导图社区 第一课下Language语言思维导图
自考英语二的难度自考英语二题目分为阅读判断、阅读理解、概括段落大意和补全句子、填句补文、填词补文、完形补文。
编辑于2022-09-04 18:35:12Language 语言
课文
When we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our heads up and down when we want to say "yes" and we move our heads from side to side when we want to say "no."People who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk to each other with the help of their fingers. People who do not understand each other's language have to do the same.The following story shows how they sometimes do it.
如果我们想把我们所想的事情告诉给别人,我们不但可以用话语还可以用很多其他方法来表示。例如,当我们想说"是"的时候,有时我们就"点点头",当我们想说"不"的时候,我们就"摇摇头"。那些既听不见,也说不出话的人(即聋哑人),互相音交谈时就用"指语"。那些不懂对方语言的人,也不得不借助同样的类型的手势语。下面这段故事就表明了语言互不沟通的人们之间有时是怎么交流思想的。
An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling in Italy. One day he entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter come, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers in it, took them out again and moved his lips. In this way he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat." The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn't want tea, so he took it away and brought him some coffee. The Englishman, who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty, looked very sad. He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink. The waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but that wasn't food, of course. He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach.That was enough: in a few minutes there was a large plate of macaroni and meat on the table before him.
有一次,一位不会说意大利语的英国人在意大利境内旅游。有一天,他走进了一家饭馆后就在餐桌旁坐下了。一位男服务员走过来以后,这位英国人就张开了嘴,把两个手指放进了嘴里,然后又把手指拿出来,接着又动了动嘴唇。他用这种办法想表示说"给我拿些听的东西来"。这位服务员马上就给他端来了上杯茶水。这英国人摇了摇头,这们服务员明白了,他不要茶,于是就把茶端走了,并给他端来了咖啡。这位英国人看起来很不高兴,因为他到这个时候已经很饿了,可是他根本不渴。每当服务员给他端喝的东西他都摇头。服务员给他端来葡萄酒、又端来啤酒、又端来汽水,当然这些都不是食品。他刚打算要离开这家饭馆时,突然另一位旅客进来了。只见这个人一见了服务员,就把他们又手放到肚子上。这就行了:过了两三分钟就在他面前的餐桌上摆上了一大盘子意大利通心面条和肉。
As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of wordsis much more exact.
正如你所看到的这个场面一样,原始的手势语并不总是能表达清楚的,词句语言就能表达得清楚得多。
Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words. For example, we may say "Sh-sh-sh" when we mean "keep silent." When babies laugh, we know they are happy, and when they cry, we know they are ill or simply want something.
话语是由声音所组成的,但具有下定意义的声音并不都是话语。例如,我们说"嘘!"表示"别出声"。当婴儿笑了,我们知道他们高兴了,当婴儿哭了,我们就知道他们病了或只不过是要什么东西。
It is the same with animals. When a dog says "G-r-r" or a cat says "F-f-f" we know they are angry.But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together into sentences. But animals can not do this: a dog can say "G-r-r" when he means "I am angry," but he cannot say first "I" and then "am" and they "angry." A parrot can talk like a man; it can repeat whole sentences and knows what they mean. We may say that a parrot talks, but cannot say that it really speaks, because it cannot from new sentences out of the words it knows. Only man has the power to do this.
动物也一样。当狗发出"呜!"的声音或猫发出"呋!"的声音。我们就知道它们发怒了。但这些声音都不是语言。语言是组词成句的。动物都不能组词成句:一条狗要表示我发怒了,只能发出"呜"的声音,但狗就不会先说"我"再说"发怒"再说"了"。一只鹦鹉会像人一样学舌,也能重复一些完整的句子,也可以懂得这些句子的意思。我们只能说鹦鹉会学舌,但我们不能说鹦鹉会真正发表讲话。因为鹦鹉不会用所知道的单词形成一些新的句子。只有人才有造句的本领。
new words
例子
instance
[ˈɪnstəns]
n. 例子,实例; 情况; 要求,建议; [法]诉讼手续;
vt. 举…为例;
残疾
deaf
[def]
adj. 失聪的; 不愿听; 不去注意;
来自PIE*dheubh, 混乱,模糊,词源同dumb, dull.引申义聋的
dumb
[dʌm]
adj. 哑的,哑口无言的; 愚蠢的;
来自PIE*dheu, 烟尘,烟雾,词源同dust, deaf, dull. 引申词义笨拙的,哑的。
意大利
italy
['ɪtəlɪ]
n. 意大利(欧洲);
italian
[ɪˈtæliən]
n. 意大利人; 意大利语; 意大利国民;
adj. 意大利的; 意大利人的; 意大利语的; 意大利文化的;
餐馆
restaurant
[ˈrestrɒnt]
n. 饭店,餐馆;
1765年,有一个叫做Boulanger的法国人开了一家店,专门出售肉汤。这种肉汤在当时的法国叫做restaurant,是restaurer(to restore)的名词形式,字面意思就是“能restore(恢复)人体力(的东西)”词源同 restore,储存,存放。即存放食物的地方。
饥饿
hunger
[ˈhʌŋɡə(r)]
n. 饥饿感; 饥饿; 渴望;
v. 渴望;
来自古英语hungor,饥饿,饥荒,
hungry
[ˈhʌŋɡri]
adj. 饥饿的; 渴望的,渴望得到; (统称)饥民; 荒年的,不毛的;
来自hunger,饥饿,-y,形容词后缀。
饥渴
thirst
[θɜːst]
n. (口)渴; 干渴; 渴求;
v. 渴望; 渴求;
来自古英语 thurst,口渴,干渴,来自 Proto-Germanic*thurs,使干旱,干渴,来自 PIE*ters,干 的,词源同 torrid,terrain.
thirsty
[ˈθɜːsti]
adj. 口渴的; 渴望(求)…的; 干旱的,缺水的; 耗油的;
来自 thirst,口渴,干渴。
沮丧
sad
[sæd]
adj. 悲哀的; 糟糕的; 可悲的; 令人遗憾的;
PIE*sa,使满意,使满足,词源同 sate,satisfy.引申词义厌烦的,伤心的,悲伤的。
胃
stomach
[ˈstʌmək]
n. 腹部; 胃;
v. 欣赏; 吃得下;
来自古法语 estomac,胃,来自拉丁语 stomachus,喉咙,食道,胃,
通心粉
macaroni
[ˌmækəˈrəʊni]
n. 意大利粉,通心面;
来自意大利语maccarone,一种面团制成的食物,可能来自maccare,捣,压碎,词源同macaroon.后用于指这种面团制成的通心粉。
原始
primitive
[ˈprɪmətɪv]
adj. 原始的; 发展水平低的; 落后的; [生物学]原生的;
n. 原始人; 早期的艺术家(作品); 单纯的人:不世故的人; 自学的艺术家;
-prim-首要 + -itive形容词词尾
prim(prem,prin,pri) = first(第一)
来自拉丁语的prim,意为first。变形有prem,prin,pri等。
符号
sign
[saɪn]
n. 迹象; 招牌; 手势; 符号;
v. 签字; 和…签约; 打手势;
来自拉丁语 signum,符号,标志,图章,可能来自 PIE*sekw,砍,切,词源同 segment,score,shear. 引申诸相关比喻义。
sign = mark,sign
来自拉丁语的sign 意为 mark,sign。同义词根来自拉丁语的marc/mark,来自希腊语的sem,以及来自盎格鲁-撒克逊语的 beck/beac。
无声
silent
[ˈsaɪlənt]
adj. 沉默的; 未谈及的; 无声的;
来自拉丁语 silere,安静的,-ent,形容词后缀。
句子
sentence
[ˈsentəns]
n. 句子; 判断,宣判;
v. 判决; 宣判; 判刑;
-sent-感觉 + -ence名词词尾,由“感觉”扩展到“观点,判断”,进入英语后开始出现“宣判”和“完整语法单元”的意义。
sent,sens = to feel感觉
分别来源于拉丁语 sensum/sentire(sentire 的过去分词sensus) 意为to feel感觉,它们属于一对同源异形根 。同义词根有来自希腊语的path,pati,(a)esthes/(a)esthet 和来自拉丁语的pat/pass。
sentences
['sent(ə)nsiz]
n. [律]判决,宣判; 句子( sentence的名词复数 );
v. 宣判,判决( sentence的第三人称单数 );
动物
animal
[ˈænɪml]
n. 动物,兽类; 禽兽,野蛮的人; …类型的人;
adj. 动物的; 肉体的,肉欲的; 非理性的;
来自词根anim, 呼吸,风,灵魂,有生命。
anim = life,mind,breath
来处拉丁语的anim 意为life,mind,breath。同义词根有来自拉丁语的viv,vit,vig/veg和来自希腊语的bio等。
parrot
[ˈpærət]
n. 鹦鹉;
v. 机械地模仿; 鹦鹉学舌般地重复;
词源不详,可能来自法语方言Pierre,人名Peter的法语形式。比较parakeet,petrel.由于该鸟学人说话的习惯,也用于形容人鹦鹉学舌。
词组
not only…but also (不但……而且)
To some people language learning is not only time-consuming, but also difficult.
consume
[kənˈsjuːm]
v. 消耗; 吞噬; 充满(感情); 吃喝; 烧毁;
con-, 强调。-sum, 拿,带,消费,词源同assume, resume.
consuming
[kənˈsju:mɪŋ]
adj. 强烈的; 消费的;
v. 消耗(consume的现在分词);
You can find the place not only with the help of a map, but also by asking the way.
up and down (上上下下,前前后后)
His eyes moved up and down the rows of people, looking for the escaped prisoner.
He walked up and down the street, not knowing what decision he should make.
neither…nor (既不……也不)
Neither you nor I should be responsible for this accident.
This book is neither interesting nor instructive.
mean to do sth.(打算做某事,想要做某事)
I meant to say “sorry” to him, but he didn't want to listen.
He didn't mean to hurt you.
not at all(一点也不)
I am not at all tired.
He was not at all frightened by the strange noise.
consist of(由……组成)
Our class consists of 20 boys and 26 girls.
The medical team consists of 3 doctors and two nurses.