PIREP) and ATC. Second, if there is bird activity along our flight path, we can request change our flight path, delay our approach or delay our departure. Third, the airport (management department) may drive away(dispel) the birds in the vicinity of airports.the bird dispersing car can be sent out to drive the birds away and the warning sounds of guns or fireworks can be used to scare the birds away. fouth, we can also change the habitat around the airport to reduce the attractiveness to birds fifth, the aircraft structure should to strengthened to withstand the effect of birdstrike. 6.why is bird activity is dangerous to flight safety? Bird activity is dangerous to the flight. First, bird ingestion and bird strike may cause engine vibration, engine failure or engine flameout and multip aircraft systems associated with engines, Second, bird ingestion and bird strike may cause structural damage to the aircraft such as the nose, wind shield, engines and so on. 7.what might be the consequences of the bird strike? Bird strike is dangerous. First, bird strike may cause engine vibration, engine failure or engine flameout. Second, bird strike may cause structural damage to the aircraft such as the nose, wind shield, engines and so on 8.what do you do after bird strike? If we encounter bird strike, first we will maintain a good control of the aircraft we will report our situation to ATC and request hold for further check. If the instruments are indicating normally, we will continue the flight. If the instruments are indicating abnormally, we will dump fuel and return for landing and emergency services.
  • foreign object
    • flight phase
      • 1.at which phase of flight will foreign object most likely to occur? We are most likely to encounter foreign object ingestion during engine startup, during takeoff and during landing. 2.if your aircraft ingests foreign objects,will it affect flight safety? If the engine encounters the foreign object ingestion, it is dangerous to flight safety. first, it may cause engine problems such as engine vibration, engine failure or engine flameout. second, it may cause structural damage to the engine (fan blades). 3.if your aircraft engine ingests some foreign objects during takeoff rolling what will you do to deal with this situation? If the engine ingests foreign objects before V1 we will reject/abort takeoff and report it to the mechanics for check. after V1 we will continue takeoff and return for landing. 4.if bird ingestion happened during initial climb, what will you do?during flight If bird ingestion happens during initial climb, we will report our situation to ATC and request dump fuel and return to land during flight we will divert to the nearest suitable airport. 5.what can you or airport authority can do to prevent some situations from happening? When we start up the engines, we should keep the engines clear of foreign objects. Before takeoff or landing, the runway should be checked to ensure there is no foreign objects on the runway. During flight, we should avoid flying into bird activity area or volcanic ash area. 6.what can be described as foreign object? in aviation, foreign object debris is any substance, debris or article alien to a vehicle or system which could potentially cause damage. FOD is now used to describe both the foreign objects themselves, and any foreign object damage attributed to them.
    • suggestion