导图社区 英语初中阶段句子与句子结构
英语初中阶段句子与句子结构,句子的成分分析,五种基本句型,句子的分类,句子的结构有简单句,并列句,复合句,并列复合句。
编辑于2022-05-04 09:41:24句法
句子的成分与句子
句子成分
主语:主语是一个句子的主体,表示所说的是谁或是什么
名词---The apple is red
代词---Nobody can help you except yourself
数词---Four and five makes nine
名词化的形容词---The sick and the old need our help
不定式---To become a nurse is my ambition
动名词---Running is good for our health
谓语:谓语表示主语的动作行为或所处状态
动词或动词短语
She likes drawing
I go to school at six
“情态动词+动词原型”
You should be good with your friends
“系动词+表语”
The skirt feels soft
“助动词+动词原形”
Do you speak English
宾语:表示动作的对象是动作的对象,是动作的承受者
名词或名词短语
We study English
代词
I saw her last month
数词
Four and five makes nine
动词不定式
She wants to go to Italy
名词化的形容词
They're helping the poor during the winter
名词化的分词
He sent the injured to hospital
动名词
He enjoys reading
从句
I wonder who she is
部分动词可以接双宾语
Tom gave me a pen yesterday
不及物动词后不直接接跟宾语,但可以在其后加介词再跟宾语
My mother often looks after my little sister on Sundays
宾语补足语:宾补用来补充说明宾语,与宾语一起构成复合宾语
名词
We call the parrot Polly
不定式
I asked him to help me
介词短语
Leave it on the desk
形容词
We must keep the classroom clean every day
表语:表语是和系动词一起构成复合谓语的词或短语
名词
Pollution from cars has become a big problem
代词
Seventy-four?You don't look it
数词
Angela was the first to leave
形容词
Please feel free to say what you really think
动名词
Wasting time is killing yourself
动词不定式
My wish is to become an artist
现在分词
Time is pressing
介词短语
Come to see me tomorrow when I am at work
从句
This is where we disagree with each other
定语:定语是修饰名词或代词的句子成分
名词
There are many apple trees in the village
形容词
I like the tall girl
数词
The teacher divided the students into eight groups
代词
My father goes to work by bus
不定式
I want something to eat
分词
He picks up this pair of broken glasses
介词短语
The girl in red in my sister
副词
The man here is Mr King
从句
The girl who is talking with my mother is my friend
状语:状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分
时间状语
We go to school every day
地点状语
Let's play volleyball in the school playground
原因状语
He didn't come on time yesterday because his bike was broken
结果状语
She didn't work hard so that she failed in the exam
条件状语
If it rains tomorrow ,we won't go to the movies
目的状语
He came to see me
方式状语
He goes to school by bus every day
程度状语
I don't like coffee very much
伴随状语
I slept with the window open
让步状语
John went to work in spite of feeling ill
同位语:同位语是指两个或两个以上的词语指同一个事物,作同一句子成分
She was born in Berkeley ,a small town in California
This is Mr Zhou ,our English teacher
独立成分:独立的句子成分
感叹词
称呼语
插入语
答语
五种基本句型
主语+动词(S+V)
不及物动词类
及物动词转化来的不及物动词
主语+动词+宾语(S+V+O)
一些动词常用作不及物动词,有时又可以作及物动词,但词义往往有差别
有时宾语后必须加上一个与宾语有关的状语,否则句子就不完整
主语+动词+表语(S+V+P)
这种句型结构主要指谓语动词为联系动词的情况,常见的联系动词:
表示状态的连系动词:be、look、seem、appear、 smell、taste、sound、remain、stay等
表示转变或结果的连系动词:become、get、grow、turn、go、come、fall等
主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)
这是带双宾语的句式结构,可改为“to型”或“for型”句式
主语+动词+宾语+宾补(S+V+O+OC)
形容词作宾补
They painted the door red
不定式作宾补
We have invited all our friends to come
名词或名词短语作宾补
We have made our school a beautiful garden
现在分词作宾补
I saw my mother cooking when I got home
过去分词作宾补
I have never heard the song sung
介词作宾补
Can I ask him in
there be 句型:there be句型主要用以表达“某处(或某时)有某人(或某物)”
肯定式:there be +主语+地点/时间状语
如果there be 后面是并列的主语,按就近原则确定be的单复数形式
there be表示“某地或某时存在某人或某物”,而have表 示“某人或某地方拥有某物”,表示“所有、拥有关系”。
There are fourteen books in her schoolbag (只表示存在)
She has fourteen books(表示拥有)
否定式:There be +not+主语+其他
一般疑问句结构及其答语
Is/Are +there+其他?
Yes, there is/are
No, there isn't/aren't
特殊疑问句结构:特殊疑问词+be+there+其他?
一般将来时结构:there will be 或 there be going to be
there be+名词+现在分词
使用现在分词表示“有某人在做某事”
有时现在分词不表示动作正在进行,而表示一种状态
there be+名词+不定式
句子的分类
陈述句:用来叙述一件事情或表明说话人的看法、态度等,句末用“.”
肯定句
否定句
谓语动词是be或含有情态动词、助动词时,在后面直接加not构成否定句
谓语动词是实意动词时,要根据句子的时态和人称在谓 语动词前面加don't、doesn't或didn't来构成否定句
含had better 的陈述句在had better后面加not构成否定句
疑问句
一般疑问句:用yes,no来回答的疑问句叫作一般疑问句,口语中有时也用别的词回答
特殊疑问句:就句中某一部分进行提问的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。它的 引导词主要有what,who,whom,whose,where,when,why,how等
选择疑问句:说话者两种或以上的情况,供对方 选择其一。选择疑问句的回答不能用yes或者no
反义疑问句
反义疑问句由“陈述句+疑问句尾”两部分组成,第一部分提出 看法,第二部分用来质疑或表示证实。前肯后否,前否后肯。
在回答这类问句时,不管前面的陈述句是肯定的还是否定的,都要根据客观现实回答,事实肯定要用yes,事实否定要用no
反义疑问句的特定用法
陈述句的主语是不定代词no one ,nobody,everyone,someone,everybody,somebody,none等时,其附加问句的主语强调全部用they,强调个体用he
陈述句的主语是everything,anything,something,nothing,附加问句主语用it
陈述句的主语是指示代词时,其后的附加问句的主语要用相应的人称代词,即this或that后用it,these或those后用they
陈述部分带有no,never,nothing,nowhere,rarely,hardly,seldom,few,little等否定或半否定词时,附加问句用肯定式
当陈述部分是there be 句型时,其后的附加问句仍用there: E.g.There will be a special exhibition tomorrow,won't there?
陈述部分是肯定的祈使句,后面的附加句一般用will you 或won't you
以Let's 开头的祈使句,后面的附加句要用shall we;而以Let us或Let me开头的祈使句,其后的问句部分应用will you
祈使句:表示请求或命令的句子是祈使句。谓语动词用动词原形。
主语为第二人称的祈使句: Be sure to come on time
带有第一、二人称时,通常以let为引导词: Let me tell you the answer
其他形式的祈使句
以no开头的禁止性祈使句
No entry
No parking
No smoking
有词省略的祈使句
Faster!
Quiet!
使祈使句变委婉的方法
加please
加will you
祈使句的否定形式
一般来说,祈使句的否定是在祈使句句首加Don't
当祈使句表示邀请或建议时,则在Let's和do 之间加not
Let's not talk about it
Let's not go swimming there
感叹句:感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、惧等感情的句子。一般以how或what开头
基本构成形式
what(+a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!
How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!
句子的结构
简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子称为简单句
并列句:含有两个或以上的独立的主谓结构或简单句的句子叫并列句
复合句:由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子叫复合句
并列复合句:并列句+复合句=并列复合句
构成篇章的基本单位是句子,每个句子是由词或短语构成的, 这些词或短语便是句子成分。不同的句子成分构成了英语中 的五种句型。英语句子按照使用目的与交际功能以及句子结 构的不同又可以分成不同的句子类型。所有这些构成了英语 句法的基础。