语言学导论Chapter 1 思维导图

linguistics和language的区别，linguistics是指语言的科学研究，language是纯粹的，非本能的沟通方法。导图中详细介绍了两者的区别，结构清晰，知识点全面，有需要的小伙伴可自行下载

Chapter 1

• Linguistics
  • Definition
    • the scientific study of language
  • Scope
    • Phonetics 语音学
      • the study of the phonic medium of language
    • Phonology 音系学
      • the study of language's speech sound's system
    • Morphology 形态学
      • interal organization of words;minimal units of meaning
    • Syntax 句法学
      • how words combined to form sentence
    • Semantics 语义学
      • the study of meaning
    • Pragmatics 语用学
      • the study of language in use
  • Distinctions
    • Prescriptive 规约性 vs. Descriptive 描述性
      • lay down rules
      • in actual use
    • Synchronic 共时性 vs. Diachronic 历史性
      • at some point of time
      • through time/over a period of time
    • Speech vs. Writing
    • Langue 语言 vs. Parole 言语
      • Saussure sociological
        • abstract linguistic system
        • realization of langue in actual use
    • Competence 语言能力 and Performance 语言应用
      • Chomsky psychological
        • the ideal user's knowledge of rules
        • the actual realization of this knowledge
    • Traditional grammar and Modern linguistics
      • prescriptive&written
      • descriptive&spoken
• Language
  • Definition
    • a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols
  • Design features
    • Arbitrariness 任意性
      • no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing
    • Productivitity/Creativity 创造性
      • speak endless number of sentences with limited words
      • one sentences expand into endless theoretically possible sentences in the way of recuring
    • Duality 双重性
      • Lower level——meaningless
      • Higher level——larger units of meaning
    • Displacement 移位性
      • enable users to symbolize objects，events and concepts which are not present
    • Cultural transmission 文化传递性
      • transmit culture which language contains
      • through teaching and learning
  • Functions
    • Informational 信息功能
    • Interpersonal 人际功能
    • Phatic 寒暄功能
    • Directive 指令功能
    • Recreational 娱乐功能
    • Textual 语篇功能
    • Ideational 概念功能