语言学导论第一单元

语言学导论第一单元的思维导图，内容有The multifaced nature of language、Features of language、Functions of language、Linguistics:the scientific study of language、Types of language。

language and linguistics

• 1.1 The multifaced nature of language
  • Language: a system of ...communication P1-2
  • Language is composed of sound, structure and meaning
  • Defined as such, language is seen as unique to human beings.
• 1.2 Features of language
  • i Creativity(productivity)
    • Creativity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.
    • The grammatical rules and the words of a language are finite
  • ii Duality
    • language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meanings.
  • iii Arbitrariness
    • The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they represent in the languages of the world is, for the most part, an arbitrary one.
    • onomatopoetic拟声词
  • iv Displacement
    • Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past ,present or future
  • v Cultural transmission
    • Children pick up their mother tongue in the process of socialization.
    • Animal communication systems are genetically transmitted
  • vi Interchangeability
    • All members of a speech community can be senders and receives of messages
  • vii Reflexivity
    • metalanguage: The language used to talk about language
  • viii Adaptability
    • open system
• 1.3 Functions of language
  • Function is the term used to discuss the question, but the word is often used in different senses in the literature.
  • 夸克理解
  • The general roles language plays are termed metafunction. A metafunction is a more abstract one, which is capable of describing innumerable specific functions. According to M.A.K.Halliday(1970), language plays three metafuctions simultaneously.
    • i the ideational function
      • ... a symbolic code..
    • ii the interpersonal function
      • ...a medium...
    • iii the textual function
• 1.6 Linguistics: the scientific study of language
  • 6.1 Linguistics as a science
    • the object of study in linguistics is language
      • in mordern linguistics, spoken language(speech) is given priority to written language(written) for a number of reasons
    • the scientific study of language is guided by three principles
      • 1. exhaustiveness穷尽 2consistency一致 3economy简洁
  • 6.2 Branches of linguistics
    • 1 intra-disciplinary divisions
    • 2 inter-disciplinary divisions
  • 6.3 Schools of linguistics
    • There are two camps of linguistics: 1 formal linguistics 2 functional linguistics
  • 6.4 Features of modern linguistics
    • 1 Firstly, priority is given, as mentioned earlier, to spoken language
    • Secondly, focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic studyof language. Linguists are more interested in the study of contemporary language than in the study of the evolution of labguages.
    • 3 Thirdly, modern linguistics is descriptive and explanatory rather than prescriptive in nature.
    • Fourthly, modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented.
  • 6.5 The motive of linguistic praxis
    • the task of the linguist is to acuumulate explicit knowledge about language is general, while the task of the child is to gain implicit knowledge of his/her mother tongue.
  • 6.6 Methodological perspectives of linguistics
    • Saussure: langue(the language system) and parole(speech)
    • Saussure relations between signs:syntagmatic relations and associative(paradigmatic) relations
    • after logico-philosophical
    • sociological-rhetorical
• 1.4 Types of language
  • 4.1 Natural languages and artificial languages
    • a natural language is one that is the mother togue of an ethnic community
    • lingua franca
      • Natural languages that used to break the barrier of communication between nations
  • 4.2 Genetic classification of natural languages
    • remais--language families
  • 4.3 Typological classification of natural languages
    • comparison of the formal similarities or differences( structual types)
      • a analytic(isolating) languages
      • b synthetic (inflecting ) languages
      • c agglutinating languages
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