导图社区 第二课A Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
- 40
- 0
- 1
- 举报
第二课A Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
这是一篇关于第二课A Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes的思维导图，有需要的同学可以看下。
编辑于2022-08-22 20:24:39
- 相似推荐
- 大纲
Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
课文
Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes. Americans do not have a corner on the "death" market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.
美国人常说凡是一个人一生中有两件事是肯定的：一是必有一死，一是必须纳税。虽然美国人并没有垄断了世界"死亡殡葬业"的市场，但是美国确以最苛重的赋税在世界上独占鳌头。
Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.
税就是人民为了支持政府工作所交纳的钱。在美国大体上有三级政府：联邦政府、州政府和市政府。因此，征税也有三种。
Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.
凡是年薪收在两三千美元以上的人，必须按年薪的一定百分比向联邦政府纳税。这百分比的多少，人与人是不同的。这取决于年薪大小。联邦政府征收累进所得税，也就是说，随着个人收的增长，征税的百分比率（百分之十到百分之七十）也在增长。由于征税数额高，在联邦政府收税日，即在四月十五日，那人们心情都不愉快。
The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent is that state, when the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. They state tax laws are diverse and confusing.
第二级征税的机构是州政府：纽约州，加里福尼亚州，北达科他州或另外的四十七个州。 有些州征收所得税，这跟联邦政府征的所得税类似。还有些州征收销售税，这按你在该州所购买的任何一件物品的价格的一定的百分比率来征收。例如，某人想买 25 美分一包的纸烟，如果该州的销售税征收率是物价的百分之八，那么这包纸烟的实价就是 27 美分，这个数字里面就包括了销售税。有些州除了征收所得税，还要加征销售税，以提高州政府的每年的收入。各州的销售税法显然是很不相同的，也很混乱。
The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public words and municipal buildings.
第三级征税的机构是市政府。市政府征收的有两种税：财产税（凡拥有房产的人必须交 纳财产税）和消费税（这是对市内行驰的小汽车征的税）。这些税收资金用于教育、警察、消防等部门及公共设施和市政建设。
Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are wording one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They way that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.
由于美国人都要交纳数额很高的各种税款，所以他们都常常认为每周必须有一天资是为了纳税去工作。人们老是抱怨这些税收。他们经常抗议说，政府对他们交纳的税金使用不当。虽然美国人民在许多问题上持不同观点，但是在这个话题上却倾向一致：赋税太重了。
New words
税
tax
[tæks]
n. 税（款）;
Every citizen has the right to pay tax to our country.
The government plans to increase taxes by 3 percent.
（政府计划把税收增加三个百分点。）
In Britain, tobacco and alcoholic drinks are heavily taxed.
（在英国，烟草和酒类饮品的税收很高。）
v. 对…征税; 使大伤脑筋; 耗尽;
My income is taxed at source.
(我的收入已扣除了所得税。)
短语
income tax（所得税）
sales tax（销售税）
import tax（进口税）
housing and land tax（房地产税）
VAT (value-added tax)（增值税）
poll tax（人头税）
tax-collector（税务员）
tax-payer（纳税人）
dodge tax（逃税，漏税）
tax-free（免税的）
一般的
general
[ˈdʒenrəl]
n. 将军;
adj. 全体的; 一般的; 普通的; 大体的; 广泛的; 整体的; 首席的;
词根gen, 生育，词源同generate. 即同种类的，通用的。引申词义将军
generally
[ˈdʒenrəli]
adv. 笼统地; 通常地; 普遍地;
generally speaking一般而言
use
[juːs]
n. （使）用; 用法; 用途，功能; 使用权; 使用价值;
词根词缀： -us-用 + -e
useless
[ˈju:sləs]
adj. 无用的，无效的; 无价值的; 差劲的; 不怎么样的;
useful
[ˈjuːsfl]
adj. 有用的，有益的，有帮助的; 令人满意的;
usual
[ˈjuːʒuəl]
adj. 通常的，常有的，常见的; 平常的，普通的; 平时的，平日的; 一向的，老是那一套的;
usually
[ˈjuːʒuəli]
adv. 通常，经常，平常，惯常地; 一直，向来; 动不动，一般; 素;
种类
type
[taɪp]
n. 类型，种类; 一类（人或事物）; …类型的人; 印刷文字;
What type of tea do you prefer? Green tea.
No one knows why he doesn't like this type of work.（
没有人知道他为什么不喜欢这种工作。）
v. 打字; 定型;
She typed the letter quickly and well.
The manager asked Mary to type the letter again.
（经理要玛丽把信重打一遍。）
敲，击，推进，词源同 steep,study.引申诸相关词义。
typewriter
[ˈtaɪpraɪtə(r)]
n. 打字机;
typist
[ˈtaɪpɪst]
n. 打字员;
工资
salary
[ˈsæləri]
n. 薪金，工资;
She was happy to know that she would get a promotion and an increase in salary.
（得知她将得到提级和加薪，她很开心。）
-sal-盐 + -ary名词词尾
salaried
[ˈsælərid]
adj. 领薪水的; 有薪水的;
With his knowledge and experience he was bound to get a high-salaried post.
（凭借他的知识和经验，他一定能找到一份高薪的工作。）
v. 给…薪水(salary的过去式和过去分词);
Don't worry about him, he will be salaried by a big company.
（别为他担心，一家大公司会给他发薪水。）
wage
[weɪdʒ]
n. 工资，工钱;
v. 开展，发动（运动或战争）;
承诺，誓言，词源同 wed,engage.原指承诺对别人的服务的报酬，引申词义工 资，原仅限于手工和机械劳动所得，后词义通用化。同时，引申词义承诺参战，发动战争， 后词义通用化指开展或发动某运动。
salary 和 wage 的区别在于：salary 是指为从事非体力劳动的人按月支付的薪水，wage则通常指为从事体力劳动的人按周支付的薪水。
赚钱
earn
[ɜːn]
v. 赚取; 盈（利）; 博得（赞扬等）;
He worked 14 hours a day in order that he could earn enough to support the family.
（为了能挣足够的钱养家，他每天工作十四小时。）
His sincerity earns him friends wherever he goes.
（无论走到哪，他的真诚都能赢得朋友。）
劳动，收获，通常指农奴，佃农劳动所得，词源同esne, 奴仆。字母r,n音变。
百分比
percent
[pəˈsɛnt]
n. 百分比;
More than ten percent of the students didn’t come today.
The industrial output increased by 14%.
（工业产量上涨了百分之十四。）
About 70 percent of high school graduates in Nanjing will be enrolled by universities this year.
（今年，南京的高中毕业生将有百分之七十被高校录取。）
adj. 每一百中;
I am a hundred percent sure that he will come.
adv. 每一百中;
per-每 + -cent-百，词源同century,centimeter.引申词义百分比，百分率。
percentage
[pəˈsentɪdʒ]
n. 百分比; 提成;
The percentage of university enrollment will be greatly increased this year.
（今年，大学录取的百分比将大大提高。）
A large percentage of schoolbooks now have pictures.
The percentage of students who passed theexam reached 95%.
（学生的及格率达到了百分之九十五。）
The percentage of the tax varies from 14%to 70%.
（税率从百分之十四到百分之七十不等。）
变化
vary
[ˈveəri]
v. 不同; 变化，变异;
People vary very much in their ideas of many things.
(注意介词 in 的用法)
Prices of fruit vary from season to season.
水果的价格随季节而变化。
Prices of fish vary from 70 cents a pound to one dollar a pound.
（鱼的价格从七十美分到一美元一磅不等。）
The weather in this area varies from hour to hour.
（这儿的天气时刻有变化。）
I didn't vary my plan at the last moment.
（我在最后一刻没有改变我的计划。）
-vari-变化 → vary
varied
[ˈveərid]
adj. 各种各样的; 各不相同的; 形形色色的; 多变的;
Holiday jobs are many and varied.
v. 变化( vary的过去式和过去分词);
等级
grade
[ɡreɪd]
n. 等级; 职别; 成绩等级; 年级;
vt. 安排; 依序排列，依等级排列; 评估; 评分;
vi. 属于…等级; 缓缓地变化或发展;
词根-grad-走，台阶，层级，词源同ingress, aggressive.后词义通用化，年级
graduate
[ˈɡrædʒuət , ˈɡrædʒueɪt]
n. 大学毕业生; 毕业生;
v. 获得学位; 授予学位文凭; 中学毕业; 晋升;
graduation
[ˌɡrædʒuˈeɪʃn]
n. 毕业（典礼）; 刻度;
After graduation she went to work in a hospital as a nurse.
（毕业后，她去医院做了一名护士。）
graduated
[ˈgrædʒueɪtɪd]
adj. 毕业了的; 标有刻度的; 分等级的; 分层次的;
A graduated glass will enable you to know how much water you have put in to the vessel.
（量杯能够使你知道你在容器里放了多少水。）
v. 渐变( graduate的过去式和过去分词 ); 渐渐变为（与into连用）; 渐渐消逝（与away连用）; 取得资格（与as连用）;
He graduated from high school last year.But it was difficult for a high school graduate to find a satisfactory job.
他去年高中毕业，但是高中毕业生要找一份称心如意的工作是很困难的。）
出售
sale
[seɪl]
n. 销售（量）; 特价销售，拍卖;
Mr. Smith is now interested in my car and I hope I can make the sale today.
（史密斯先生现在对我的汽车感兴趣，我希望今天就能卖成。）
短语
for sale（待售）
a clearance sale（清仓拍卖）
sales promotion（促销活动）
sales person/sales clerk（营业员）
on sale（上市的）
sales department（营业部）
salesmanager（销售经理）
sell
[sel]
vt.& vi. 卖，售; 使好卖; 使接受，使赞成; 销售;
He sold his bike to Tom.（
他把自行车卖给了汤姆。）
n. 销售; 欺骗; 失望; 推销术;
原义为供应，提供，移交，后引申词义出售，销售，原词义逐渐退出使用。
收费
charge
[tʃɑːdʒ]
v. 收费; 把…记在账上; 指控，谴责; 猛冲; 赋予…职责; 给…充电;
He charged me 10 yuan for a bowl of plain rice.
（一碗白米饭，他要了我十块钱。）
How much do you charge for repairing my shoes?
The young man was charged with stealing.
（那个年轻人被指控犯了盗窃罪。）
Charge your glasses and drink to our friendship.
（斟满杯，为我们的友谊干杯。）
n. 收费; 指控; 负责，管理; 被照管的人; 电荷; 火药;
He was charged with the guilty of murder
他被指控犯有谋杀罪
The charge for a front-row seat is 250 yuan.
（前排座位票价250元。）
The police arrested him on a charge of murder.
（警察以谋杀罪拘捕了他。）
Who will be in charge of our class when the teacher is away?
（老师不在的时候，谁管我们班？）
来源于拉丁语中名词carr.us(有轮子的车)派生的动词carricare(装载),经由古法语charge(负载)进入英语。charge的原义是“装载,加担子”,它的大部分现代意义皆引申于此。例如“索价,要…支付”,使人负担费用,就是给人“加担子”;“控告,指控”,使人负有罪名,也是给人“加担子”;而“充电”,是在给电池“装载”电荷。 -carr-装载 → charge装载
数字
figure
[ˈfɪɡə(r)]
n.
数字
He has a good head for figures.（
他的数字概念很强。）
位数
No one had expected that his savings could reach 5 figures in such a short time
（.谁也没料到在这么短的时间里，他的存款能达到五位数。）
知名人士
He was an important figure in American history.
（他是美国历史上的重要人物。）
体形
She was always worrying a bouther figure as she couldn't resist the temptation of chocolates.
她抵御不了巧克力的诱惑，所以总是担心自己的体形。）
形象; 图，表; 几何图形; 金额; 冰上花样;
v. 认为; 计算; 出现;
We are trying to figure out away to help them.
（我们正在想办法帮助他们。）
Figure out the expenses and see if we have enough money.
（算一算费用，看看我们的钱是否够。）
She brought an umbrella as she figured they might need it.
（她带了一把伞，因为她估计他们会需要。）
-fig-制造,塑造 + -ure名词词尾，词源同dough, fiction. 由揉捏引申多种词义。
加
add
[æd]
v.添加，掺入；（使）相加，加；增加；增添（某种特性）；把……计算在内，包括；补充说，继续说
She always adds sugar to her tea.
The fire is going out,add more wood to it.
（火要灭了，再加些木柴。）
His explanation adds to my confusion.
（他的解释使我更加糊涂。）
来源于拉丁语动词addere(增加),由前缀ad-(来)和-dere(放置)组成,而-dere(放置)和英语do有共源关系。
addition
[əˈdɪʃn]
n. 加法; 增加; 添加物;
He earned 1000 dollars in addition to his salary.
in addition to 除…之外
In addition to leaves,these animals eat a great deal of fruit.
（除了树叶之外，这些动物还吃大量的水果。）
additional
[əˈdɪʃənl]
adj. 附加的，添加的;
We will need additional help to do the work
It will take an additional two days to finish the work.
（还要再花两天时间才能完成这项工作。）
税收
revenue
[ˈrevənju:]
n. （国家的）岁入，税收，（土地，财产等的）收入，收益，所得，（个人的）固定收入；[复数]总收入；税务署，〈美俚〉税务官；税务局;
The manager is worrying about the drop in advertising revenue
（.经理正为广告收入的下降着急。）
The loss of tax revenue in many areas is getting higher.
（许多地区的税收流失越来越严重。）
re-回,向后 + -ven-来 + ue → 回来,收回来
短语
the Public Revenue（财政收入，国库收入）
Inland Revenue（国内税收）
revenue department（税务部门）
多样
diverse
[daɪˈvɜːs]
adj. 形形色色的; 不同的;
He is a man of diverse talent.
（他是一个有多种才能的人。）
They offered us diverse suggestions at the meeting.
（他们在会上给我们提出了各种各样的建议。）
di-分开 + -vers-转 + -e,词源同converse, versus. 即转开，多样的。
diversity
[daɪˈvɜːsəti]
n. 多样性，多元性; 差异，不同;
His writing displays the diversities of human behavior.
（他的作品展示了人类行为的多样性。）
A great diversity of methods has been tried in doing this experiment.
（实验中尝试过各种各样的方法。）
财产，特性
proper
[ˈprɒpə(r)]
adj. 适宜的; 正确的; 像样的; 规矩的; 严格意义上的; 完全的; 特有的;
来自privus,个人的，私人的，词源同private.引申诸相关词义。
property
[ˈprɒpəti]
n. 财产；房地产；特性；属性;
That car is my property,you can not use it without my permission.
（那辆车是我的财产，没我的允许，你不能动用。）
The city is growing and property in the center is becoming more valuable.
（城市在发展，市中心的房地产越来越有价值了。）
Many plants have medicinal properties.
（许多植物有药用特性。）
短语
state property （国家财产）
real property/estate（不动产）
personal property（动产）
intellectual property（知识产权）
消费税
excise
[ˈeksaɪz]
n.消费税，货物税
来自拉丁语accensum, 评估，估税，来自词根cens,评估，审查，词源同census. 因词义与excise有所重合，因而拼写受excise影响俗化。
v.切除；删除；收税，征税
ex-, 向外。-cis, 砍，切，词源同decide, circumcise.
custom
[ˈkʌstəm]
n.风俗，习俗；习惯；光顾，惠顾；<法律>惯例，习惯法；（经常性的）顾客
adj.定做的，量身设计的
customs
[ˈkʌstəmz]
n.海关；关税
来自拉丁词consuetus, 来自词根su, 自己的，词源同self, idiom. 即形成自己的习惯。对进口商品惯常性的征收一定的税金或费用并最终形成专门的政府机构，词义由惯例引申为海关。
基金
fund
[fʌnd]
n.基金，专款；资金，钱款；基金会；储备量
We would setup a fund to help those children whose parents couldn't afford to send them to school.
（我们将设立一项基金，帮助那些父母供不起他们读书的孩子。）
They have a fund of knowledge and experience to draw on
（.他们有丰富的知识和经验可利用。）
v.资助，为……提供资金
This research is funded by the government.
（这项研究由政府提供资金。）
-fund-(基础)同源 → 基础的 →首要的储备 → 钱
部门
part
[pɑ:t]
n. 部分；零件；参加；地区;
vt. 使分裂；拆移；使分开;
vi. 分开；分离；分岔;
adv. 不完全地，部分地;
分配，切割，词源同pair,portion.引申诸相关词义。
depart
[dɪˈpɑːt]
v.启程，出发；背离，违背；离职
de-, 向下，离开。part, 分开，部分。即离开，分开。
department
[dɪ'pɑːtm(ə)nt]
n. 部；部门；系；科；局
de-离开,分离 + -part-分,局部 + -ment名词词尾
短语
the State Department (美国）国务院
the Department of Education教育部
the department of physics物理系
department store百货商店
市政
municipal
[mjuːˈnɪsɪpl]
adj.城市的，市政的；自治城市的，地方自治的；内政的
短语
the municipal government 市政府
municipal administration 市政管理
a municipal university 市立大学
-mun-防御,公共 + -cip-拿 + -al形容词词尾
municipality
[mjuːˌnɪsɪˈpæləti]
n.市政当局；自治市
混乱
confuse
[kənˈfjuːz]
v. 混淆，使困惑; 搅乱，难以理解;
If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get confused.
This is a confusing word because it has two meanings.
Do you think this will cause much confusion?
They confused me by asking so many questions.
What he said just now confuses all of us.
（他刚才说的话把我们都弄糊涂了。）
Her answers have only added to his confusion.
（她的回答只使他更加糊涂。）
con-, 强调。-fus, 流，倾泻，词源同fusion, foundry. 即流到一起的，难以区别的。
抱怨
complain
[kəmˈpleɪn]
v. 抱怨，发牢骚;
Students always complain about too much homework.
She complained that the exam was too hard.
He used to complain bitterly of his bad memory.
(诉说有病)
He complained to the manager about/of the poor after-service
（.他对经理抱怨说售后服务太差。）
She complained about/of her husband's carelessness.
（她抱怨说她丈夫太粗心。）
The teacher complained that the students didn't work hard enough
（.老师抱怨学生学习不够努力。）
There is no reason for complaint.
com-, 强调。-plag, 击打，词源同plague, plangent.指捶胸顿足的，抱怨的
complaint
[kəmˈpleɪnt]
n.抱怨，投诉；不满的缘由，抱怨的问题；疾病，不适
It is a common complaint that today's children lack the sense of cooperation.
（人们常常抱怨今天的孩子缺少合作意识。）
常规
practice
[ˈpræktɪs]
n. 常规; 实践; 习俗; 训练; 工作; 诊所,事务所;
v. 练习;
词根词缀： pract做,从事 + -ice名词词尾 同源词：practical, practice, praxis
practical
[ˈpræktɪkl]
adj. 实际的; 务实的; 可行的; 有用的; 明智的; 心灵手巧的; 实际上的;
How long will it be before this the ory can be put in to practicaluse?
才能被实际运用?）
n. 实验课;
impractical
[ɪmˈpræktɪkl]
adj. 不切实际的；无用的；不现实的；不善做实际工作的;
His suggestion sounds good,but it is really impractical.
（他的建议听起来不错，但是的确不切实际。）
程序
gram
[ɡræm]
n. 绿豆; 克;
-gram-写,画 → (原义)在重量上写的一个字母
program
[ˈprəʊgræm]
n. 程序；节目，节目单；计划，安排;
They are drawing up a program of water purification.
（他们正在制定一个净水计划。）
Tonight's TV programs will be very interesting.
（今晚的电视节目会非常有趣。）
I know nothing about computer programs.
（我对电脑编程一窍不通。）
v. [计]给…编写程序；为…制定计划；设计安排活动；编排;
You can program it to do different tasks at specific times
（.你可以使它在特定的时间按计划完成各项不同的任务。）
pro-前 + -gram-写,画 → 提前写好的内容
视域
view
[vju:]
n. 看法；风景；视域；[建筑学]视图;
He was unwilling to express his views on what had happened.
（他不愿意就所发生的一切发表自己的观点。）
Looking out of the window,he had a fine view of the Slender West Lake.
（朝窗外望去，他看到了瘦西湖的美景。）
When we stood on the top of the mountain,the whole city came in to our view.
（我们站在山顶时，整个城市尽收眼底。）
vt. 看；看待;
Several possible buyers have come to view your car.
（几个想买车的人来看过你的车了。）
If you stand in his shoes to view the problem,you will come to a totally different conclusion.
（如果你站在他的立场上来考虑这个问题，你会得出完全不同的结论。）
问题
issue
[ˈɪʃuː]
n. 问题; （报刊）期号; 发行; 子嗣;
At today's meeting we have to spend some time discussing this issue.
（在今天的会上，我们得花点时间讨论这个问题。）
The minute he got the latest issue of the sports magazine,he read it with great interest.
（一拿到最新一期的体育杂志，他就津津有味地看了起来。）
v. 发表，发布; 供给; 出版; 将…诉诸法律;
Her first novel issued in May.
（她的第一部小说于五月份出版了。）
He issued instructions that the prisoners should be set free.
（他下令释放犯人。）
来自古法语issue,出口，出去，来自拉丁语exire,出去，词源同exit,ion.由向外走出引申问题，议题，期刊，发行等多种词义。
趋势
tend
[tend]
v. 往往会; 倾向于; 个人认为; 护理，照料; 招待;
She is tending a very sick patient.
(她在护理一位重病人。）
He tends to be optimistic no matter what happens.
（无任发生任何事情，他总倾向于乐观。）
When you ask her more than one question,she tends to get impatient.
（你问她两个以上的问题，她往往会不耐烦。）
In addition to his full-time job,he tends a bar.
（除了一份全日制的工作，他还照管一个酒吧。）
people tend to get fat as they grow older.
-tend-延伸 → tend趋势 词源同 attend,extend.引申词义倾向，趋向。
tendency
[ˈtendənsi]
n. 倾向; 趋势; 偏好; 极端势力;
prices continue to show an upward tendency.
(物价呈持续上升趋势。)
语言点
Americans often say that there are two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes
宾语从句
省略that
Everybody knows that the earth goes around the sun.
（众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。）
He knew that I wouldn't blame him.
(他知道我不会责怪他。)
Mother said that he had to be back before 6:00.
(妈妈说他必须在六点以前回来。)
I think that it is going to clear up soon.
(我想天气很快会放晴。)
I believe that he told me the truth.
(我相信他对我说了实话。)
a person can be sure of …是定语从句，修饰 two things, 引导定语从句的关系 代词 that 被省去了。
Have you found the book you want?
（你找到你要的书了吗？）
He found the watch he had lost.
(他找到了他丢失的那块表。)
There are many books I am interested in.
(这儿有很多我感兴趣的书。)
sure
[ʃʊə(r)]
adj. 肯定的，有把握的; 一定的，无疑的; 可靠的; 沉着自信的;
adv. （表示同意）当然; （加强语气）确实; （回答他人的感谢）不客气;
be sure of 的意思是“对……确信无疑”，
I am sure of his sincerity.
（我确信他的诚意。）
You are sure of a warm welcome.
（你肯定会受到热烈的欢迎。）
─ Is he going to call us at 9:00?
─ Yes, I am sure of it.
（他会在九点给我们打电话吗？）
（是的，我肯定。）
I don't know for sure whether he will come or not.
（我不很确切地知道他是否会来。）
Make sure that you turn off the light when you leave.
（确保在你离开时把灯关掉。）
Be sure not to forget what your parents said to you.
（千万别忘了父母对你说的话。）
Americans don't have a corner on the “death” market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes
have a corner on“垄断”
have a corner on the cotton market
（垄断棉花市场）
have a corner on the black vote
（垄断黑人选票)
have a corner in
have a corner in banking
(在银行业占据一席之地)
lead
[liːd , led]
v. 在…前面走; 引路; 连通; 通至; 领先; 领导; 导致; 使得; 引导; 过（某种生活）引出; 开牌;
n. 领先的地位; 超前量; 榜样; 线索; 主角; 狗绳; 导线; 铅; 铅笔芯; 子弹;
He leads his class in English.
（他在班上英语学的最好。）
He led the broad jump with a leap of 26 feet.
（他以 26 英尺的成绩在跳远中领先。）
Pollution still leads the list of major problems in that country.
（污染仍然是那个国家的头号严重问题。）
Taxes consist of money which people pay to support their government.
which 引导的定语从句修饰 the money
This is the book that I just borrowed from the library.
（这是我刚刚从图书馆借的书。）
He put the money that his mother gave him in a safe place.
（他把妈妈给他的钱放在一 个安全的地方。）
I don't remember where I put the CD that I bought yesterday.
（我记不得把昨天买的CD 放在哪儿了。）
consist of “由……构成”，它与 make up of , compose of 的区别在于：consist of 不可用被动语态，而 make up of 和 compose of 可以用被动语态。
The house consists of 6 rooms.
The medical team is made up of three doctors and a nurse.
The book is composed of 25 units.
Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government
who 引导的定语从句修饰 people。
The girl who helped me with my English is our monitor.
（帮助我学外语的那个女孩是我们班长。）
The man who knocked at the door just now is my next-door neighbor.
（刚才敲门的那个人是我的隔壁邻居。）
The boy who was shot to death by his classmate was only 8.
（被同学开枪打死的那个男孩才八岁。）
It depends on their salaries.
depend on “视……而定”“依靠”“信赖”
Success depends on your ability and efforts.
（成功与否得看你的能力和努力。）
Whether we can go outing depends on tomorrow's weather.
（我们能否去郊游取决于明天的天气。）
The old man depends on the government pension for a living.
（那位老人靠政府的养老金生活。）
He always depends on his sister to do his homework.
（他总是依赖姐姐给他做作业。）
He is not to be depended on.
（他不可信赖。）
With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.
with 是“由于，因为”。
With their support, we fulfilled our task ahead of time.
（由于他们的帮助，我们提前完成了任务。）
如果仅仅有月份，没有具体的日期，月份前用介词 in ，如果有具体的日期则用介词on
He was born in May.
He was born on May 23.
due 是“到期”
The books are due, I have to return them to the library.
(书到期了，我得去图书馆还书。）
The train is due to arrive at 8:00.
（火车定于八点钟到达。）
The baby is due in the middle of October.
（婴儿的预产期为十月中旬。）
Due attention should be paid to this work.
（应该给这项工作以适当的关注。）
Old people expect to be treated with the respect due to their age.
（老人们期望受到他们这个年龄的人应得的尊敬。）
His death was due to heart attack.
（他的死是由心脏病引起的。）
Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.
句中的 that 用来代替 the 加前述名词 tax，以免重复。
The weather of Nanjing is hotter than that of Qingdao.
南京的天 气比青岛的天气热 。
The price of gold is higher than that of silver.
黄金的价格比白银的价格要高。
Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.
第一个which 引导的是一个非限定性定语从句，修饰 sales tax。非限定性定语从句通常在句中起进一步说明作用，既可修饰先行词也可修饰整个句子。如果省去，原句意义不受影响。非限定性定语从句有逗号与主句隔开；关系代词不可用 that，而用 who, whom, whose来修饰人，用 which 来修饰物，并且不能省略。
The sun warms the earth, which makes it possible for plants and animals to live.
（太阳温暖了大地，这才使动植物有可能生长。）
He failed the exam, which made him very disappointed.
（他考试没及格，这使他非常失望。）
He has a son, who is doing his PH.D in the United States.
（他有一个儿子，在美国读博士学位。）
后一个 which 引导的是一个限定性定语从句，修饰 any item。但是传统语法中通常有这样的规定：当先行词是 all，everything，something，nothing 等不定代词，或被first，only，few，much，some，any，no 以及形容词最高级等词修饰时，应该用关系代词 that，不用 which。例如：I am interested in all that you told me.
The cities use these funds for education, police and fire department, public works and municipal buildings.
work
用作单数时，通常指工作
I have a lot of work to do this afternoon.
用作复数时，works 则指
著作
The Complete Works of Mao Zetong（《毛泽东全集》）
工程
public works（公共建筑工程，市政工程）
They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs.
spend too much (money) on sth “把太多的钱花在……”
He would spend some money on books every month..
（他每个月都花一些钱买书。）
spend some time (in) doing sth.“花时间做某事”
He spent a lot of time doing the experiment.
（他花了很多时间做实验。）
pay，cost 和 spend 的区别
Tom paid 20 dollars for that T-shirt.
The T-shirt cost Tom 20 dollars.
Tom spent 20 dollars on that T-shirt.
The dictionary I lent him cost me more than 30 yuan.
我借给他的那本新字典花了我三十多块钱。
Does it cost much to get this bike repaired?
把这辆自行车修一修要花很多钱吗？
In the past few years, the factory has spent a lot of money improving the working conditions.
在过去的几年中，这家工厂花了很多钱改善工作条件。
She doesn't like to spend money on fancy clothes.
她不喜欢把钱花在华而不实的服装上。
How much money did you pay for this self-phone?
买这部手机你花了多少钱？
She paid more than a hundred for that pair of shoes.
她花了一百多块钱买那双鞋。
美国五十个州
The New England States
1. Maine （缅因）
2. New Hampshire*（新罕布什尔）
3. Vermont（佛蒙特）
4. Massachusetts*（马萨诸塞）
5. Connecticut*（康涅狄格）
6. Rhode Island*（罗得岛）
The Middle Atlantic States(7)
7. New York*（纽约）
8. Pennsylvania*（宾夕法尼亚）
9. New Jersey*（新泽西）
10. Delaware*（特拉华）
11. Maryland* （马里兰）
12. Virginia*（弗吉尼亚）
13. West Virginia（西弗吉尼亚）
The Southern Atlantic States (11)
14. North Carolina* （北卡罗来纳）
15. South Carolina*（南卡罗来纳）
16. Georgia*（佐治亚）
17. Florida（佛罗里达）
18. Alabama（亚拉巴马）
19. Mississippi（密西西比）
20. Tennessee （田纳西）
21. Louisiana（路易斯安那）
22. Arkansas（阿肯色）
23. Texas（得克萨斯）
24. Oklahoma（俄克拉何马）
The Central States(13)
25. Wisconsin （威斯康星）
26. Illinois（伊利诺斯）
27. Kentucky（肯塔基）
28. Indiana（印第安那）
29. Ohio（俄亥俄）
30. Michigan（密执安）
31. Minnesota（明尼苏达）
32. Iowa（衣阿华）
33. Missouri（密苏里）
34. North Dakota（北达科他）
35. South Dakota（南达科他）
36. Nebraska（内布拉斯加）
37. Kansas（堪萨斯）
The Western States(13)
38. Washington（华盛顿）
39. Oregon（俄勒冈）
40. California（加利福尼亚）
41. Montana（蒙大拿）
42. Idaho（爱达荷）
43. Nevada（内华达）
44. Utah（犹他）
45. Arizona（亚历桑那）
46. Wyoming（怀俄明）
47. Colorado（科罗拉多）
48. New Mexico（新墨西哥
49. Alaska（阿拉斯加）
50. Hawaii（夏威夷）
（注：有*者曾为英国在北美的十三个殖民地，也是美国最早的十三个州。）