导图社区 英语动词
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英语动词
英语动词知识思维导图，包括：及物动词(transitive verbs)或vt、不及物动词(intransitive verbs)或vi、兼做及物动词和不及物动词(Ergative Verbs)、双宾动词(Ditransive Verbs)、成语动词(Phrasal Verbs)。
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- 系动词
- 英语动词
- 及物动词
- 双宾动词
- 成语动词
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动词
及物动词（transitive verbs) 或 vt
功能：代表有作用对象的动作，所以作谓语时后边跟宾语
及物动词通常跟有宾语
常见的及物动词：
express
build
buy
enjoy
expect
mean
want
risk
like
have
get
She committed a serious error.
They were busy making artificial flowers.
This child needed constant attention.
常见的其它用法
以表示人的名词或人称代词宾格作宾语
对人做的沟通行为当然要有明确指涉对象了：人
功能：保证人类群体间沟通协作的精确有效
常见例子
teased
comforted
anger
brief
comfort
contact
frighten
thank
surprise
interest
warn
I 'll contact you as soon as I arrive.
Her attitude surprised me.
和介词短语或副词搭配
功能：用介词短语做状语或副词做状语进一步说明，丰富这个动词的动作内容.
常见例子
convey...to
direct...to
base...on(upon)
mistake...for
rid...of
send...to
regard...as
prevent...from
view...as
return...to
shakespeare compared the world to a stage.
This song reminded me of my childhood.
I couldn't rid myself of this melancholy mood.
特殊的及物动词，称虚意动词（Delexical Verbs)可以和许多名词一道表示动作。
功能：构成及物动作词组，意思几乎没有，真正的动作要看它与后边的词构成的词组
have 可以跟
cry
drink
dream
read
fight
success
win
try
...
give 可以跟
advice
account
grin
support
summary
welcom
kiss
ring
smile
cry
...
take 可以跟
break
care
look
pride
sip
trip
step
vote
walk
stand
view
place
risk
...
make 可以跟
advance
guess
experiment
start
appeal
attemp
reply
start
...
动词do可以跟许多名词作宾语，意思随后面的名词而变化
功能：表示广泛的动作，根据作用对象和语境意会其具体的意义
Go and do your hair.
Have you done your teeth?
She was doing the dishes.
Who does the cooking.
She did some pretty sketches.
不及物动词（intransitive verbs）或 vi
不及物动词一定不跟宾语
功能：不表示作用对象的动作
通常是表主语状态型谓语动词，如特殊感官感受，作用对象就是主语本身，所以不用表示
stink
itch
还有一种是像happen， occur 这类动词，没有必要表示作用对象，而更多是表示主语本身既定的状态
pause
flow
live
还有这些动作本身就是自发的，没什么对象
cry
sob
scream
run
常见的不及物动词：
cry
come
fall
go
sob
lie
stink
shiver
exist
live
scream
smile
...
I itch all over.
She flushed and made no answer.
He was shivering all over.
When did it happen?
vi后边加宾语了？不是的
判断及物不及物？
不及物动词后没有宾语。可以只跟定语
及物动词后边有宾语
但用的时候还是靠真正理解这个动词在语境中的语感：你认为它跟不跟宾语都是必然的。
很多vi有vt用法，且意思不同
run
vi
She doesn't run fast
跑
vt
She runs a store
经营
advance
vi
They advanced 40 miles
他们推进了40英里
vt
He advanced a new theory
他提出了个新理论
shine
vi
The sun is shining
阳光灿烂
vt
Shine your shoes
把你的皮鞋擦一擦
cry
vi
Why are you crying?
你为什么哭？
vt
She cried herself to sleep.
她哭着睡着了.
少数动词（通常用作vi）可跟同源宾语
laugh
smile
sleep
live
有些不及物动词通常跟介词联用
功能：与固定的介词搭配更加贴切的形容了这种联系性的动作
这个看上去及物，但后面不是宾语而是跟介词短语作状语
也可把其看成是一个及物的成语动词
The plan depends on the weather.
She objected to the idea.
Don't refer to that matter again.
I care very little for fame now.
其它例子
abound in(with)
adhere to
assent to
listen to
rely on
relate to
think of
lead to
refer to
result in
associate with
amount to
insist on
resort to
contribute to
...
兼做及物动词和不及物动词（Ergative Verbs）
英语中大部分动词都是此类
有以下几种具体的Ergative Verbs
所以在学每一个英语动词时都要注意在意思大体上不变的情况下是否即可做vt,又可作vi
一个词形，语境不同让它作vt和vi时可能指涉的是完全不同的两个行为
1. vi和vt的意义不同的动词
vt
Happy to meet you.
见到
Mind the dog.
当心
She couldn't stand the cold.
承受
Smoking hurts you.
对...有害
vi
When shall we meet?
碰头
I'm sure he won't mind.
在意
Don't stand in the rain.
站在
My head hurts.
痛
2. vi和vt的意义基本相同的动词
help
vt
Can you help me?
vi
Every little helps.
eat
vt
Tigers eat meat.
vi
We eat at six.
marry
vt
She isn't going to marry him.
vi
Don't marry in haste.
sing
vt
Sing us a song, please.
vi
Who's singing there?
3. 有些vt的宾语因为语境经常省略，因此可视为变成了vi.
His father came yesterday.----Yes, I know (it).
I'm sure she didn't notice (it).
Why didn't you answer (me)?
Who won (the game)?
4.有些既可以做vi又能做vt的动词，做vi时后边可跟介词短语做状语
fight
vt
I'll fight you.
vi
They fought with each other.
wander
vt
He wandered the streets.
vi
They wandered in the park.
check
vt
Will you check the figures?
vi
First check on your answers.
rule
vt
He ruled Britain for 60 years.
vi
He ruled over the empire for a long time.
5. 有些动词随着主语不同而可做vt或vi.
非常无助的抓到了一点语境的规律
vt
The continual strain aged her.
He began a series of experiments.
Take care not to break it.
vi
He's ageing fast.
When does the play begin?
Brittle things break easily.
属于这类看主语的动词
age
bake
burst
bend
open
fly
spin
turn
slow
tear
break
...
双宾动词（Ditransive Verbs）
此类动词后边可以跟两个宾语，第一个称间接宾语，第二个称直接宾语
功能：间接宾语多是人称代词（动作对象），而直接宾语是具体的动作结果
这种动词的动作一般都是即有作用人对象也有物品对象/结果的
They granted us a loan.
I will lend you my typewriter.
We owed him 100 dollars.
分三大类
第一，二类可以把间接宾语放到直接宾语后边，不过间接宾语前边要加介词，变成介词短语
第一类：介词to引导
They granted a loan to us.
I'll lend my typewriter to you.
We owed 100 dollars to him.
常见的此类动词
bring
pass
sing
read
tell
give
show
laon
...
第二类：介词for引导
Please sing a song for us.
Father bought a camera for me.
Fetch the evening paper for me.
常见的此类动词
book
bring
find
order
make
prepare
pick
cook
...
第三类很少把间接宾语放到直接宾语后边
I‘ll never forgive you that lie.
I wish you good luck.
I envy you your health.
How dare you ask me such a question?
其它：cause, charge, cost, deny, promise, refuse..
成语动词（Phrasal Verbs）
由两个或三个词构成，作用和一个单一动词类似
注意这些介词属于谓语成语动词的一部分，而并不是和后边构成介词短语做状语
构成法
两个词构成
不及物动词
+副词
The war broke out in 1939.
She didn't want to fall behind in her studies.
How did the accident come about.
The wind has died down a bit.
go on
come up
look back
run away
doe out
come on
...
+介词
He could not account for his absence from school.
I ran across her in the library yesterday.
I called on her this morning.
You'd better wait and watch for a better chance.
abide by
account for
allow for
ask after
come by
wait for
wait on
hit on
head for
...
+副词或介词
lag
We musn't lag behind.
We mustn't lag behind others.
break
They hope to break through soon in this research.
The allies sought to break through the German lines.
及物动词
+副词
He is trying to bring about a reconciliation.
I'll try to hurry him up.
They are going to knock down those old houses.
很多的例子：
carry on
clean out
catch uo
set off
turn up
wash up
turn on
....
+介词
Don't build on his promises.
He talked me into changing my job.
They showed her round her house.
She set the children against their father.
三个词构成
动词+副词+介词，介词后边跟宾语
I can't put up with these noisy people.
You might come up against a bit of opposition.
Don't look down on this kind of work.
I'm looking forward to her arrival.
例子
live up with
come out of
lead up to
look out for
come up against
talk down to
...
包含名词的动词成语
动词+名词
break the ice
keep silence
take place
take steps
hold water
lose face
catch fire
...
动词+名词+介词
attach importance to
get rid of
lose track of
make a fun of
take care of
take control of
take notice of
take revenge on
...
动词+介词+名词
set on fire
put on airs
come to light
come into sight
come into power
call to mind
leave a chance
...
系动词（Link-Verbs）
功能：形容某事物详细的状态时用它+详细的状态，类似于=
和表语一起作谓语
主要承担表示主语的状态的谓语成分
注意和被动语态的差距："be+表语”结构表示一种状态，而被动语态表示一种动作。
或这个状态的持续
或这个一直持续状态的改变
表语主要是形容词
看似及物动词接宾语，其实接的是表语而且是整个一个谓语...
觉得这么分很复杂
其实汉语中常胜略：你今天看起来很开心
=你今天很开心
be
最常见的系动词，后边可接各种表语
She's a good swimmer.
名词
Be quiet!
形容词
He isn't in at the moment.
副词
He has been in Germany for five years.
介词短语
Who is she?
代词
To know everything is to know nothing.
不定式
Let X be 10.
数词
The flowers in the park are pleasing.
现在分词
She's disappointed with me.
过去分词
That's why I'm against the idea
从句
She's twice david's size
词组
还用于很多成语中
be in, be off, be on, be over, be through, be fond of, be sure of, be tired, be careful of, be mindful of, be keen on, be weary of, be productive of.
appear
后边主要跟
a.形容词或过去分词
He appeared quite well.
She appeared perplexed.
b.跟名词
It appears (to be) a true story.
He didn't want to appear a fool.
c.跟从句
It appeared that he had an unusual taste for music.
It appeared that Harry was taking her to the opera.
become
后面可跟
a.形容词
She had become quite famaliar with this seaside city.
They became dizy with this momentary "victory".
b.过去分词
She was becoming annoyed with me.
He become acquainted with Balzac.
c.名词
She talked to me about becoming a teacher.
But his dream had not become a reality.
fall
后面可跟
a.形容词（少量）
Soon she fell asleep.
He has fallen ill (sick).
b.名词
They didn't want to fall a victim to mammonism.
I fell a prey to evil dreams.
feel
意思一：感觉（如何）， 后面可跟
a.形容词
I don't feel very well.
I've been feeling awfully bad about it.
b.过去分词
He felt troubled and distressed.
I feel puzzled and upset.
c.介词短语
I feel at ease with her.
She no longer felt in fighting mood.
意思二：摸起来（如何）
It feels rough on the surface.
Ice feels cold.
get
后面可以跟
形容词（大量）
The whether is getting quite warm.
I hope you won't get over-tired.
过去分词
I get more and more absorbed in the work here.
Don't get caught in the rain.
现在分词
We'd better get moving.
Then they got chatting together.
名词
You're getting quite a lad now.
He's getting a bad influence on my children.
介词短语
It's getting near dinner-time.
We'll let you know as soon as production gets under way.
go
后面可跟
最常见的是部分形容词
She went pale at the news.
She went mad(insane).
另外的选择
White， gray, purple, red, hungry, sour, bad, bald, tired, sick, blind, sentimental, wrong, bankrupt, broke, rotten, independent, dead, lame等
过去分词
His complaints went unnoticed.
All the men there go armed.
介词短语
This went out of fashion years go.
He went off his head.
名词
Her rosy face went the colour of cream.
Her cheeks went a very pretty pink.
grow
后面可跟
主要是形容词
The dispute grew more violent.
The noise grew louder.
除此之外还可跟cold, hot, calm, old, big, thin, bright, stuffy, angry, rich, restless, uneasy, worse, fat, dark, fierce, serious, loud, intimate, tall.
过去分词
You'll grow used to it.
I grow excited and red-eared, and a little frightened.
偶尔介词短语
It has grown out of fashion.
These ideas have grown out of data.
look
作系动词时表：看起来，后面可跟
a.形容词
she looked nervous and apologetic.
The case looks promising.
b.过去分词
He looked startled when she came in.
She looked very concerned and troubled.
c.名词
Now she looked a grown-up young women.
He looks sadness itself.
d.介词短语
He looked in splendid health.
The whether doesn't look like clearing up.
还可跟副词，数词等
He looks awfully down.
She looked about fourteen.
prove
作系动词时表“事实证明”， 后面可跟
a.形容词
Treat us well: we shall not prove ungrateful.
The extra room proved very useful.
b.名词
This would prove an excellent weapon.
It might prove the best plan.
c.介词短语
These books may prove of use for you in future.
Her advice proved of great value to our test.
remain
作系动词时表“继续（处于某种状态）”，后面可以跟
a.形容词
For a whole day the enemay remained inactive.
Perhaps he could be induced to remain silent.
b.过去分词
She still remained unconvinced.
But they remained unfinished.
c.现在分词
She remained standing for a good hour.
They remained listening.
d.名词
She remained the same Constance.
Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever.
e. 介词短语
You can't let the room remain like this.
They still remained at the mercy of the terrorists.
rest
仅在少数情况下为系动词
The affair rests a mystery.
Rest assured we will do all we can.
seem
常用系动词，表“看来，似乎”，后面可跟
a. 形容词
She seems happy to me.
It seems probable that I'll be sent abroad next year.
b. 分词
He seems rather agitated.
She seemed lacking in enthusiasm.
c. 名词
It seems to me (to be) the best solution.
She seemed an unusually clever girl.
d. 介词短语
He seemed out of humour.
She seemed in high spirits.
smell
作系动词表示“闻起来”，多跟形容词
Roses smell sweet.
The dinner smells good.
有时跟介词短语
The soup smells of garlic.
What does the perfume smell like?
sound
作系动词时表示“听起来...”，通常后面跟形容词
有时跟名词
Your idea sounds (like) a good one.
He sounded a hard man.
有时跟介词短语
It sounded like Beethoven.
It almost sounds like science fiction.
stay
作系动词时意思为“保持（某种状态）”
后面主要跟形容词
stay cool
I'm going to stay awake to see the eclipse.
跟介词短语
They are not likely to stay in power after the election.
Father wanted us to stay out of trouble.
跟过去分词
Please stay seated.
The police prefer to stay unarmed.
taste
作系动词时意思是“尝起来..."， 后面可以跟
a.形容词
The meat tastes good.
The milk doesn't taste right this morning.
This soup tastes awful.
turn
作系动词时表“变得（成）...",后面可跟
a.形容词
He turned rather pink.
It's turned awfully chilly. I think it's going to snow.
b.名词
He has turned traitor(Mahammedan).
She turned botanist.
助动词（Auxiliary Verbs） 和 情态动词 （Modal Verbs）
标准助动词
功能：这类动词帮助表示一定得语态，时态
即语言的4d功能：时态，和客观功能：被动语态
do 还可表示句子的意图：提问，否定, 以及强调即代指之前重复的动作
Be, have, do
Be 可构成
进行时态
She is writing a novel.
Who have you been doing?
被动语态
She was given a warm welcome.
The case is being investigated.
复合谓语
How are you to explain all this?
have 可构成
完成时态
She'd (had) been out shopping.
They have set up a network of financial advice centers.
完成进行时态
She's (has) been doing some research work.
That was the letter we'd (had) been expecting.
do 可构成
疑问句
When did she get there?
否定句
He doesn't know anything about it.
用于强调或代表前面动词以避免重复
Do stay for a couple more days.
He speaks English better than I do.
做助动词，但有时有一定意思又接近于情态动词
功能：既可以用于表示时态，但还参有情感成分
will
would
should
Shall, will, should, would
will 主要用来构成将来时态，可用于多个人称
When will you be back?
I'll let you know in a day or two.
They won't let you down.
shall 主要用在第一人称作主语的问句中，征求对方意见
Shall I wait for you?
Shall we meet again tomorrow?
How shall I help you?
would
助动词用法
主要用来构成过去将来时态，可用于多个人称
I knew you would agree.
I asked if he would come and join us.
I said that I would arrange everything.
情态动词用法
也可用来提出请求，看法等
Would you please look over my essay?
What would you like?
I'd go there with you.
还可用在虚拟条件句中
I would do it if I could.
If he were in town, he'd help.
should
做助动词
用来构成过去将来时（大多数人已改用would), 用在第一人称后
We(I) never thought we(I) should (would) see you again.
The weather report said that we should have rain.
做情态动词
目前更多用来表示
a. 应当
You should do it for your own good.
Why should I pay him?
b. 用在某些从句中
He wrote, suggesting that we should go to Paris.
It will be better that he should be out of France.
It is dreadful that they should be so miserable.
情态动词
can, could, may,might, must.
功能：施加说话者的主观情感成分
位置：情态动词和一个动词原形构成谓语
”情态动词“+”动作“：变成有说话者主观感情施加的动作
各有一定的感情意思
在各个人称后都有一样的形式
can
表示”能够“，”可以“
施加情感：相信,强调发生的可能性
强硬的判断
Who can prove it?
These difficulties, we can and must overcome.
cannot=can't
施加情感：不相信，强调发生的不可能性
不可能，不愿承认
英音:ka:nt
美音K@nt
He can't be more than thirty.
could
can的过去式
He could not follow their argument.
He said he couldn't come.
Mother said we couldn't go out at night.
比较委婉的提出请求或看法
施加情感：谦虚的看法，期望
can 和 could 中文都是能。
Could you lend me your car?
Yes, his story could be true.
I could come earlier, if necessary.
may
主要表示“可能”，“或许”
施加情感：表示不确定性，同时强调发生和不发生的可能性
有点没自信的字眼
She may come tonight.
He may not like the idea.
They may be in the library now.
也可在问句中表示“可否”
May I come round in the morning?
May he go there with you?
在陈述句中表示“可以”
You may come again tommrrow.
might
可以做may的过去式
He thought she might be in her office.
I was afraid you might not be in.
He died so that others might live.
有时可表示现在情况（和may一样）， 只是口气婉转一些
施加情感：比may更婉转
Might I have a little more?
You might just give me half a cup.
You might have some fever.
must
主要表示“必须”，“一定要”，可用于任何时间
施加情感：强加，主观臆断的必然
we must leave early.
You must finish everything in time.
I must be off now.
否定式must not=mustn't
You mustn't forget to phone her.
You mustn't be late again.
回答包含must的问句
Must we finish everything tonight?
肯定回答可用must
Yes, you must.
否定回答要needn't
No, you needn't.
动词的形式
充当谓语时所有的限定形式（Finite Forms）
动词的限定形式(Finiteforms)或谓语形式
“无变化动词”(Defective verbs)
少数动词如情态动词不受主语影响，在任何人称后形式都无变化
动词作谓语时受主语的制约产生的限定形式
它在人称上要和主语一致
第一人称
I speak English.
第三人称
She speaks French.
它在数上要和主语一致
单数
She is a student.
复数
They are students.
动词表示时态，语态，语气时产生的限定形式
a. 时态（Tense)
功能：区分不同时间发生的动作或情况，表现人类的4d思维
现在，过去，将来，过去将来与一般，进行，完成，完成进行 2 个四元素集的组合构成16种时态
所以现在，过去，将来时真的是指谈的事情的真实时间
只不过将来时报的感情更复杂，很多是一种愿望和预期
而且严格来讲：过去将来时，其实是属于过去时，只不过是说过去放话将来
而一般，进行，完成，完成进行这些其实很误导，这些应该并不算时态，而算时态末节
一般式陈述事实
进行是指有持续性的事情正在发生
完成时更是一种结果，更新的状态
最坑的完成进行是我已经做了....多长时间了，非要归为一种时态
但正是这四种小分支抓住了所有可能的，事情观察结果的特质，阐明了所有行为在观察点上的细枝末节
这四种事情观察结果属性是互斥的
四种基本时间属性也是互斥的
16种时态
现在
一般
用现在时
在第三人称单数的主语后要加-s词尾
进行
所有进行时态的规律：由“be+现在分词”构成，时间由be表现出来。
I am( You are/ He is/ They are) studying.
She was playing the piano. They were playing football.
I(We/She) will be watching TV tonight.
I thought you would be waiting for us.
完成
所有完成时态的规律：由”have+过去分词“构成，时间由have表现出来。
She has(I have) written a novel.
He said he had written a novel.
They will have finished the work by tomorrow.
He said he would have finished the work by tomorrow.
完成进行
所有完成进行时态的规律：由"have been+现在分词” 构成，时间，人称由have表现出来。
I have (She has) been waiting for you.
She said she had been waiting for you.
I will have been waiting for two hours by 9 o'clock.
She told me she would have been teaching for 20 years by this summer.
过去
一般
用动词过去式，不分人称
be有两个过去式
was用于第一，第三人称单数
was用于其他情况，第二人称单数，所有复数
I was(They were) excited.
进行
完成
完成进行
将来
一般
由“will+动词原形" 构成
但在有第一人称主语的问句中要用”shall+动词原形"
I'll do it.
Shall I do it?
Will you do it?
进行
完成
完成进行
过去将来
一般
由“would+动词原形构成"
She hoped the weather would be favourable.
进行
完成
完成进行
否定式
常由
系动词be
助动词
情态动词
not +
其它部分+
疑问式
常由
+疑问词/或没有
系动词be
is(Are), Was(Were), Was(is)
助动词
Did(Does), Have(has)
情态动词
can, must
主语+
其它部分+
疑问词常用：Where, How, What time, how long...
b. 语态 （Voice)
功能：被动语态是一种独立观察思维，主语是观察对象，谓语是变化
只指出主语的变化但隐藏了，或不知道变化的原因
介词by引导的介词短语做方式状语从句，可以交待出主动语态的主语
主动语态（active Voice)
表示主语的动作
She wrote a poem
She loves the children
被动语态（passive Voice)
表示主语是动作的对象或结果
The poem was written by a girl.
She is loved by all the children.
由be+过去分词构成，时间由be表示出来
只有8个时态有被动语态
所有一般时态
现在
She is respected by everyone.
过去
He was born in 1980.
将来
When will the book be published.
过去将来
现在和过去进行时态
The road is being widened.
现在和过去完成时态
The audiorium has been rebuilt.
c. 语气（mood)
功能：用动词形式表示说话“意图”
陈述语气 (Indicative mood)
意图：陈述事实或提出问题或看法
陈述事实
She is very busy.
提出看法
She may not agree.
提出问题
Who's on the phone?
祈使语气（Imparative mood)
意图：表示请求，命令，叮嘱等
请求
Be seated, please.
命令
Get out!
叮嘱
Take care.
虚拟语气 （Subjunctive mood)
表示假想情况
If she were here, how nice it would be!
表示主观愿景
God bless you.
功能：可以看出仅仅以一个动词的形式就能附带非常多的信息，时间，意图，主语的人称，数等. 所以动词是语言生动的核心，也是掌握语言思维的本质。
现在式
词典中给的形式，又称动词原形，其它形式都是由它派生而来
一般现在时主要用现在式
We love peace.
一般现在时第三人称单数-s词尾加法
主语为第三人称单数且时态为一般现在时，语态为主动语态时，谓语动词应加-s，在口语中追求精确的要点
功能：强调指涉第三人称单数的为主语的句子
就像在独立空间中挑出一个物体来讲
这种句子有一种落单的分析质感，客观性
这种句子在实用中占比例非常的大
什么是第三人称？
即除了you,I,以及其衍生，人称，物主代词的所有主语
什么是单数？
即是所有可数名词单数形式，所有不可数名词， 所有专有名词，以及所有指涉对象为1个的代词
代词部分容易出错
复习代词时要注意
其实这里一直模糊的是：其实应该是单数或”视为单数“
一般情况下直接加s
She loves children.
This surprises us.
work---workes
come---comes
以-ch, sh, s, x, o结尾的词，需加-es
teach---teaches
wash---washes
miss---misses
fix---fixes
go---goes
以辅音+y结尾的词，把y变i, 再加-es
形成这种动词形式的普遍原因
不产生新的mophology的前提下，创建这种规律来满足读音的顺畅
cry---cries
apply---applies
reply---replies
读音（和复数词尾的读音一样）
a.在/p/, /t/, /k/, /f/等清辅音后读/s/
stops
keeps
sets
coughs
laughs
b. /s/, /z/, /f/, /tf/, /dg/等音后读/iz/
misses
raises
wishes
attaches
pledges
c. 其它情况都读作/z/
calls
gives
says
agrees
reads
过去式
一般过去时主要用过去式
She was a worker. Now she is a technician.
几乎每个动词都有过去式
构成法
规则动词(regular verbs)
加-ed
若末尾已有字母e，则只加d
live---lived
please---pleased
free---freed
若以“辅音（字母）+y"结尾，先变y为i再加-ed
try---tried
study---studied
simplify---simplified
若以”一个原音字母+一个辅音字母“结尾，该音节又重读者，末尾字母要双写，然后再加-ed
stop---stopped
fit---fitted
chat---chatted
有少数词，尽管末尾音节并不重读，末尾辅音字母仍双写
英国美国都需双写的
ban
bar
scar
sob
emit
propel
expel
等等...p165
英国英语中双写，美语中不一定双写
programmed
kidnapped
worshipped
注意情况以l为结尾
a.以”一个元音+l" 结尾的词，英国人都把l双写，美国人都不双写
travel---traveled
marvel---marveled
b.l前若有两个元音，l一概不双写，美英都如此
reveal---revealed
appeal---appealed
其它的都是直接加-ed
lack---lacked
open---opened
repeat---repeated
以x结尾的词x不双写
mix---mixed
不规则动词（Irregular Verbs)
功能：为了流畅表达，毕竟所有动词都用ed在会混淆口语
所以为什么不规则动词都是生活中最常用的动词
而若把所有动词三种形式都作此区分，又会产生极大的mophology的记忆负担
数量有限，但都很常用，是精确表示时态和语态的基础
p166需详细记忆
ex. speak---spoke---spoken
take---took---taken
fly---flew---flown
draw---drew---drawn
run---ran---run
choose---chose---chosen
break---broke---broken
beat---beat---beaten
注意有些词在英国是不规则动词，但到美国是规则动词
过去分词
用于构成
完成时
He has lived here for many years.
被动语态
The VCR was made in China.
几乎每个动词都有过去分词
构成法和过去式几乎相同
但不规则动词则很多有过去式和过去分词区别。
现在分词
用于构成各种进行时态
We are learning gramma.
通常由动词原形+ing构成
She is listening to classical music on CDs.
Who is conducting the orchestra?
特殊情况
以不读音的e为结尾，去掉e再加ing
move---moving
make---making
write---writing
但free---freeing
ee读音了
以一个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾，该音节又重读者，末尾的辅音字母要双写再加ing
swim---swimming
beg---begging
chat---chatting
refer---referring
begin---beginning
forget---forgetting
但
open---opening
末尾音阶不重读
pack---packing
末尾有两个辅音字母
有些词虽然末尾音节不重读但英国人双写
kidnap---kidnapping
worship---worshipping
以“一个元音字母加l"结尾的词，在加ing时，l字母英国人双写，美国人不双写
travel---travelling(英）， traveling(美）
但末尾音阶有两个原因字母都不双写
reveal---revealing
有些词加ing词尾时有特别之处(不规则动词的同源）
die---dying
lie---lying
tie---tying
dye---dyeing
age---ageing 或 aging
mimic---mimicking
不充当谓语时（非谓语动词）的非限定形式
动词的非限定形式（Infiniteforms)或非谓语形式
它们不受主语制约，不必和主语在人称，数等方面保持一致
可能是语言进化上的必然，最大化利用现有的mophology，动作经过简单的不定式或分词处理，跑到了谓语以外的位置：名词，形容词，副词的位置
不定式（The Infinitive)
to+动词原形
功能上可以占用主语外几乎任何句子成分
可以看做to就是敲活了动词，让它用在任何一处的钥匙
to+动词原形，在句中担任
宾语
I hope to see you soon.
定语
She has a lot of things to do.
状语
I've come to ask your advice.
表语
My idea is to rent a car.
谓语...?
she seems to know everything.
不带to的动词原形，在句中担任
谓语
You had better go there by plane.
这啥啊？
复合宾语
Let me help you.
动名词 （The Geurund)
现在分词可以当名词看
有些动词的-ing形式可起名词的作用，在句中也可担任许多成分
作宾语
Stop talking now.
作介词宾语
Thank you for helping us.
作主语
Smoking is hazardous to your health.
作表语
One of my duties is typing letters.
还可构成合成词
living-room
sleeping-pills
singing contest
swimming-pool
分词（The Participle)
现在分词还可做修饰词看
现在分词（The present participle)
过去分词(Past participle)
这两种分词除了可构成谓语，还可承担句中的很多成分
作表语
The food looks inviting.
She seemed surprised.
作定语
There are two girls dancing on the lawn.
These are the seats reserved for you.
做状语
Guided by the new theory, the researchers made a major breakthrough in biology.
动词的紧缩形式（Contractions）
常在口语，书信中
I‘m waiting for him.
She's gone home.
He won't be here tonight.
肯定
I had
I'd
Who would
Who'd
We shall/will
We'll
否定
I am not
I'm not
They won't
They will not
She wouldn't
SHe would not
双写的情况
双写单元音后重读的辅音
去掉末尾的e?
可以看出ed会去除任何末尾的e
而ing会去除所有末尾不发音的e