Chapter 16 Cancer

Chapter 16 Cancer包括了Basic propertiers of a Cancer Cell、The Causes of Cancer、Cancer:AGenetic Disorder 、Strategies for Combating Cancer。

Chapter 16 Cancer

• Basic Properties of a Cancer Cell
  • large, variably shaped nuclei; many dividing cells; disorganized arrangement; variation in size and shape; loss of nomal features
  • 6 fundamental properties
    • Sustain proliferative（增殖的） signaling
    • Evade（躲避） growth suppressors
    • Resist cell death or apoptosis
    • Enable replicative immortality
    • Induce angiogenesis（血管生成）
    • Activate invasion and metastasis（转移）
  • Nucleus
    • The number of individual chromosime is altered: aneuploidy（非整倍体）
    • composites（混合物） of pieces
  • glycolysis: anaerobic metabolic pathway, Warburg effect
• The Causes of Cancer
  • alter the genome
    • Physical carcinogens
      • ultraviolent radiation, ionizing radiation
    • Chemical carcinogenic factor
    • Biological carcinogens
      • bacterium
      • tumor viruses: 20%
        • DNA tumor viruses
        • RNA tumor viruses
    • Environmental carcinogenic factor
      • Diet and physical activity; smoking and tobacco
• Cancer: A Genetic Disorder
  • Heredity（遗传）
  • Successive Oncogenic Mutations（连续致癌突变）
    • multiple process, permanent genetic alterations
  • Progenitor cells（祖细胞） can give rise to different malignant tumors
  • Tumor-Suppressor Gene（抑癌基因） and Oncogenes（癌基因）
    • Tumor-Suppressor Gene
      • restrain cell growth and prevent cells from becoming malignant
      • 正常细胞与癌细胞的转化伴随着一个或多个抑癌基因功能的丧失
      • RB (control transcription) , TP53 (repair)
    • Oncogenes
      • promote the loss of growth control and the conversion of a cell to a malignant state
      • derived from proto-oncogenes（原癌基因）
        • point mutation（点突变）
        • amplification（基因扩增）
        • rearrangement（基因重排）
      • proteins encoded by oncogenes
        • growth factors of their recepters
        • cytoplasmic protein kinases
        • transcription factors
        • proteins that affect the epigenetic state of chromatin
        • matabolic enzymes
        • products that affect apoptosis
• Strategies for Combating Cancer
  • conventional: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
  • Targeting molecular therapy
    • Immunotherapy（免疫疗法）
    • Inhibiting the Activity of Cancer-Promoting Proteins
    • Inhibiting Angiogenesis
    • Cancer Stem Cell
• tumorigenesis（癌变）
  • the development of a malignant tumor（恶性肿瘤）