导图社区 英语的平行世界
英语的平行世界,B站morty老师讲解的语法知识,从基础到高级,一次性概括,配合课程内容食用更佳。
编辑于2022-01-06 15:53:46英语的平行世界
名词
基础
名词短语
限定词+修饰词+主体词
代词
指示
this that those these
不定
any some much other little
疑问
what which who whose
人称
i you he she your my his…
数词
基数词
one two three
序数词
first second third
不定式
to do
动名词
doing
句子
主谓宾的句子
动词
基础
助动词(do does did)
实义动词
谓语动词
非谓语动词(to do doing done)
及物动词/不及物动词
系动词(am is are was were)
情态动词(can may must need dare shall will)
特殊含义
1、can could 表惊讶
2、will would 表意愿 倾向
3、shall 表许诺 义务 规定 威胁
4、should 表惊讶 居然
5、must 表责任(偏偏 非得)
6、need dare
肯定:实义动词
否定/疑问:情态
简单句五大基本句型
主语(s)+
实义
vi
不加o
sv ①
+介+o
svo ②
vt
vt1
+o
svo ②
+o+oc
svooc ③
vt2
+io+do
sviodo④
+do
+to
+for
+io
svdoio ④
+(助)+系+表(表状态,下定义)
SVP ⑤
从句
名词性从句
名词性从句注意事项
判断从句类型看主句,选连接词看从句
从句统一用陈述句语序
宾从第一个that可以省略,(只在宾从中用)if≤whether(+or not/介/there be)
同位语三要素:完整,抽象,等同 90%用that
省略
一人得道,鸡犬升天
从句中:引导词+(…a.+n/a./ad…)+s+v+新的补充 则引导词和新的补充一起提前
I don't know which (english book) he will choose
主语从句(引导词开头且无, it作形式主语)
宾语从句(vt1 介 vt2+io+do it作形式宾语)
s+介+o(宾从)
s+v+o(宾从)
s+v+o(宾从)+oc
s+v+io(宾从)+do
s+v+io+do(宾从)
I am afraid (that) you are wrong
表语从句(系+引导词)
主句不完整
名词性从句引导词系统
连接代词(n.)
(what which who)+ever 8个 作主宾表(不常见where)
连接副词(ad.)
(when where how )+ever why whether 8个 作状
连接形容词(a.)
(what which whose)+ever 作定
狭义连接词 that(不做成分)
同位语从句(完整、抽象、等同)
定语从句
限制性定从(从大变小)
引导词
关系代词(作主宾表)
that which who whom as
关系副词(作状语)
when where why 介+which
关系形容词(作定语)
whose=of whom/which
非限制性定从(补充,唯一)
引导词
关系代词
which who whom as
关系副词
when where 介+which
关系形容词
whose=of whom/which(从句名词前有the)
状语从句(一个完整的句子在修饰另一个句子的动词)
时间状从
when while as
when(短暂性动词/延续性动词)
从句时间点:过去时间点,将来时间点
突然性(突然情况只用when):be about to do/be doing/have,has just done sth
时间段:当从句处于某一时间段用when
省略(语义重复):we became friends when in high school
大自然的现象、客观物体只用when
转折(既然):有选择余地
while(只接延续性动词和时间段)
时间点(延续性)
两者同时进行时可用while
转折:翻译为而,已成自然
as(随着:一边…一边)
时间段
表示紧接着时可接短暂性动词:just as soon as
as不可表同时,不可省略
before after since when
before/after表示具体事件 ago表示从现在看的之前
It will be 7 days before we meet again 七天后我们再见面
since(从…到…):表示一段时间(since+过去时态(从句)+一般现在时/现在完成时(主句))
when:既可以是时间点也可以是时间段
till until not…until
till/until:到临界点不能做某事
not…until:到临界点才能那做某事
倒装(not…until)
not…until提到句首
倒主不倒从(把从句部分一块提到前面)
部分倒装
一…就…
no sooner…than… 不比…更快( had no sooner got to)
hardly…when/before… 刚好做完(had hardly got to 有先后)
表过去 had done/did
as soon as 像…一样快(过去,将来都行)
让步状从
although(不倒)、though(可倒可不倒)、as(倒)
如果要倒装,倒从句/so、such和后面的东西提前
even if/even though 即使,即便
-ever≥no matter+wh 不管,无论
whether…or 不管,不管是…还是,都要
while 时间状/让步(虽然)/转折(然而)(中)
条件状从
if(如果)/unless(除非)/as long as(只要)
原因状从
because(因为)/as(因为)/since(既然)/for(因为,反推)in/now that 既然
地点/目的/结果状从
where/(so)that in order that为了,以便for fear that,in case (that),lest以免,以防/so(many,much,little,few)…that such…that 如此…以至于
比较/方式状从
比较
than(差异)/as…as(中间原级,同级比较,倍数放前面)/ the+比较级,the+比较级
方式
as(如同,正如,按照)/as if/as though(似乎,好像)
从句综合(一些小的注意点)
It is/was
介词/状语+that+…… 强调句
a./v-ed/抽象n+(that) it作形式主语
普通n 定从状从
though放最后表示然而
有的状语不一定是状语从句,只表示让步意味,同样用状语从句的引导词
语法现象
倒装
部分倒装
否定介词/否定副词提前
完全倒装
方位介词/方位副词提前
状语从句
经典
否定副词提前,从句一人得道,倒主不倒从,
结果
so/such+修饰部分提前,部分倒装
让步
主系表,倒表
祈使句(天然表将来)
省s/do开头/表命令,要求,建议,不要废话/天然表将来
省略(重复,不产生歧义)
主从:引导词+s(句子)+v I think (that) what you did is of help
主谓相隔:引导词+s+后定+v I think (that) the boy wearing a green hat is Tom
主语前有状语:(引导词)+状语+s+v I think (that) from the beginning you are a pig
疑问句
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
反义疑问句:前肯后否,前否后肯
强调句
It is/was +被强调部分+that+…
时态
一般式
过去(did)
过去的笼统的动作或状态,过去经常性的动作
现在(do does)
笼统的状态,经常性动作
将来(wil/shalll do)
将来的……,经常性的……
进行式
过去(be(was were)doing)
过去某个时刻…,过去一段时间持续发生,表过去将来
现在(be(am is are)doing
此时此刻正在发生,近段时间持续发生,近段时间渐变的动作,表一般将来,表主观色彩
将来(will be doing)
将来某个时间…将来某段时间会持续发生
完成式
过去(had done)
过去时间点结束的动作对过去的影响。或过去时间点开始的动作一直持续到过去。最好带有时间标志
现在
借古讽今(过去做的事对现在有影响)
从古到今(动词必须是延续性动词)
have/has+done(动作结束在过去)
have been to (去过某地回来了)
have gone to (去某地没回来)
have been in (在某地呆了多久)
将来(will have done)
将来时间点之前结束的动作对将来的影响。或将来时间点之前开始的动作一直持续到将来。最好带有时间标志
完成进行式
过去(had been doing)
现在(have/has been doing)
强调(时间点)之前的不间断性和之后的可持续性
将来(will have been doing)
过去将来式
从过去看将要发生的事
语态
主动
被动
am/is/are+done
was/were+done
will be done
一般式
am/is/are+being done
was/were+being done
进行式
has/have+been done
had been done
will have been done
完成式
would been done
过去将来时
虚拟语气
时态提前
一般现在:do/does—did
一般过去:did—had done
一般将来:will do—would do
现在完成:have/has done—had done
过去将来:would do—would have done
条件错综(主从句分开看)
If you had followed my advice,you would do it better now
If i were you,i wonldn't had missed the film last night
If you had taken you medicine yesterday,you would be quite all right now
I would have came to your party,but i was too busy last night
省略+倒装
原句
If she were order,she would do it
省略
Were she order,she would do it
原句
If he should come,tell him to ring me up
省略
Should he come,tell him to ring me up
含蓄条件(if)
Without air,there would be no living things
If there were no air,there would be no…
But for your help,we wouldn't have fenished the task on time
If it had bot been for your help,we woukdn't have finished…
We could not have stayed together for a single minute,but for a phone call
We could……,if there had not been a phone call
You were driving too carelessly,otherwise you wouldn't be in hospital now.
You were driving……,if you had been driving carefully/you wouldn't be in hospital now.
IF相关
if only 要是…该多好 对现在虚拟
as if
名词性从句相关
宾从
wish
I wish i had my own apartment
I wish i were five cm taller
I wish i would travel in space some day
rather than(宁愿)
I would rather you came here tomorrow
I would rather i hadn't seen the film
一坚持;二命令;三建议;四要求(+that+宾从,动词变为should do)
insist;order/command;advise/suggest/propose;demand/require/request/ask
主从
形式主语:it is/was
a. necessary/important/essential/vital
v-ed. requested/suggested/desired/proposed
抽象n. A pity/shame
+that+sb+(should)do
表从
sv+that从句
The suggestion is that everyone wear a mask
同从
We all support the demand that everyone (should) wear a mask
情态动词表推断与抱怨
推断(有可能或确定)
将来/现在(情+do(be))
must/may/should/could+be
过去(情+have done)
must/could/may/might have done 一定做/可能做
can't/couldn't have done 不可能做过
mustn't 不准
表抱怨
should have done/ought to have done 本应该做某事
needn't have done 本不必要做某事
would(wouldn't)have done 本会(不会)做某事
may/might/could have done 本能做某事
非谓语
不定式:不确定(to do)【n.a.ad.】
作成分
做主语 To see is to believe
做表语
不定式作表语,主语部分有实义动词do的任何形式,表语省to
The only thing (that) i can do now is (to) wait
作定语
He is always the first one to come and the last one to leave
不定式与动作之间是动宾关系的时候,要注意是否是及物动词,如果不是,要加介词
做同位语
I have a dream to finish 定语
I have a dream to be a director 同位语
做状语
目的
I got up at 4am in order to wawtch the football match
结果
(only to do 不想看到,出乎意料的)
He hurried to the station,only to find the train had left.
too…to/enough…to
She is too young to work in the fanctory
做宾语
及物动词+宾语/介词+宾语
常见的可用不定式做宾语的动词(vt)
直接作宾语
宾语从句省略的结果
加宾补,作形式宾语
介+宾
but/except(to可能会被省略)
做补语
I want you to buy a car
常见的用不定式做宾补的动词
want/advise/allow/ask/command/encourage/forbid/force/invite/require/persuade/cause/show/teach/tell
宾补被动变主补
主动省to,被动还原
一感:feel;二听:hear/listen;三让:have/let/make; 四看:see/notice/observe/watch
时态/语态
主动
一般:to do【动作发生在谓语动词之后】
完成:to have done【动作发生在谓语动词之前】
进行:to be doing【动作与谓语动词同时发生】
完成进行:to have been doing【动作从过去发生一直持续到现在】
被动
一般式: to be done【动作发生在谓语动词之后】
完成式:to have been done
逻辑主语
太笼统会被省略
It is +(a.)+for sb. to do sth【表外在,客观】
It is +(a.)+of sb.to do sth【表内在,…的 性格等】
否定
在不定式前加not
动名词:确定(doing)【主宾表】
作成分
做主/表语
seeing is beliveing
作宾语
vt+doing
常见的作宾语的动词:admit/allow/advise/appreciate/avoid/consider/deny/disike/encourage/enjoy/escape/feel like/finish/mind/miss/give up
介+doing
in/to+doing:in 有时候会省略,to容易被认为是不定式
to
When it comes to
Look forward to
Be/get used to
Devote oneself to
Be reduced to
Stick to
+doing
常见省略:have difficulty/fun/pleasure/a good time/trouble/problem/a difficult time/a had time (in) sth. spend tim/money (in) doing sth.
时态/语态
主动
一般式:doing【一般】
完成式:having done【之前】
被动
一般式:being done【一般】
完成式:having been done【之前】
逻辑主语
形物代/名词所有格
Do you mind (my) smoking here?
作主表
宾格(人称代词):作宾语的·情况下
Do you mind me smoking here?
普通格
I don't like (young people) smoking
I saw him smoking(进行—现在分词)
特殊情况
动名词的逻辑主语没·生命,只用普通格
动名词的逻辑主语较长,只用普通格
动名词的逻辑主语是其他代词,常用普通格
否定
直接加not
是to do还是doing
to do
不确定/将来/目的/一次性
agree/aim/ask/choose/decide/expect/fail/manage/intend/hope/learn/offer/pretend/promise/refuse/wish
doing
确定/过去/结果/一直性
admit/appreciate/consider/can't help/deny/feel like/finish/give up/miss/
分词
现分(doing)【定状补】
作成分
作定语
前置:fallling rain
后置:the boy sitting over there likes singing
作状语(省略)
谓语变为非谓语
do/does/did—doing
be doing—doing
be done—done
v+p—p
情+do—to do
做宾补(主补变被动)
We found a tree lying across the road
I saw him walking into the building
时态/语态
主动
一般式:doing【进行的,主动的,做定状补】
完成式:having done【之前,主动,做状】
被动
一般式:being done【进行的,被动的,做定(后置)状补】
完成式:having been done【之前,被动,做状】
逻辑主语(涉及到独立主格)
否定
前面加not
过分(done)
时态/语态
done
vi done:完成
vt done:完成,被动
作成分
作定语
vt
前置
A respected teacher
后置
we built the house last year 【主】
The house was built last year 【被】
The house (built last year) has been sold out 过去分词作后置定语的语法现象
vi
前置
fallen leaves
后置
The rain having fallen makes the ground wet ×
作状语
vt
Where it is seen from the hill,our town looks like a beautiful garden
Seen from the hill.our town looks like a beautiful garden
作宾语
vi
I found her gone
vt
I found my bikes stolen
否定
直接加not
独立主格(与主句逻辑主语不同)
本质有两个逻辑主语,根据以上省略公式进行改写,逗号隔开即可,主动ing被动done
用with的独立主格
I feel asleep,(with) the music was on
独立主格太笼统会被省略
Generally speaking,men are stronger than that woman
I was walking alone in the warm night of wind,with lovers everywhere in the street.
分词大集合(六种形式:doing/being done/having done/having been done/vi done/vt done)
定
前置
doing
vi done
vt done
后置(短语)
doing
being done
vt done
状
一致
doing
being done
having done
having been done
vt done
不一致
S2
补
doing
being done
vi done
vt done
非谓语高级综合
不定式(to do)
做成分
主宾表定状补
时态语态
六种形式
逻辑主语
for/of
动名词(doing)
做成分
主宾表
逻辑主语
形物代/名物代/普通格
时态语态
四种形式
分词
现分
做成分
定状补
时态语态
四种形式
逻辑主语
独立主格
过分
做成分
定状补
时态语态
两种形式
逻辑主语
独立主格
真实:主将从现 虚拟:非主将从现 表达将来的方法
一般现在变为一般过去
should go
were to go
真实现在、将来注意主将从现
注意
一般式与谓语动词同时发生
进行式发生在谓语动词之前
agree/aim/ask/doose/decide/pretend/expect/hopr/learn/intend/manage/fail/offer/promise/wish/want……
真实过去:宾从中主语是
间接引语
Tom said,"if it rains tomorrow,i will not to go shopping"
Tom said,if it rained next day he would not go shopping.
一般现在时,从句可以用任意时态
一般过去,从句用对应的过去时态,时态提前
注意点
不及物动词和系动词没有被动语态
被动即完整(省宾语)
it做形式主语:it is said that…(that后面即为被动)
双宾语的被动(间宾除外)
没被动的动词(have,cost,fit,break out)
It is/has been 10 years since i started to smoke(我抽烟已经十年了)
It is/has been 10 years since i smoked(我戒烟到现在已经十年了)
He said he would not go to the park if it rained the next day
I will not go to the park if it rains tomorrow
时态的其他状况
主将从现
客观真理、科学事实
按时刻进行(已经确定的)
祈使句天然表将来
be to do/be about to do(表示下一步要做)
be ging to do(现在进行时)(表将来)
前五个是一般现在式,时态不是将来时,但表将来
when/while/as简化版
从句时间段,主句时间点,三个都可以用,as尽量不要用,会产生歧义
主句时间段,从句时间段,when while都能用
when表时间点,接瞬间动作,表突然
主从ing,尽量用while
随着用as
when,while可以省略,as不可省略
自然而然用when
which和as
which表示这件事,as表示正如
which在主句后,as可以在任意位置
which 分先后,主句先发生,从句后评价 as不分先后,把主句当事实
只用that不用which
当先行词为不定代词或被不定代词修饰时
关系代词三大技巧
缺宾语:vt/介/vt2+io+do
被动即完整
关系代词作宾语可省略
当先行词是序数词或被序数词最高级修饰时
当先行词被the only/the last/the very修饰时
当先行词既有人又有物时
当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时
关副≤介+which