导图社区 非谓语动词
英语非谓语动词知识总结,包括不定式to do、动名词v- ing、分词的构成、特征、功能和常用句式。
编辑于2022-07-11 12:01:44非谓语动词
1. 概念:在句子中充当谓语之外的成分
2. 种类
动词的-ing
形式
一般式
主动:doing
被动:being done
完成式
主动:having done
被动:having been done
成分
主语 (doing/bing done 作主语时只表主动或被动)
v-ing短语作主语时可直接放在句首 谓语动词常用单数 表示多一概念时,谓语动词用复数
例1:playing cellphone games is his favourite 玩手机游戏是他的最爱
例2:Dancing and skating are myhobbies,and l also like to read short stories 跳舞和溜冰是我的爱好,同时我也喜欢读短篇小说
例3:Being laughed at in public made me embarrassed 当众被人嘲笑让我感到尴尬😓
it做形式主语 常用于It is /was a waste (of...)/no use /no good /no pleasure doing sth.
例1:It is no use trying to persuade such A stubborn person 想要说服这样一个固执的人是没有什么用处的
例2:It is no pleasure being blamed in the face of other students. 当着其他同学的面被责备是没有乐趣可言的
宾语 (doing/being done 只表主动或被动)
v-ing作介词的宾语
例1:l help Mum out by doing the housework that l can do. 我通过做力所能及的家务活帮助妈妈
例2:The boy cried loudly for not being allowed to enter the amusement park. 这个男孩因不被允许进入游乐场而大声哭泣
to是介词的短语
be used to doing 习惯于
object to反对
devote oneself to
stick to
pay attention to
look forward to
adapt to
adjust to
owe...to
be addicted to
reduce sb./srh. to (使)沦为
v-ing做及物动词的宾语
只跟动名词做宾语
mind (介意) miss (错过) mention(提到) enjoy (喜欢) escape(逃避) suggest (建议) stand/bear/tolerate(忍受)
practice (练习) postpone(推迟) consider(考虑) keep(保持) avoid (避免) admit (承认) advise (建议) allow/permit (允许) appreciate(感激) risk (冒险) resist (抵制) recommend (建议)
finish (完成) forbid (禁止) imagine(想象) dislike (不喜欢) delay(延迟) quit (放弃) deny(否认)
表语
doing表示笼统,抽象的概念,名词意义性较强
例1: My hobby is reading books. 我的兴趣爱好是读书
例2: What made me happy was being admitted to Peking University. 让我感到高兴的是我被北京大学录取了
跟情绪有关的动名词形式时形容词意义较强
amazing
boring
confusing
disappointing
exciting
frightening
例1:The news is surprising 这则消息令人吃惊
定语
当被修饰的名词与现在分词之间为主动关系且动词正在进行时用doing
当被修饰的名词与现在分词之间为被动关系且表示动作正在进行用being done
单个动名词形式作定语时放在被修饰词之前
falling leaves 正在落下的树叶
a sleeping child 睡着的孩子
a swimming pool 游泳池
a reading room 阅览室
动名词形式短语作定语时要放在被修饰词之后
the girl wearing a red dress 穿红裙子的女孩
the bridge being built now. 现在正在建的大桥
动名词置于名词前作定语表示被修饰名词的用途和性能
状语
doing和主句中的谓语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,与句中谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生
例: Walking inthe street,l came across an old friend 走在大街上,我碰到了一个老朋友
having done 和句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,且先于谓语动作发生
例: Having waiting in the line for two hours ,the old man became impatient. 已经排了两小时的队这位老人变得不耐烦了
having been done 与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动作发生
例: Having been told many times ,the boy still made the same mistake again and again. 已经被告知了很多次这个男孩还是一次又一次犯同样的错误
宾语补足语
宾语和宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是主谓关系
结构:vt.+sb./sth.+doing...
一感一抓一发现: feel catch find
例: The headmaster was angry to catch some students smoking again. 又一次抓住一些学生吸烟,校长很生气
二听: listen to /hear
四让: have/keep/get/leave
例: l am sorry for keeping you waiting for me for such a long time . 很抱歉让你等我这么长时间
五看: see/watch/look at/observe/notice
例: When l left school ,l saw them playing basketball on the playground 当我离开学校时我看见他们在操场上打篮球
动词的过去分词
成分
过去分词作定语
单个过去分词作定语往往放在被修饰词之前
过去分词短语做定语常放在被修饰词之后
及物动词的过去分词作定语往往表示被动和完成
不及物动词的过去分词不表被动只表完成
例1:the polluted water 被污染的水
例2:a broken glass 一只打碎的玻璃杯
例3:the bridge completed last month 上个月竣工的大桥
例4:the flowers planted last year 去年种的花
过去分词作状语
逻辑主语通常是句子的主语 且主语是过去分词动作的承受着 过去分词与主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系
例1:Praised by the teacher ,he looked very excited 收到了老师的表扬他看起来很激动
Seen from the top of the mountain ,our city looks beautiful 从山顶上望去,我们的城市很美
过去分词作宾语补足语
过去分词作宾语补足语时,宾语与宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系
结构:vt.+sb./sth.+done
感官动词:see watch hear feel find notice
l hear the song sung every time l pass by the coffee shop 每当我经过这家咖啡屋时我都能听到有人唱这首歌
She had to raise her voice to make herself heard 她不得不提高嗓门使自己被听到
使役动词:have make keep leave get
表示想,希望,好恶:want wish like
The old man wanted his old watch repaired 这位老人想要找人修他的旧手表
过去分词作表语
和情绪相关的动词的过去分词形式,形容词意义性较强 表示感到……的,主语往往是指人的名词
amazed
bored
confused
disappointed
excited
frightened
例: l flet really surprised When she told me the exciting news 当她告诉我这个令人兴奋的消息使我感到非常惊讶
动词的不定式
形式
一般式
主动:to do
被动:to be done
完成式
主动:to have done
被动:to have been done
成分
不定式做主语
直接放在句首,谓语动词用单数
To enter a good university for further study is my goal now 进入一所好大学深造是我现在的目标
不定式作主语时,更多放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语
结构:It it/was +adj.(+for/of sb.)+to do sth.
It 's rude to turn your back on your teacher and refuse to answer 对老师不予理睬拒绝回答问题是不礼貌的
It's necessary for us to help those in need 我们有必要帮助那些有困难的人
不定式做宾语
intend(打算) plan(计划) expect(期望) pretend(假装) would like /love /prefer (喜欢)
wish(希望) decide(决定) agree(同意) help(帮助) manage(设法) persuade(说服) refuse(拒绝) promise(答应)
attempt(企图) choose(选择) ask(询问) learn(学习) tell(告诉) fail(失败) afford (付得起)
例子:The teacher decided to pretend to have known What the boys had done . He chose not to ask the boys but expected to be told everything. 老师决定假装已经知道这些男孩子做了什么他选择不去问孩子们但是期望被告知一切
②it做形式宾语把真正的宾语(不定式)后置
find think consider feel make believe
He feels/thinks It important to learn English well, but finds it difficult to remember the words 他认为学好英语很重要但是发现记单词很难
不定式作表语
主语往往是dream,goal,aim,purpose,plan 等表示意向,打算,计划的词
My dream is to became a doctor after my graduation from university 我的梦想是当一名医生在大学毕业之后
The aim of the talent show is to enrich students' extra-curricular activities 这次才艺秀的目的是丰富学生们的课外活动
不定式做定语
当被修饰词序数词或被序数词,the only ,the next 等休市时常常用不定式做定语
John is always the first one to come up with a good idea. 约翰总是第一个想出好办法的人
用在固定句型sb. have sth. to do 和there be sth. to do
Students complain that they have endless homework to do every day 学生们抱怨他们每天有做不完的作业
修饰名词
chance opportunity way ability plan
l feel greatly honored to have the chance to deliver a speech here 有机会在这里发表演讲我感到万分荣幸
不定式做状语
做目的状语是常位于句首或句中 形式上常用in order to do , so as to do(不能置于句首),to do
I got up early so as to /in order to/ to catch the early bus in the morning 我早晨早起是为了赶早班车
不定式做结果状语时 too...to... , enough to , so/such ...as to only/just to do 常表示出乎意料的结果
l asked Mum to put up the tent excitedly , only to be told the tent had been left behind 我兴冲冲的让妈妈搭帐篷却被告知帐篷忘带了
Every time l prepare for an important examination,l will be too anxious to fall asleep 每次我准备重要考试时我都会因太焦虑而睡不着
不定式作原因状语 结构:be happy/glad/sorry/sad/surprised to do sth.
l am extremely glad to know that you are coming to china for a visit during the summer
不定式做宾语补足语
ask want invite get force expect allow persuade order warn remind prefer cause permit forbid advise teach
下列动词短语接省略to的不定式作宾语补足语
一感:feel 二听: hear listen to 三使: let have make 五看: see notice observe watch look at 半帮助: help
3. 主题