导图社区 商银5-manage interest rate risk(2)
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5-manage interest rate risk(2) ——duration model
definition
weighted-average time to maturity
market value
unit is year
duration gap久期敞口:interest rate risk management
feature
& maturity
duration increase with maturity,but at a decreasing rate
& yield
duration decrease as yield increase 利息越高,钱回收地更快
& coupon interest
duration decrease with coupon increase 息票越大,久期越短
general formula
DF是discount factor,1/(1+R)^t 分子上乘了一个t,代表要受到时间的影响——代表the total time-weighted present value of cash flow
for zero-coupon bond: Db = Mb 中间没有现金流的话,久期就为期限
for other bonds: D < M 前期收到的cash flow越多,D越短
economic interpretation
在价格和收益率的变化关系中, 充当负的斜率 negative of the slope
求变化率
% change:
dollar change:
with bank's equity value
mismatched: 一般来说,资产比负债的久期更长 (因为资产是loan,loan很多都是长期的)
yield和equity value是负相关关系
alter methods: on-balance sheet: issue new one/change capital structure OBS: future/option/swap
duration & interest rate risk
of asset & liability portfolio (on the whole balance sheet)
duration of asset portfolio:  duration of liability portfolio:  notice: X为权重,=该A/D的市值/总市值
the duration gap:
leverage-adjusted DG:
为何还要再调小liability的占比? 因为要突出风险gap,越大越能引起注意,后面才能更有效地调小 (k为杠杆)
change of net worth
ΔE = (leverage-adjusted duration gap)* (asset size)*(interest rate shock)
推导为: 将A和L的dollar change都用duration公式表现出来,然后再用E=A-L,算出初始公式  第二步,必须是在资产和负债的利率都相同的时候,才能够进行合并
immunizing: 1、当D(A) = D(L)*k时,bank is immunized 2、when mismatch: buy a zero coupon bond with same maturity buy a coupon paying bond with same duration
1、如果coupon rate=YTM的话, 说明这是一只平价债券(par bond) 2、bond是可以提前卖掉的, 比起full maturity有所损失罢了
limitation
costly 因为久期是随时变化的
immunization是个棘手的问题
large interest rate change & convexity导致的测量不准 (只有在interest rate变化小的时候才有效,因为price-yield是曲线关系)
convexity
关系:convexity increase with duration
特点:capital loss effect < capital gain effect
利率变动数值相同的相反单位,凸面上可以看到增加程度比损失程度要大的 而对于duration来说,it's a symmetric change 
好处:凸面越大,interest rate protection越大
 如图可以看到,如果是以duration进行测量的话,真实关系和测量关系之间是有误差的,真实的都比预计情况要好