名词性从句

这是一篇关于名词性从句的思维导图，主要内容有-ever引导的名词性从句、直接引语与间接引语、宾语从句、同位语从句。

名词性从句

• -ever引导的名词性从句
  • 这些词引导的名词性从句相当于带有后置定语从句的名词词组
    • 例：whoever = anyone who
  • 例：Whatever he had ( = Anything that he had ) was lost in the earthquake.
  • 注：whomever为whoever的宾格，但实际使用时多用whoever代替whomever
  • 注：名词性从句中不能用no matter wh-代替wh-ever
• 直接引语与间接引语
  • 句子变化
  • 特殊句型结构变化
    • 当直接引语为请求、劝告或建议的问句，并非询问某一事实是否属实，那么应用适当的结构把原意准确地转述
    • 感叹句转化为间接引语时可以改为say/remark + how/what/that 从句
  • 人称和代词变化
  • 谓语动词时态变化
    • • 注：主句为一般过去时，从句退格
      • 注：从句内容为自然真理、谚语、有确定表示过去时间的状语时，时态不变
  • 情态动词变化
  • 状语变化
    • 时间状语退格，地点状语具体判断
• 宾语从句
  • 连接词
    • that、wh-疑问代词（whether、what、who、where、when、why）
      • 注：what除了作连词外，还可以充当成分（包括定语）；that仅作连词，不充当成分
  • 由that引导的并与从句
    • 注：that通常可省
    • 句型
      • v. + that 从句
        • 注：动词doubt的否定结构才可后接that从句
          • 例：I don't doubt that he will be against the idea.
        • 例：We all agreed that it would be a mistake not to take his advice.
      • v. + 间接宾语 + that 从句
        • 例：He explained to us that he didn't mean any harm to us.
      • v. + 先行词it + 形容词/惯用搭配 + that 从句
        • 例：He took it for granted that the expenses would be low.
  • 由wh-疑问词引导的表语从句
    • 注：从句部分采用陈述句语序
    • 句型
      • v. + （间接宾语） + wh-疑问词引导的宾语从句
        • 例：She asked what second language I was studing then.
      • prep. + wh-疑问词引导的宾语从句
        • 例：She will write a book on how young mothers should raise their babies.
  • 形容词宾语从句
    • 形容词
      • 表示情感心理或确信意义（certain、afraid、sure、anxious、worried、surprised、happy、disappointed）
    • 主句主语
      • 表示人的名词或代词
    • 句型
      • be + adj. + that 从句
        • 例：We are certain (that) we will do well in English writing.
      • be + not + adj. + wh-疑问词引导的从句
        • 例：We were not certain who would be left in charge of the class.
• 同位语从句
  • 连接词
    • that、wh-疑问代词（whether、what、who、where、when、why）
      • 注：what除了作连词外，还可以充当成分（包括定语）；that仅作连词，不充当成分
  • 先行词
    • 通常为抽象名词（news、fact、conclusion、hope、decision、belief、promise、truth、report、idea）
  • 含义
    • 解释抽象名词的具体内容
  • 句型
    • n. + that 从句
      • 例：The fact that his health is failing is not true.
    • n. + wh-疑问词引导的从句
      • 注：从句部分采用陈述句语序
      • 例：I have no idea how they were able to get it done in so short a time.
  • 与定语从句区别
    • 同从中连词that只起到连接作用，不充当成分；定从中that除连接主从句之外，还充当成分
    • 同从用于解释说明；定从用于修饰限定
• 表语从句
  • 连接词
    • that、wh-疑问代词（whether、what、who、where、when、why）
      • 注：what除了作连词外，还可以充当成分（包括定语）；that仅作连词，不充当成分
  • 由that引导的表语从句
    • 句型
      • n.主语 + be + that 从句
        • 名词主语通常为
          • 表示事实、真理的名词（fact、truth）
          • 表示看法、观点的名词（idea、opinion、belief、view、feeling、suggestion、plan）
        • 例：The fact is that I was in the garden when the robbery happened.
      • wh-引导的主语从句 + be + that 从句
        • 例：What surprised me most was that the all the pupils were unusually quiet.
  • 由wh-疑问词引导的表语从句
    • 注：从句部分采用陈述句语序
    • 句型
      • This/That is + wh-疑问词引导的从句
        • 例：This is how you make the Italian pizza.
      • n.主语 + be + wh-疑问词引导的从句
        • 例：The trouble is where we can get the things we need.
• 主语从句
  • 连接词
    • that、wh-疑问代词（whether、what、who、where、when、why）
      • 注：what除了作连词外，还可以充当成分（包括定语）；that仅作连词，不充当成分
  • 由that引导的主语从句
    • 通常以it作先行主语，将that引导的从句置于句末
    • 句型
      • It is + adj. + that 从句
        • 例：It is obvious that he misunderstood me.
        • 例：That he misunderstoond me is obvious
      • It is + said/believed/reproted/hoped/announced/known... + that 从句
        • 例：It is believed that Indians were the first settlers in the Americas.
      • It + seems/happens/appears + that
        • 例：It appears that the picture has been hung upside down.
        • 注：此句型非表语从句，that引导从句为主从，it为形式主语，主句句型为SV
      • It is + n. + that 从句
        • 例：It is accepted belief that wind is air in movement.
        • 注：区别于定语从句和同位语从句
  • 由wh-疑问词引导的主语从句
    • 可以直接将连接词置于句首，也可以以it作先行主语
    • 注：从句部分采用陈述句语序
      • 特例：从句部分为：what is going on/what is wrong/what is the matter...
    • 例：Who will be our new director hasn't been decided.
    • 例：It hasn't been decided who will be our new director.