第三课下The Moon

关于第三课下The Moon的思维导图，包括主题、new words、grammar knowledge、further notes on sonme ssentences、短语几个方面的知识梳理。

The Moon

• 主题
  • The Moon
    • 月球
  • We find that the moon is about 239,000 miles (384,551 km) away from the earth, and, towith in a few thousand miles, its distance always remains the same. Yet a very little observationshows that the moon is not standing till. Its distance from the earth remains the same, but its direction continually changes. We find that it is traveling in a circle - or very nearly a circle - round the earth, going completely round once a month, or, more exactly, once very 27 1/3 days. It is our nearest neighbour in space, and like ourselves it is kept tied to the earth by the earth's gravitational pull.
    • 我们发现月球距离地球约 23 万 9 千英里（38 万 4 千 551 公里）。月球与地球总保持这个距离，变化不超过两三千英里。虽然它离地球的距离仍然是那么远，但是它运转的方向却不断地在变。我们发现月球环绕地球的轨道总是圆周形--或很近似圆周形。每一个月，或者 更确切些说是每 27 又 1/3 天就环绕地球转一圈。在太空中月球是我们最近的邻居。正像我们本身摆脱不了地心吸引力一样，月球也摆脱不了地球的吸引力。
  • Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky. Actually it is one of the smallest, and only looks big because it is so near to us. Its diameter is only 2,160 miles (3,389 km),or a little more than a quarter of the diameter of the earth.
    • 除了太阳而外，月球好像天空中最大的天体了。可是实际上它却是最小的天体之一。只是因为它距离我们太近了，所以看起来才显得大。月球的直径只有 2160 英里（3389 公里）仅仅比地球直径的 1/4 稍多一点。
  • Once a month, or, more exactly, once every 29 1/2 days, at the time we call "full moon," its
  • whole disc looks bright. At other times only part of it appears bright, and we always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind - only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright. This shows that the moon gives no light of its own. It merely reflects the light of the sun, like a huge mirror hung in the sky.
    • 每一个月或者更精确些说每 29 又 1/2 天有一次有个我们称之为"望月"的时候。这个时候整个月亮的园盘看起来很明亮。在其他一些时候，月亮的园盘只有一部分看起来觉得亮。我们总是发现这亮的部分是面向着太阳的、面背着太阳的那一部分看起来就黑暗。如果画家们能记住这一点，即只有被太阳照射得发高的那部分月球是明亮的，那他们作起画来就会画得更好。这就表明了月球本身是下发光的。月球就像悬在画龙点睛的一面巨型的大镜子一样，它只能反射出太阳光。
  • Yet the dark part of the moon's surface is not absolutely black; generally it is just light enough for us to be able to see its outline, so that we speak of seeing "the old moon in the newmoon's arms." The light by which we see the old moon does not come from the sun, but from the earth. We know well how the surface of the sea or of snow, or even of a wet road, may reflect uncomfortable much of the sun's light on to our faces. In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun's light on to the face of the moon for us to be able to see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.
    • 但是月球表面上黑暗的部分并不上绝对黑的。一般地这一部分也能有足够的光让我们能勉强刚刚能看清月球的轮廓，这就是我们所说的"新月抱着旧月"的现象。我们用来看到旧月轮廓的光并汪是来自太阳，而是来看地球。我们都清楚地知道，海水的表面、雪地的表面，甚至下雨天的路面都会把很强的太阳光反射到我们的脸上，照得我们很不舒服。同样道理，整个地球的表面也足可以让我们看清月球的轮廓，如果没有地球的反射光，那月球的这一部分将会是黑暗的。
  • If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun, again like a huge mirror hung in the sky. They would speak of earthlight just as we speak of moon-light. "the old moon in the new moon's arms" is nothing but that part of the moon's surface on which it is night, lighted up by earth light. In the same way , the lunar inhabitants would occasionally see part of our earth in full sunlight, and the rest lighted only by moon-light; they might call this "the old earth in the new earth's arms."
    • 假定月球上也有居民，他们就会看到，地球也像一面高悬在天空中的巨型的镜子一样，反射太阳光到月球上。"月球居民们"也会谈到地球光，正像我们地球人谈到月亮光一样。"新月抱旧月"只不过就是月球表面上正处于黑夜的那一部分被地球的反射光反照的结果。同理，月球上的居民偶尔也会看到我们地球一部分完全处在阳光的照射下，而地球的其余的部分只能照到月光；月球的居民们或许也会把这种现象称作"新地球抱着旧地球"吧。
• New words
  • 观察
    • observe
      • [əbˈzɜːv]
        • v. 观察; 看到; 评论; 遵守; 庆祝;
      • ob-,向前，朝向，-serve,注视，观察，保护，词源同conserve,hero.引申词义坚守，遵守，遵行等。
    • observer
      • [əbˈzɜːvə(r)]
        • n. 遵守者，观察者; 观察团; 观察员;
    • observation
      • [ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃn]
        • n. 观察; 监视; 评论;
  • 持续
    • continue
      • [kənˈtɪnjuː]
        • v. 持续; 继续，再开始; 移动; 延伸; 留任; 维持现状; 接着说;
    • continual
      • [kənˈtɪnjuəl]
        • adj. 持续的; 频繁的;
    • continually
      • [kənˈtɪnjʊəli]
        • adv. 不停地; 持续地; 屡屡地; 一再地;
  • 仅仅
    • mere
      • [mɪə(r)]
        • adj. 仅仅，只不过; 小的，轻微的; 纯粹的;
        • n. 小湖，池塘; 〈英〉边境（线）;
      • 来自拉丁语merus,明亮的，纯的，不掺假的，词源同morning.引申词义纯粹的，后用于副词仅仅，只不过。同义词 only
    • merely
      • [ˈmɪəli]
        • adv. 只不过; 仅仅;
  • 绝对
    • absolute
      • [ˈæbsəluːt]
        • adj. 绝对的，完全的; 无疑的; 确实的，十足的; 不受限制的;
        • n. 绝对真理;
      • ab-分离,脱离 + -solut-解开,放松 + -e “松开束缚”的具体意思抽象化为“不受条件约束的、无条件的”，无条件的就是绝对的。
    • absolutely
      • [ˈæbsəluːtli]
        • adv. 完全地，彻底地; （用于强调）确实地，绝对地;
      • 同义词：completely, entirely, thoroughly.
  • 舒适
    • comfort
      • [ˈkʌmfət]
        • n. 舒适; 安逸生活; 安慰; 感到安慰的人/物; 使生活舒适的东西;
        • v. 安慰;
      • com-共同 + -fort-力量 → 使有力,鼓励 → 使舒服
    • comfortable
      • [ˈkʌmftəbl]
        • adj. 舒适的; 愉快轻松的; 宽裕的; 轻松领先的; 自信的; （伤者）情况稳定的; 无忧无虑的;
    • comfortably
      • [ˈkʌmftəbli]
        • adv. 舒服地; 安乐地; 充裕地;
    • uncomfortable
      • [ʌnˈkʌmftəbl]
        • adj. 不自在的; 不舒服的; 焦虑的; 麻烦的;
    • uncomfortably
      • [ʌnˈkʌmftəbli]
        • adv. 不舒适地，不自在地，令人不快地;
  • 居住
    • inhabit
      • [ɪnˈhæbɪt]
        • vt. 居住; 在…出现; 填满;
        • vi. 居住;
      • in-,进入，使，-habit,持有，握住，词源同habitable,habitat.引申词义居住，栖息。
    • inhabitant
      • [ɪnˈhæbɪtənt]
        • n. 居民，住户; （栖息在某地区的）动物;
    • reside
      • [rɪˈzaɪd]
        • vi. 住，居住，（官吏）留驻，驻在; （性质）存在，具备，（权力，权利等）属于，归于;
      • re-回,向后 + -sid-坐 + -e
    • resident
      • [ˈrezɪdənt]
        • n. 居民; 旅客; 住院实习医生;
        • adj. 居住的;
  • 偶尔
    • occasion
      • [əˈkeɪʒn]
        • n. 机会; 时刻; 场合; 原因 ;
        • v. 导致; 引起;
      • oc-,向前，朝向，-cas,掉落，词源同case,cascade,accident.引申词义偶然，场合，时机。
    • occasional
      • [əˈkeɪʒənl]
        • adj. 偶尔的; 临时的;
    • occasionally
      • [əˈkeɪʒnəli]
        • adv. 偶尔；偶然；有时候;
• Grammar knowledge
  • 语气
    • 陈述语气表现事实
    • 祈使语气表示愿望
    • 虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood ）用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想；由条件句+主句组成
      • 真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生
        • 条件句：一般现在时
          • 主句
            • shall/will + 动词原形
              • If he comes, he will bring his violin.
                • 如果他来，会带小提琴来的。
              • The volleyball match will be put off if it rains.
            • 祈使句
            • 情态动词一般现在时
        • 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.
          • （错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
          • （对） If you leave now, you will never regret it.
        • 表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall （will） +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
      • 非真实条件句
        • 虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。
          • 与现在事实相反的假设
            • 条件句：一般过去时（be用were）
              • 主句
                • should（would）等 +动词原形
            • If they were here, they would help you.
              • 如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。
                • 含义：They are not here, they can’t help you.
          • 与过去事实相反的假设
            • 条件句：过去完成时
              • 主句
                • should（would）等+ have+ 过去分词
            • If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
              • 如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。
                • 含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
          • 表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想
            • 条件句
              • 一般过去时
                • 主句
                  • should/would等 + 动词原形
              • were+ 不定式
                • 主句
                  • should/would等 + 动词原形
              • should+ 动词原形
                • 主句
                  • should/would等 + 动词原形
            • If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
              • 如果你将来成功了，一切都会好的。
                • If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
            • If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
              • 含义：You are not likely to succeed, everything will be what it is now.
      • 混合条件句
        • 主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。
          • If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
            • 如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。
              • （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
          • If it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today
            • （现在）.如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。
      • 虚拟条件句的倒装
        • 虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时, 可省略if，再把were, should或had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。
          • Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.
            • 他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。
          • Had you come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
            • 你来得早一点，就碰到他了。
          • Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
            • 假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。
        • 注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。
          • If I were you, I would go to look for him.
            • 如果我是你，就会去找他。
          • If he were here, everything would be all right.
            • 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。
      • 特殊的虚拟语气词should
        • 在主语从句中的应用
          • It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。
          • 可用的词有三类
            • suggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等
              • that (should) do
            • important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等
              • that (should) do
            • a pity, a shame, no wonder等
              • that (should) do
        • 在宾语从句中的应用
          • 在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do等。
            • I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议。
            • He insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。
            • 如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
        • 在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用
          • suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。
            • My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.
              • 我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。
            • I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.
              • 我提了个建议，下周我们开个会。
      • wish的用法
        • wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
          • 从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为 were）
            • 主句：现在时+从句：过去时
          • 从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had + 过去分词）
            • 主句：过去时+从句：过去完成时
          • 将来不大可能实现的愿望
            • 主句：将来时+would/could +动词原形
          • I wish I were as tall as you.
            • 我希望和你一样高。
          • He wished he hadn't said that.
            • 他希望他没讲过那样的话。
          • I wish it would rain tomorrow.
            • 我希望明天下雨就好了。
        • wish to do；wish sb / sth to do
          • I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
            • 我希望见一见经理。
          • I wish the manager to be informed at once. （= I want the manager to be informed at once.）
            • 我希望经理能马上得到消息。
      • 比较if only与only if
        • only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
          • I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.
            • 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
          • If only the alarm clock had rung.
            • 当时闹钟响就好了。
          • If only he comes early.
            • 但愿他早点回来。
      • It is （high） time that
        • 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
          • It is time that the children went to bed.
            • 孩子们该睡觉了。
          • It is high time that the children should go to bed.
      • need "不必做"和"本不必做"
        • didn't need to do表示过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。
        • needn't have done表示过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
          • John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.
            • 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
          • John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.
            • 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 （Mary步行回家了，没有遇上John的车。）
• Further notes on some sentences
  • Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky.
    • 从整体中去除与主语是相同的事物用 except, 若所去除的事物与主语不是同类项用 except for, 而只有 except that 可放在句首引导从句。
      • all the articles are good except yours.
      • Your article is good except for some grammar mistakes.
      • Except that he passed the exam, we all failed.
  • We always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark.
    • That this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark是 find 的宾语从句，
      • 定语从句 which faces towards the sun修饰 the part
      • 时间状语从句 while the part facing away from the sun appears dark
      • 现在分词做定语 facing away from the sun appears dark = which faces away from the sun…
  • Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind—only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright.
    • 短语：
      • keep sth in mind 牢记谋事
      • light up:点亮、照亮
  • In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon for us to be able see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.
    • 虚拟语气句：which would otherwise be dark.
      • That is: If the surface of the whole earth didn’t reflect enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon, the parts of it would be dark.
    • 短语：
      • in the same way用同样的方式
      • reflect sth on to/onto sth 反射到…
      • be able to do 能做…
• 短语
  • tie to（与…联系在一起；使束缚于…）
    • He is seriously ill and has been tied to his bed for almost a month.
      • （他病得厉害，已经卧床近一个月了。）
    • Study ties smoking to many diseases.
      • （据研究，许多疾病与抽烟有关。）
    • I am sorry I didn't have the time to go shopping with you. I was tied to housework.
      • （很抱歉我没能有时间和你一起去购物，家务杂事把我拴住了。）
  • except for（除了…之外）
    • The room is empty except for some chairs.
      • （房间里除了一些椅子空荡荡。）
    • Your composition is well written except for some spelling mistakes.
      • (除了几处拼写错误，你的文章写的不错）
  • be near to（靠近）
    • The park is near to our school. Let's go boating.
      • （公园离我们学校很近，我们去划船吧。）
    • The police station is near to our community. It is within walking distance.
      • （警察局离我们社区很近，步行就能到达。）
  • face towards（朝向）
    • My office is in the building that faces towards the street.
      • （我的办公室在那座朝街的楼里。）
    • His new house faces towards the south.
      • （他的新房子朝南。）
  • keep…in mind（把…记在心里）
    • I am not sure if he would keep what you have said in mind.
      • （我不能肯定他是否会把你说的话记在心里。）
    • I will keep this in mind for future reference.
      • （我会记住这个，供以后参考。）
  • light up（变亮；使容光焕发）
    • Her face lighted up when she heard the news.
      • （听到那个消息，她面露喜色。）
    • His face was lighted (lit) up with excitement.
      • （他因兴奋而满面春风。）
  • reflect（反射）
    • Mirrorsreflect light.
      • （镜子反射光。）
    • The white sand reflected the sun's heat
      • （白沙地反射太阳的热气。）.
    • The light reflected from the water into my eyes.
      • （光线投过水面反射到我眼里。）
  • …enough for sb. to do sth.（足以让某人做某事）
    • The room is big enough for us to have a dancing party.
      • （这间房够大了，我们可以在里面开舞会。）
    • The basket is light enough for the little boy to carry.
      • （这只篮子很轻，那个小男孩能提动。）
  • speak of（提到，说起）
    • I have never heard him speak of his past.
      • （我从来没有听他提起他的过去。）
    • She always looks proud when she speaks of her son.
      • （说到她的儿子她总是很自豪的样子。）
  • otherwise（不然；另外的）
    • He reminded me of what I might otherwise have forgotten.
      • （他提醒了我，不然我可能会忘记那件事。）
    • He is a little careless, but he is otherwise quite suitable for the job.
      • （他有点粗心，除此以外，他倒是很适合这个工作的。）
    • He is honest, but his twin brother is otherwise.
      • （他很诚实，而他的孪生兄弟则不然。）
  • nothing but（仅仅，除了…之外没有什么）
    • There is nothing but a piece of bread in the cupboard.
      • （食橱里除了一片面包什么也没有。）
    • He asked for nothing but trust.
      • （除了信任，他什么要求都没有。）