语法第39课

这是一篇关于语法第39课的思维导图在，主要内容有：关键词语的重读和重复、后置和尾重句、前置和倒装句、强调句式——分裂句。

强调emphasis

• 关键词语的重读和重复
  • 关键词语的重读
    • 对比含义
      • this is my bag; that one is yours(this--that)
    • 改变句子意义
      • Jane phoned me yesterday.(not anybody else, it is John.)
    • 助动词do的一定形式表示强调
      • you do look nice today
    • 用许多其他词语经过重读表示强调
      • when I saw her, I felt terribly awkward(terribly)
  • 关键词语的重复
    • 关键性词语通过重复取得强调的修辞效果，称作“修辞重复”rhetorical repetition
    • 出现在正式文体，有词的重复，词组的重复和相同句式的重复
  • 固定的词序word order——主语+谓语。
• 后置和尾重句
  • 后置（postponement）--语法手段，为了表示强调而把一个非句尾成分移至句尾
  • 支配英语词序的重要原则---句尾焦点end focus，句尾重心end weight
  • 句尾焦点和句尾重心
    • 句子---传递信息的单位（information unit）
      • 旧信息/已知信息 old/given information
        • 说话人认为或者假定对方已经了解的信息，信息传递出发点，通常由主语表示
      • 新信息 new information
        • 信息传递的着重点，通常由谓语表示，新信息的最关键部分通常出现在句尾，这就是信息/句尾焦点
    • 句构特征“句尾重心”---句子结构中，主语较短较简单，谓语较长较复杂
  • 关键词语的后置
    • 把最终要的内容置于句尾，使之处于突出地位，这种语法手段叫做“后置”
    • 可以通过不同的手段进行后置
      • it-句型
      • 全部倒装
      • 被动结构
      • 分隔修饰实现主语语义中心的后移
        • all the essays are good except John's
  • 尾重句periodic sentence
    • 句子包含几个信息结构或把实质部分留到句尾或接近句尾出现
      • according to..., after..., she decoded it
    • 从句先行而将主句置于其后的结构
      • when..., she....
    • 相反--松散句（loose sentence），主要信息或实质部分较早出现，随后附加修饰语或补充细节。
• 前置和倒装句
  • 前置fronting--把正常语序中较晚出现的成分移至句首，使之处于突出的位置进行特别强调。有时要改变语序，有时则引起倒装inversion
  • 不引起倒装的前置
    • 宾语、主语补语和宾补补语
      • a horrible mess you've made of it
      • very strange it seem
      • a scandal I call it
    • 前置是为了是上下文紧密衔接，或意义的对比，结构的对称
      • one of these he fed to his cat. the other he ate himself
      • Joan he gave nothing, but George he gave 10 shillings.
      • fool Joe may be, but thief he is not.
  • 引起倒装的前置
    • 当主语补语前置时，如果“主语较长/结构较复杂”，主语补语的前置就引起倒装
    • 前置宾语由“not a +名词”或者“not a single+名词”构成时
      • not a wining number did I have all night.
      • not a single winner did I back the whole meeting
    • 某些状语的前置
      • 全部倒装full inversion
        • 句首状语 为“方位词或拟声词”，谓语动词go，come等表示位置转移的动态动词
          • the door burst open and in rushed the crowd
          • Bang! Bang! Bang! came three reports of firecrackers
        • 句首状语为“地点的介词词组”
          • in this chapter will be found a partial answer
      • 局部倒装partial inversion
        • 句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语
          • never have I found him in such a good mood
          • on no account were we allowed to answer the masters back(对教师顶嘴)
        • 句首状语为“only+副词”，“only+介词词组”，“only+状语分句”构成，以及“not only（but also）”开头的分句
          • only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing
          • only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets
          • only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.
          • not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it
        • 关联连词so（... that）开头的句子结构，“so+形容词”是主语补语的前置---全部倒装，“so+副词”是状语的前置---局部倒装
          • so dangerous were the avalanches that skiing had to be stopped
          • so quickly the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus
        • 方式状语、频度状语等移至句首
          • gladly would I pay more if I could get better service by doing so
          • many a time has Mike given me good advice
          • 主语较长，可以全部倒装
            • thus began an intricate minuet between us and the Chinese
          • 方式状语等移至句首时，也可以不倒装
            • stealthily the girl crept out of door
• 强调句式——分裂句
  • 分裂句cleft sentence专门表示强调的句式
  • 什么是分裂句
    • 以it为引导词的强调句型，结构形式 为“It + be的一定形式+中心成分+that-/who-分句”。强调处谓语动词外的大多数句子成分。
    • 强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语、状语，使其成为信息中心
      • it was John that/who gave Mary a handbag at Christmas
      • it was Mary that John gave a handbag at Christmas
      • it was a handbag that John gave Mary at Christmas
      • it was at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag
    • 助动词be可以采取复杂形式
      • it may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag
    • 单一方式副词不作分裂句中心成分
      • √：it was very reluctantly that she agreed to help
      • ×：it was reluctantly that she agreed to help
    • 可以强调由because引导的原因状语分句，但是不可以强调as/for等引导的原因状语分句
    • 主语补语通常不可以用作分裂句的中心成分
      • ×：it is beautiful that she is
    • 宾语补语可以作分裂句的中心成分
      • it is green that they have painted the wall
  • “分裂句引导词”it与先行词it
    • 分裂句--去掉that/who，句子成分仍然完整。先行词it---去掉that/who，句子缺少一定的成分
    • it作不作成分
  • “假分裂句”pseudo-cleft sentence
    • 强调谓语
      • I gave her a book.----what I did was (to) give her a book
    • 主语--what 引导的名词性分句，分句主动词--do的一定形式，主语补语---不定式结构（可不带to）
    • do以-ing分词形式出现，或以-ed分词形式出现
      • what he will be doing is taking a plane to Beijing
      • what he has done is to give her a gift