背100个句子记7000个雅思词汇

100句精选的雅思句子与高阶词汇，以句子中的实际应用关联词语记忆，并给出语法讲解，加强学习效果，一起背诵。

背100个句子记7000个雅思词汇

Sentence 01

Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.

理论在本质上是对人们构想的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“A theory is an abstract, symbolic representation”。what引导的一个名词性从句充当of的宾语。

Sentence 02

Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.

受当代灌溉设施之赐，在原来只有仙人掌和灌木蒿才能生存的地方，现在农作物也生长旺盛。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly”。句中where引导的定语从句修饰前面的areas。

Sentence 03

Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.

人类学家们已经发现，恐惧、快乐、悲伤和惊奇会反映在面部表情上，这在全人类是共通的。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“Anthropologists have discovered that ...”。句中that引导一个宾语从句，该宾语从句的主语是“fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise”。

Sentence 04

Of the millions who saw Haley’s Comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.

1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在21世纪的回归呢？

语法笔记：本句的主干是How many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century。这句看似一个普通的疑问句，但实际上含有感叹句的功能。

Sentence 05

The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.

一个地方的人口越多，其对水、交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。

语法笔记：这是一个“the more ..., the more”的句型，表示“越…，就越…”，是一个复合句。

Sentence 06

Perfectly matched pearls, strung into a necklace, bring a far higher price than the same pearls sold individually.

完美搭配的珍珠串成一条项链，能带来比单颗售卖高得多的价钱。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Perfectly matched pearls bring a far higher price。过去分词matched表被动，作前置定语修饰pearls；strung into a necklace是过去分词短语作后置定语；a far higher price than是比较结构，比较的对象是“perfectly matched pearls, strung into a necklace”和the same pearls sold individually。

Sentence 07

The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them.

机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷，以便校准机械计时器。

语法笔记：本句的主干是The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for sundials。句中的which指代sundials。

Sentence 08

Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them.

对地球重力场的研究表明，当被施加不寻常的重力时，地球的地壳和地幔会发生变形。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“Studies indicate that ...”。that引导宾语从句，该宾语从句的主干是its crust and mantle yield。其后的when引导一个状语从句，作宾语从句的时间状语。

Sentence 09

Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places.

鹌鹑通常长有短而圆的翅膀，这一特点使它们可以在受到干扰时瞬间展翅起飞，飞离它们的躲藏地。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Quails typically have short rounded wings。句中that引导一个定语从句，修饰wings。该定语从句中又包含一个when引导的时间状语从句。

Sentence 10

Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris.

真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，腐化过程将各种成分回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解动物残骸。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Fungi are important。which引导的定语从句用来修饰the process of decay。该定语从句中有三个并列的谓语：returns、enhances和decomposes。

Sentence 11

Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid.

大多数物质冻结时会收缩，所以它们的密度在固态时高于液态时。

语法笔记：句的主干是Most substance contract，句中when引导的从句作其时间状语。so that引导整个句子的结果状语从句。

Sentence 12

By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art.

到了20世纪中期，在美国的画家和雕塑家们开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大影响。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Painters and sculptors had begun to exert influence over art。句首的by the middle of the twentieth century是整句的时间状语。

Sentence 13

Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.

虽然骨头看起来坚硬，但它也显示出一定的弹性，使得骨骼能够承受较大的冲击。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Bones exhibit a degree of elasticity。句中的that引导定语从句，修饰前面的elasticity。句首的although apparently rigid作整句的让步状语。

Sentence 14

Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing.

最后，在应对呼吸道中的刺激物时，咳嗽反射引起的不是睡眠中的咳嗽，而是呼吸停止。

语法笔记：本句的主干是The reflex produces not a cough but a cessation。“not ... but ...”句型强调的是but后的部分；介词短语in reaction to irritants in the airway作定语，修饰前面的the coughing reflex，其中reaction to sb./sth.是固定搭配，意为“对某人或某事的反应、回应”。

Sentence 15

But when consumers do not know they are being lobbied, they may accept claims they would otherwise be suspicious of.

但当消费者不知自己正被游说时，他们可能接受原本会表示怀疑的说法。

语法笔记：本句的主干是They may accept claims。句中when引导时间状语从句，其中they are being lobbied是省略that的宾语从句，作动词know的宾语。句末的they would otherwise be suspicious of是省略that的定语从句，该定语从句修饰claims。

Sentence 16

Buyers and sellers should be aware of new developments in technology which can and does affect marketing activities.

购买者和销售者都应该意识到技术方面的新发展，这些技术能够且确实影响着营销活动。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Buyers and sellers should be aware of new developments in technology。句中which引导的定语从句修饰technology。

Sentence 17

With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.

随着现代办公室变得越来越呆板，设计师们正尝试利用更加温暖而不过于简朴的内部装饰来使办公室个性化。

语法笔记：本句主干是Designers are attempting to personalize them。句首是with引导的伴随状态。

Sentence 18

The worker and soldier castes of termites consist of both males and females, and the queen lives permanently with a male consort.

白蚁中的工蚁和兵蚁的阶层由雄性和雌性共同组成，而女王永久地和一个雄性配偶生活在一起。

语法笔记：本句由and连接两个并列句构成。第一个分句的主干是the castes consist of both males and females；第二个分句的主干是the queen lives with a consort。

Sentence 19

Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.

父母的教导是坚定、始终如一和理性的，孩子就倾向于具有高度的自信。

语法笔记：本句主干是Children are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence。whose引导的定语从句修饰parents。

Sentence 20

Lucretia Mott’s influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States.

路克瑞莎·马特的影响是如此巨大，以至于一些权威部门认定她为美国女权运动的发起人。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“Lucretia Mott’s influence was so significant that ...”。“so ... that ...”表示“如此…以至于…”，that引导的是一个结果状语从句。

Sentence 21

No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’ enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.

没有任何一项社会运动比给美国的移民增加教育设施更能激发伊丽莎白·威廉姆斯的热情。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’ enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities”。

Sentence 22

Since wind-pollinated flowers have no need to attract insects or other animals, they have dispensed with bright petals, nectar, and scent.

由于靠风传播授粉的花不需要吸引昆虫或其他动物，所以它们不再需要色彩鲜艳的花瓣、花蜜和气味。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“They have dispensed with petals, nectar, and scent”，其中dispense with是固定搭配，意为“不再需要”。句首的since引导一个原因状语从句。

Sentence 23

In the absence of a tradition of classical stone-carving and building, the desire to develop Roman amenities would have been difficult to fulfill.

由于缺乏古典的石材雕刻和建筑的传统，开发罗马风格的便利设施的心愿原本是很难实现的。

语法笔记：本句的主干是The desire to develop Roman amenities would have been difficult to fulfill。句首的“in the absence ... building”是介宾短语作状语。would have been是虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反。

Sentence 24

Out in remote areas of the countryside, in rural locations, music was more traditional; the same songs were enjoyed by previous generations.

在遥远偏僻的乡村，在农村地区，音乐更传统；同样的歌曲，几代人都在听。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“Music was more traditional; the same songs were enjoyed”。句首“out in remote ... rural locations”是地点状语。

Sentence 25

In the second half of the millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements.

在一千年的后半段，在乌鲁克城南部，被永久定居点占用的地域在大幅度增长。

语法笔记：句的主干是There was an escalation。过去分词短语occupied by permanent settlements作后置定语修饰the area。句首两个in开头的短语分别作句子的时间状语和地点状语。

Sentence 26

By fossils, we mean traces of prehistoric animals such as bones, which become mineralized, or impressions of bones or organs that are left in stone.

提到化石，我们指的是史前生物的遗迹，比如已经矿化的骨头，或者是骨头或器官在石头上留下的印记。

语法笔记：本句主干是“By fossils, we mean traces of prehistoric animals”。句中such as后是由or连接的两个并列成分，即bones和impressions of bones or organs，这两个并列成分后面分别带有一个定语从句。其中bones后是which引导的非限制性定语从句，impressions of bones or organs后是that引导的定语从句。

Sentence 27

The application of electronic controls made possible by the microprocessor and computer storage have multiplied the uses of the modern typewriter.

借助微处理器和电脑存储，电子控制装置的运用成为可能，该运用成倍地增加了现代打字机的功能。

语法笔记：本句的主干是The application of electronic controls have multiplied the uses of the modern typewriter。过去分词短语made possible by the microprocessor and computer storage作后置定语修饰electronic controls。

Sentence 28

Even though the precise qualities of hero in literary words may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant.

即便文学语言中描述的英雄所具备的确切品质会随时代变化，但英雄基本的典范作用似乎是保持不变的。

语法笔记：本句的主干是The function of the hero seems to remain constant。句中even though引导让步状语从句。

Sentence 29

When Henry Ford first sought financial backing for making cars, the very notion of farmers and clerks owning automobiles was considered ridiculous.

当亨利·福特最初为制造汽车寻求资金支持时，人们觉得“农民和一般职员都能拥有汽车”这种想法太可笑了。

语法笔记：本句的主干是The notion was considered ridiculous。句中when引导时间状语从句；现在分词短语owning automobiles作后置定语修饰farmers and clerks。

Sentence 30

Many people who wanted to become archaeologists ended up pursuing other careers and contributing to archaeological research only as unpaid amateurs.

很多想要成为考古学家的人最后都从事了其它的职业，只作为无偿的业余爱好者对考古研究做出贡献。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Many people ended up pursuing other careers and contributing to archaeological research。句中who引导定语从句who wanted to become archaeologists修饰people；and连接两个并列的非谓语动词形式pursuing和contributing。

Sentence 31

Even before the discovery of germs, beliefs that disease spread by “miasmas” （noxious forms of bad air） prompted attention to sewers and open garbage.

甚至在发现细菌以前，疾病通过“瘴气”（有毒的恶性气体）传播的观点就已激起人们对排水沟和露天垃圾的关注。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Beliefs prompted attention。句首的介词短语even before the discovery of germs作时间状语，beliefs后的that引导同位语从句解释说明beliefs。

Sentence 32

Since the consumer considers the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that satisfy the discerning eye.

因为顾客认为最好的水果应该是看起来最吸引人的，所以种植者必须提供能满足顾客挑剔眼光的产品。

语法笔记：本句主干是The grower must provide products。句首是since引导的原因状语从句，这个从句的主干是The consumer considers the best fruit to be that，其中that是代词，指代fruit，后面的which is the most attractive是定语从句，修饰前面的代词that，表明水果应该是什么样的。句子主干中的that satisfy the discerning eye是定语从句，修饰products。

Sentence 33

With no oceans to dissolve it, outgassed carbon dioxide began to accumulate in the atmosphere, intensifying the greenhouse effect even more.

没有海洋溶解二氧化碳，排出的二氧化碳开始在大气中聚集，进一步加剧了温室效应。

语法笔记：本句主干是Carbon dioxide began to accumulate in the atmosphere。句首是with引导的独立主格结构。句尾的intensifying the greenhouse effect even more是现在分词短语作结果状语。

Sentence 34

Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.

建筑物为人类生活贡献良多，它们提供遮蔽处，丰富活动空间，完善人们的居所，使人们适应气候，同时在经济上使人觉得可承受。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“Buildings contribute to life when they ...”，在when引导的状语从句中，含有provide、enrich、complement、suit、are这五个谓语动词。

Sentence 35

Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life

对风暴动力学的研究旨在提高对这类风暴事件预测的能力，从而减少损失，避免人员伤亡。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Research is directed toward improving the ability。ability之后的不定式“to predict ... and thus to minimize ... and avoid ...”作ability的后置定语。

Sentence 36

Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals

它们呈流线型的身体，后腿的消失，尾片和气孔的出现，这些特征都不能掩饰它们和陆生哺乳动物的相似之处。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“Their bodies, the absence of ..., and the presence of ... cannot disguise their affinities with ...”。句子的主语较长，由三个名词短语构成。

Sentence 37

Scientists do not know why dinosaurs became extinct, but some theories postulate that changes in geography, climate, and sea levels were responsible.

科学家们不知道恐龙为何灭绝了，但是一些理论推断这是地理、气候和海平面的变化造成的。

语法笔记：本句中but连接了两个并列的分句。第一个分句含有一个why引导的宾语从句，第一个分句的主干是“scientists do not know why ...”；第二个分句含有一个that引导的宾语从句，第二个分句的主干是“theories postulate that ...”。

Sentence 38

The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed.

消除通货膨胀，可确保用来偿还贷款的钱与借贷的钱价值相等。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“The elimination of inflation would ensure that ...”，其中that引导一个宾语从句。

Sentence 39

Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.

未来主义是20世纪早期的一股艺术思潮，它抛弃一切传统，试图通过强调机械和运动来美化当代生活。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Futurism rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life。句中的an early twentieth-century movement in art是插入语，补充说明futurism。

Sentence 40

Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.

酸是一种化合物，在溶于水时，它具有强烈的气味，对金属有腐蚀作用，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Acids are chemical compounds。其后的that引导一个定语从句修饰compounds。

Sentence 41

In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.

但其他情况下，比如在印度河流域，城市就没有像同时期其他地方那样标志性的皇家区域和豪华招摇的宫殿。

语法笔记：本句的主干是The cities lacked a precinct and the palaces。句中that引导的定语从句修饰the ostentatious palaces。

Sentence 42

Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean’s continental shelves—those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents.

近海钻探平台将寻找石油的区域延伸到了海洋大陆架上——陆地附近浅海下缓缓的斜坡。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Platforms extend the search to the continental shelves。破折号后面的名词短语“those gently sloping ... continents”对the ocean’s continental shelves起解释说明的作用。

Sentence 43

Even those artists who were most dependent on photography became reluctant to admit that they made use of it, in case this compromised their professional standing.

即使是那些对摄影术最为依赖的艺术家们也变得不愿意承认他们使用过摄影术，以防这会影响到他们的专业地位。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“Those artists became reluctant to ...”，其中who引导一个定语从句修饰artists。admit后的that引导一个宾语从句。in case引导的目的状语从句作整个句子的状语。

Sentence 44

According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows.

根据人类学家的说法，直立行走的最早的人类祖先的面部轮廓与黑猩猩相似，前额倾斜，眉毛突出。

语法笔记：本句的主干是The ancestors resembled chimpanzees。定语从句that stood upright修饰humans；介词短语with sloping foreheads and protruding brows中，现在分词sloping和protruding作前置定语分别修饰foreheads和brows，整个介词短语在从句中作伴随状语。

Sentence 45

Anarchism is a term describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary.

无政府主义这个词描述的是一组学说和态度，它们的主要共同特点在于相信政府是有害且没有必要的。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Anarchism is a term。现在分词短语“describing a cluster ... unnecessary”作后置定语修饰a term，其中whose引导一个定语从句修饰a cluster of doctrines and attitudes。该定语从句中又包含一个that引导的同位语从句解释说明the belief。

Sentence 46

A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton.

与蒸汽机相连的旋转式发动机带动轴承转动，从而驱动机器，结果是运用蒸汽动力纺织棉布的工厂随之出现。

语法笔记：本句的主干是A rotary engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven。句中attached to the steam engine是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰a rotary engine。句子的后半部分resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton是现在分词短语在句尾作结果状语，其中还包含一个现在分词短语using steam power to spin and weave cotton作后置定语修饰mills。

Sentence 47

Self-awareness, even in its earliest stages, might entail an awareness of others, the ability to see their perspective and to look at the world from another’s point of view.

自我意识，即使是在最初的阶段，也可能涉及对其他人的感知，即理解他人观点和能从他人的角度看世界的能力。

语法笔记：本句主干是self-awareness might entail an awareness of others。名词短语“the ability to see ... point of view”作同位语，解释说明前面的awareness of others；其中and连接并列的不定式to see their perspective和to look at the world from another’s point of view。

Sentence 48

Various committees acted as an executive branch, implementing policies of the assembly and supervising, for instance, the food and water supplies and public buildings.

各委员会作为一个行政部门贯彻执行议会政策，并对诸如食品、水供应以及公共建筑进行监督管理。

语法笔记：本句主干是Various committees acted as an executive branch。后面的implementing policies of the assembly and supervising the food and water supplies and public buildings是由and连接的两个并列的现在分词短语，在句中作伴随状语，表示和谓语acted as an executive branch同时发生。

Sentence 49

A mountain range may emerge and gradually split a population of organisms that can inhabit only lowland lakes; certain fish populations might become isolated in this way.

一条山脉可能会出现，并逐渐隔绝一个仅在低地湖泊栖息的生物种群，某些鱼群可能会通过这种方式被隔离。

语法笔记：本句是由分号连接的两个并列分句。第一个分句的主干是A mountain range may emerge and split a population，定语从句that can inhabit only lowland lakes修饰organisms；第二个分句的主干是Populations might become isolated。

Sentence 50

Think of it this way, humans originally needed to have a stronger sensitivity to bitter-tasting foods so they could learn what plants were good for them and which ones might be poisonous.

这样想想看，人类最初需要对苦味的食物更加敏感，这样他们才能知道哪些植物是对他们有益的，哪些植物可能是有毒的。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Humans needed to have a sensitivity。sensitivity与后面的介词to是固定搭配；so作连词引导目的状语从句。what plants were good for them和which ones might be poisonous通过and并列，一起作动词learn的宾语。

Sentence 51

Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie.

由于东方的犁无法穿透大草原那浓密缠结的草的根部，早期移民沿着森林和草原的分界建立了农场。

语法笔记：本句的主干是The settlers erected farms。句首的because引导原因状语从句。现在分词短语separating the forest from the prairie作后置定语修饰the boundary。

Sentence 52

If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun’s rate of movement across the sky.

如果人造太阳保持静止，这些鸟会以每小时15度的速度改变它们相对于太阳的方向，而这一速度正好是太阳横跨天空的运行速度。

语法笔记：本句的主干是The birds would shift direction。句子开头是if引导的条件状语从句，句子结尾处的名词短语the Sun’s rate of movement across the sky是同位语，解释说明前面的15 degrees per hour。

Sentence 53

The Industrial Revolution had several roots, one of which was a commercial revolution that, beginning as far back as the sixteenth century, accompanied Europe’s expansion overseas.

工业革命有几个根源，其中之一就是商业革命，商业革命开始的时间可追溯到16世纪，伴随着欧洲在海外的扩张。

语法笔记：本句的主干是The Industrial Revolution had roots。which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰roots，其中又嵌入了一个that引导的定语从句修饰commercial revolution。现在分词短语beginning as far back as the sixteenth century在that引导的定语从句中作伴随状语。

Sentence 54

The jaw joints of many advanced herbivores, such as cows, lie at a different level than the tooth row, allowing transverse tearing, shredding, and compression of plant material.

许多高级食草动物——比如牛——的颌关节和牙排位于不同的水平面上，这样可以横向撕裂、切碎、压缩植物材料。

语法笔记：本句主干是The jaw joints lie at a different level than the tooth row。“allowing ... plant material”是非谓语结构作伴随状语，其中tearing、shredding和compression作allowing的并列宾语。

Sentence 55

So musical instruments evolved in ways that optimize their acoustical properties—how the instrument vibrates and sends those vibration through the air to our eardrums.

因此乐器的演变方式就是优化它们的声学特性，即乐器如何振动，以及如何将所产生的振动通过空气传到我们的耳膜。

语法笔记：本句主干是“Musical instruments evolved in ways that ...”。句中that引导的定语从句修饰ways，how引导的同位语从句解释说明acoustical properties。

Sentence 56

German printers had the disadvantage of working with the complex typeface that the Italians sneeringly referred to as “Gothic” and that later became known as black letter.

德国打印机的缺点是使用一种复杂的字体，意大利人嘲讽地称之为“哥特式”字体，后来这种字体被称为黑体字。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“Printers had the disadvantage of ...”。其后有两个that引导的定语从句“that the Italians sneeringly referred to as ...”和“that later became known as ...”，两者都用来修饰the complex typeface。

Sentence 57

Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff.

美国第一位女医生伊丽莎白·布莱克威尔创建了纽约诊所，该机构的医务人员一直以来全部都是女性。

语法笔记：本句主干是Elizabeth Blackwell founded the New York Infirmary。其中the first woman medical doctor in the United States是Elizabeth Blackwell的同位语；“an institution that ... medical staff”是the New York Infirmary的同位语，这个同位语结构中还有一个that引导的定语从句修饰an institution。

Sentence 58

We’ve gone over where coral reefs are usually formed—along the edges of shallow ocean banks in tropical or subtropical regions, and the fact that they are declining at an alarming rate.

我们已经讲过珊瑚礁通常在哪里形成——沿着热带或亚热带地区浅海沿岸的边缘地带——以及珊瑚礁正在以让人担忧的速度消失这一事实。

语法笔记：本句主干是“We’ve gone over where ... and the fact that ...”。句中的where coral reefs are usually formed和“the fact that ...”是并列成分，一起作主句的宾语，其中where引导宾语从句，that引导the fact的同位语从句。破折号后面的along the edges of shallow ocean banks in tropical or subtropical regions是解释说明前面提到的where coral reefs are usually formed。

Sentence 59

Raised beaches often consist of areas of sand, pebbles, or dunes, sometimes containing seashells or piles of debris comprising shells and bones of marine animals used by humans.

上升海滩通常由沙洲、鹅卵石或沙丘组成，有时包含贝壳或者由人类用过的海洋动物的壳和骨头构成的一堆堆残渣。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“Raised beaches often consist of areas of sand, pebbles, or dunes”。containing是现在分词，引导伴随状语，表示与谓语动词consist of同时进行。现在分词短语“comprising shells ... by humans”作后置定语，修饰piles of debris。

Sentence 60

But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world.

由于在越来越多的地方，越来越多的岩层积累形式被编入分类，以下信息变得清晰了：岩层顺序有时因地区的不同而不同，全世界没有一种特定的岩层能被认作是可靠的时间标志。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“It became clear that ... and that ...”。其中两个that分别引导一个主语从句，作本句真正的主语：that the sequences differed from region to region and that no rock type was going to become a time marker throughout the world。句首的as引导一个原因状语从句。

Sentence 61

This was an important innovation, because the camel’s abilities to thrive in harsh desert conditions and to carry large loads cheaply made it an effective and efficient means of transportation.

这是一项重要革新，因为骆驼能在恶劣的沙漠环境繁衍生息，并以低廉的成本运输大量的货物，这使它成为一种有效且高效的运输方式。

语法笔记：本句的主干是This was an innovation。其后是由because引导的原因状语从句，从句的主干是The camel’s abilities made it a means of transportation。ability to do sth.是固定搭配，表示做某事的能力。

Sentence 62

These people exploited the landscape intensively, foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal grasses and nuts, while hunting gazelle and other game on grassy lowlands and in river valleys.

这些人对该地区进行了高强度的开发，他们在山坡上搜寻野生的谷物和坚果，在长满青草的低地和河谷中捕捉瞪羚及其他猎物。

语法笔记：本句的主干是People exploited the landscape。while连接两个并列的现在分词短语“foraging ... nuts”和“hunting ... valleys”，这两个现在分词短语作状语，表示伴随状态。

Sentence 63

The recognition that many aspects of the modern flora and fauna were present on both sides of the Bering Sea as remnants of the ice-age landscape led to this region being named Beringia.

人们认识到，作为冰河时代地貌的遗迹，现代植物群和动物群的许多特征过去在白令海两岸也存在。这一认识使得该地区被命名为白令吉亚。

语法笔记：本句的主干是The recognition led to this region being named Beringia。同位语从句“that many aspects ... landscape”用于解释说明the recognition，从句中的as作介词，后接一个名词短语。

Sentence 64

Thus, the recalling of an event （a hunt, battle, or other feat） is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.

因此，在回忆一个事件时（一次打猎、战役或是其它功勋伟业），讲述人是通过自己的手势和模仿将其详尽呈现出来，这种呈现方式最终演变成为由不同的人来演绎不同的角色。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“Thus, the recalling is elaborated through ... and through ...”。each role being assumed by a different person是动名词的复合结构。

Sentence 65

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

沙漠化问题异常严重，这是因为有很广阔的地区和数量庞大的人群都受到了沙漠化的影响，而且要想逆转沙漠化的进程，哪怕只是减缓沙漠化的速度，都面临着巨大的困难。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“The seriousness results from ... and ..., as well as from ... or ...”。results from后面并列了四个名词短语，分别是the vast areas of land、the tremendous numbers of people affected、the great difficulty of reversing以及slowing the process，其中slowing the process前面省略了the great difficulty of。

Sentence 66

Before starting on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, study the sailing directions, and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter.

谨慎的航海员在出航前，会学习海图，研究航向，并熟记灯塔的位置，以便对各种他们可能遇到的情况做到有备无患。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“Navigators learn the charts, study the directions, and memorize locations”。句首的before后面接的是动名词形式。句末的“to prepare ... encounter”是目的状语，其中包含的定语从句they might encounter修饰conditions，该定语从句的关系代词that在从句中省略。

Sentence 67

The question of why infantile amnesia occurs has intrigued psychologists for decades, especially in light of ample evidence that infants and young children can display impressive memory capabilities.

数十年来,为什么会发生婴儿期遗忘这个问题一直让心理学家们感兴趣，尤其是鉴于大量的证据表明婴幼儿能够表现出令人惊讶的记忆能力。

语法笔记

本句的主干是The question has intrigued psychologists。句中的that引导同位语从句“that infants ... capabilities”，用于解释说明evidence。

Sentence 68

Researchers can drill core samples, uh, basically get a cross-section of a tree without having to kill it, look at the rings and get a picture of what the climate was like in the basin for each of the tree’s years.

研究人员可以钻取芯部样本，基本上获取一棵树的横截面而不导致树的死亡，然后观察年轮，了解这棵树所在盆地每年的气候状况。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“Researchers can drill samples, get a cross-section, look at the rings and get a picture”。主句的四个谓语动词分别为drill、get、look at和get，通过逗号和and并列连接。

Sentence 69

Great Britain’s better-developed banking and credit system also helped speed the industrial progress, as did the fact that it was the home of an impressive array of entrepreneurs and inventors.

英国较成熟的银行和信贷体系也有助于加快工业进步，就像英国有一大批令人赞叹的企业家和发明家这一事实有助于工业进步一样。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Banking and credit system also helped speed the progress。句中as引导一个状语从句，表示“像…一样”，该从句倒装；其中又包含一个由that引导的同位语从句，用于解释说明the fact。

Sentence 70

Confronted with a multitude of unreliable figures, economists have compared the population records with the aggregate data for cultivated land area and grain production in the six centuries since 1368.

面对大量不可靠的数字，经济学家将人口记录与1368年以来六个世纪的耕地面积和粮食产量的汇总数据进行了比较。

语法笔记：本句的主干是economists have compared the records with the data。句首是过去分词形式的非谓语结构，表示被动，逻辑主语是economists。

Sentence 71

Apparently, species-rich plots were likely to contain some drought-resistant plant species that grew better in drought years, compensating for the poor growth of less-tolerant species.

显然，物种丰富的地块很可能包含一些抗旱植物品种，这些抗旱品种在干旱的年份生长得更好，弥补了那些不耐旱品种生长不佳的状况。

语法笔记：本句主干是Species-rich plots were likely to contain some drought-resistant plant species。that引导的定语从句修饰some drought-resistant plant species。句中“compensating for ...”是非谓语结构，在定语从句中作伴随状语。

Sentence 72

Even more shocking is the fact that the number and rate of imprisonment have more than doubled over the past twenty years, and recidivism—that is the rate for re-arrest—is more than 60 percent.

更让人吃惊的事实是，监禁的数目和比率在过去20年里翻了一番还有余，而累犯率，即再次逮捕的比率，高于60%。

语法笔记：本句主干是Even more shocking is the fact。这个句子的表语even more shocking置于句首，在be动词之前，整句话是倒装句。在“the fact that ... more than 60 percent”中，第一个that引导同位语从句，解释说明the fact，同位语从句由and连接两个简单句，分别是“the number and rate ... over the past twenty years”和“recidivism ... more than 60 percent”。

Sentence 73

These plants propagate by producing spores—tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant—but the spores are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient.

这些植物通过产生孢子来繁殖——孢子是一些微小的已受精细胞，它们携带了生成一株新植物的所有指令信息——但是孢子没有任何外部表皮的保护，也没有营养供应。

语法笔记：这是一个含有but的并列复合句。第一个分句的主干是“These plants propagate by ...”；第二个分句的主干是“The spores are unprotected by ... and carry no supply ...”。定语从句that contain all the instructions for making a new plant修饰tiny fertilized cells。同位语tiny fertilized cells指的是前面的spores。

Sentence 74

Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.

同时，由于自然选择更倾向于那些能够感染寄主但不致其死亡的品系，这种病毒中最致命的品系也随寄主灭亡了。因此，自然选择使得寄主和寄生物的关系趋于稳定。

语法笔记：第一个句子的主干是The strains perished。as引导原因状语从句“as natural selection favored ... not kill them”，其中又包含一个由that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的名词strains。第二个句子的主干是Natural selection stabilized relationship。

Sentence 75

The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake.

停留时间指的是特定水分子在湖中停留的平均时长。这是通过将湖水量除以水流出湖泊的速度计算出来的。

语法笔记：这是一个由and连接的并列复合句。第一个分句的主干是The residence time is the average length of time，其后由that引导一个定语从句。第二个分句的主干是“It is calculated by ...”，其中定语从句at which water leaves the lake修饰前面的名词the rate。

Sentence 76

An eye is a collection of cells that are specialized for light detection through the presence of photosensitive pigment as well as a means of restricting the direction of incoming light that will strike the photosensitive cells.

眼睛由专门探测光源的细胞聚合而成，这些细胞通过使用光敏色素来探测光源，同时眼睛也用于限制射到感光细胞的入射光的方向。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“An eye is a collection of cells ... as well as a means ...”，as well as连接并列成分a collection of cells和a means。第一个that引导的定语从句“that are specialized ... pigment”修饰cells；第二个that引导的定语从句that will strike the photosensitive cells修饰incoming light。

Sentence 77

Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society’s cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

社会学家将初级群体看作个体与更大的社会群体之间的桥梁，因为它们能传达、调解和解读一个社会的文化模式，并提供对社会团结至关重要的和谐感。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Sociologists view primary groups as bridges。because引导一个原因状语从句，该从句的主语是they，从句通过and连接了两个并列的谓语，分别是“transmit, mediate, and interpret a society’s cultural patterns”和“provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity”。

Sentence 78

Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.

荷兰人自己生产粮食既昂贵又费时，进口粮食使得粮食的价格保持在低水平，因而刺激了个人对其他食物和生活消费品的需求。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Importing the grain kept the price low and thus stimulated demand。which引导一个非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的名词the grain。定语从句中would have been expensive and time consuming用的是虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反。

Sentence 79

While the men who make faithful copies of sand paintings from the past represent the principle of stability in Navajo thought, women embody dynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make.

如实复制了过去的沙画的男人们代表着纳瓦霍人思想中的稳定性原则，而女性则代表着活力，每次编织她们都创造了新的设计。

语法笔记：本句while作并列连词，连接了两个完整的句子，表示两者间的对比。第一个分句的主干是The men represent the principle of stability；who引导定语从句修饰the men。第二个分句的主干是Women embody dynamism and create designs；省略了关系代词that的定语从句they make修饰weaving。

Sentence 80

In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, pietas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.

反过来，对土地以及乡村生活所带来的稳定性的深深依恋孕育了罗马人的品格：gravitas，一种责任感；pietas，对家庭和国家的奉献；以及iustitia，一种自然的秩序感。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“A deep attachment fostered the virtues: gravitas, pietas, and iustitia”。attachment to是固定搭配，意为“对…的依恋”，本句中attachment to后用and并列连接the land和the stability。定语从句which rural life engenders修饰前面的stability。冒号后面有三个并列的名词：gravitas，pietas和iustitia，每个名词后面都用一个名词短语作为同位语来解释说明该名词的含义。

Sentence 81

In contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature.

与哺乳动物和鸟类相反，两栖类动物不能通过它们的代谢活动产生热能，这使得它们可以脱离周围的环境温度来调节体温。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy。定语从句“which would allow ... ambient temperature”修饰前面的句子，定语从句中的independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature是形容词短语，说明谓语动词regulate发生的方式。

Sentence 82

This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards.

这是因为最初颗粒间的缝隙通常并未完全被黏固的化学物质塞满，而且部分颗粒很可能在固化时或固化后被渗入的地下水溶解。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“This is because ...”。because引导的表语从句才是本句的主要内容，其主干是“ the gaps are not plugged with chemicals; also, parts of ... may become dissolved by groundwater, either ... or ...”。

Sentence 83

The growth of mutual trust among merchants facilitated the growth of sales on credit and led to new developments in finance, such as the bill of exchange, a device that made the long, slow, and very dangerous shipment of coins unnecessary.

商家之间相互信任的增长促进了信贷销售的增长，促使了金融的新发展，比如汇票，汇票这种手段使又长、又慢、又非常危险的硬币运输变得不必要了。

语法笔记：本句主干是The growth of mutual trust facilitated the growth of sales on credit and led to new developments in finance。名词短语“a device that ... shipment of coins unnecessary”作the bill of exchange的同位语，起解释说明作用，其中a device后是that引导的定语从句。

Sentence 84

Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible.

据广泛报道，虽然可能不足为信，诸如威尼斯著名旅行家马可·波罗在内的名人曾描述过，中国人愿意和欧洲人通商，并且欧洲通过这样的贸易关系可以获得巨额财富，这些描述使得这一想法（编注：即在欧洲与东方之间建立直接的贸易往来）变得让人难以抗拒。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Accounts made the idea irresistible。句首的过去分词短语widely reported作伴随状语，和主句主语accounts在逻辑上构成被动关系。if somewhat distrusted是插入语，其主语即主句主语accounts。短语accounts by sb. of sth.是一种固定搭配，意为“某人做出的关于某事的描述”。句中and连接了两个并列的内容：“of the willingness of ... Europeans”和“of the immensity of ... contact”。

Sentence 85

In the wake of the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy.

在公元1世纪罗马帝国征服英国之后，大量军队驻守在这片新省区，这些军队的军营、城防以及他们对当地经济的参与都对英国产生了重要的影响。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“troops stayed in the province, and troops had a（n） impact on Britain”。句中的in the wake of sb./sth.是固定搭配，意为“随…之后而来；跟随在…之后”；介词短语“with their camps ... economy”作状语。

Sentence 86

While many programs designed for preschoolers focus primarily on social and emotional factors, some are geared mainly toward promoting cognitive gains and preparing preschoolers for the formal instruction they will experience when they start kindergarten.

许多为学龄前儿童设计的项目主要集中在社会因素和情感因素上，而有些主要是为提升学龄前儿童的认知收获，为他们上幼儿园后要经历的正规教学做准备。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Some are geared toward promoting gains and preparing preschoolers。while引导状语从句，其主干是programs focus on factors，过去分词短语designed for preschoolers修饰名词programs。定语从句“they will experience ... kindergarten”修饰the formal instruction，引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作宾语，因此被省略；定语从句中又含有一个when引导的时间状语从句when they start kindergarten。

Sentence 87

Hero compiled descriptions and sketches of 70 some clever little, mechanical devices, most of which utilized compressed air to cause water, or in some cases, wine to flow from one place to another, or sometimes to squirt or to make some kind of noise.

希罗编纂了约70种灵巧的小型机械设备的说明和草图，其中大部分设备利用压缩的空气来使水——或者在某些情况下使酒——从一处流向另一处，或者有时候喷射出来或制造一些响声。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Hero compiled descriptions and sketches。which引导的非限定性定语从句修饰前面的名词短语“70 some clever little, mechanical devices”。定语从句的主干是most of which utilized compressed air，其中过去分词compressed表被动，作前置定语修饰air；cause sth. to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“使某物做某事”，句中的water和wine通过or并列，to flow、to squirt和to make也是通过or并列。

Sentence 88

Introducing genetically modified trees, designed for fast growth and high yield in given geographic conditions, would satisfy the demand for wood in many of those areas and save the endangered native trees, which often include unique or rare species.

引入那些在特定的地理条件下生长快、产量高的转基因树木会满足很多这样的地区对木材的需求，保护当地濒临灭绝的树木，其中常常包括一些独有或稀有的品种。

语法笔记：本句主干是Introducing genetically modified trees would satisfy the demand for wood and save the endangered native trees。句首的introducing genetically modified trees是动名词，作主语，其中过去分词modified作前置定语修饰trees；过去分词短语designed for fast growth and high yield in given geographic conditions作非限制性定语，修饰genetically modified trees。句尾which 引导的非限制性定语从句修饰前面的the endangered native trees。

Sentence 89

In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating （back and forth） motion into rotary motion.

18世纪60年代，詹姆斯·瓦特完善了分离的蒸汽冷凝器，因此不必每一冲程后都要冷却气缸；随后，他又发明了一种新的方法，使得活塞可以旋转运动，即从原来的（前后）往复运动演变成为旋转运动。

语法笔记：本句包含两个并列的分句，由分号连接。第一个分句的主干是James Watt perfected a condenser；so that引导的结果状语从句的主干是the cylinder did not have to be cooled。第二个分句的主干是“He devised a way and convert ... into ...”，其中a way to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“做某事的方式”，convert sth. into sth.也是固定搭配，意为“将…转变为…”，reciprocating作为现在分词修饰后面的名词motion。

Sentence 90

Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company.

与由投资者组成的以单个商业项目为目的的短期财团不同，股份制公司通过利用商人和其他购买公司股份的投资者的投资来提供长期的资金。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital。其后的“by drawing on ... in the company”为方式状语，其中含有一个who引导的定语从句修饰investors。句首的“unlike short-term ... undertaking”作整句的比较状语。

Sentence 91

This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.

这是合理的，因为人们认为反思实践可以帮助老师们更加理性地参与到他们的角色和所从事的教学工作中，使他们能够应对教学准则中科学事实的缺乏及知识的不确定性。

语法笔记：本句的主干是this was justified by the view。从句“that practice could help ... in the discipline of teaching”作为同位语从句解释说明view。同位语从句的主语是reflective practice，谓语动词是could help和enable；其中feel more intellectually involved in their role中过去分词形式的形容词involved作feel的表语；cope with后由and并列连接the paucity of scientific fact和the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching。

Sentence 92

There were no other large public buildings, suggesting that the priests who were in charge of the temples also were responsible for governing the city and organizing people to work in the fields and on irrigation projects building and maintaining systems of ditches and dams.

没有其他大的公共建筑，这意味着主管寺庙的祭司也负责管理城市，组织人们在田间劳作、兴修水利工程，并维护沟渠和水坝系统。

语法笔记：本句主干是There were no other large public buildings。句中“suggesting that ... ditches and dams”作伴随状语；suggesting后是that引导的宾语从句，该宾语从句的主干是“The priests were responsible for governing ... and organizing ... and maintaining ...”；定语从句who were in charge of the temples修饰the priests；in the fields和on irrigation projects building是由and连接的并列结构，一起作work的状语。

Sentence 93

Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class.

财富和地位上的不平等确实存在，而且可能存在于绝大多数游牧社会里。但是除了军事征服时期，这种不平等通常太过轻微，难以形成那种常用“阶级”这个词来暗指的稳定、世袭的等级制度。

语法笔记：本句中but连接了两个句子。第一个句子的主语是inequalities of wealth and rank，句中有两个并列谓语，即exist和have probably existed。第二个句子的主干是they are too slight to generate hierarchies，其中they指代inequalities of wealth and rank，定语从句that are usually implied by the use of the term class修饰前面的hierarchies。

Sentence 94

Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment; an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform.

现在很多生态学家们认为，顶极群落相对长期的稳定性并非来自于多样性，而是来自环境的“补缀”，随处变化的环境比始终如一的环境更有利于多种有机体的生存。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“Ecologists think that ...”。that引导的宾语从句中包含两个分句：第一个分句的主干是“The stability comes not from ... but from ...”；第二个分句的主干是“An environment supports more kinds ... than an environment ...”，第二个分句中的两个environment后都带有一个that引导的定语从句，分别是that varies from place to place和that is uniform。

Sentence 95

According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.

根据传统理论，当人们无聊或者困倦时就会打哈欠，伴随睡眠不足或无聊而来的浅呼吸会降低血液中氧的含量，打哈欠可以通过深呼吸逆转血液中氧含量的下降，从而达到提高警觉性的作用。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Yawning takes place and serves the function。句中的when people are bored or sleepy是时间状语从句；“by+doing”是固定搭配，意为“通过做…”，作方式状语。定语从句that are caused by the shallow breathing和that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom分别修饰the drop in blood oxygen levels和the shallow breathing。

Sentence 96

Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the Pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.

一些人认为，太平洋大部分地区都是波利尼西亚人在迷失、漂流后偶然被困于此从而定居下来的。与此说法相反的是，这一成就是通过深思熟虑的殖民远征实现的，人们准备周详，出发时满载食物、已培育好的植物和已驯化的动物。

语法笔记：本句的主干是It seems reasonable that。that引导一个主语从句，该主语从句的主干是This feat was accomplished by colonization expeditions。expeditions后有一个that引导的定语从句，从句中的过去分词短语stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals在从句中充当状语，表示伴随状态。句首的状语“contrary to ... lost and adrift”中包含一个that引导的同位语从句“that much of the Pacific ... adrift”，用于解释说明the arguments，从句中的过去分词短语accidentally marooned作后置定语修饰Polynesians。

Sentence 97

The Athenian philosopher Socrates （470-399 B.C.） was the first person in Greece to propose a morality based on individual conscience rather than the demands of the state, and for this he was accused of not believing in the city’s gods and so corrupting the youth, and he was condemned to death.

雅典哲学家苏格拉底（公元前470-399年）是希腊第一个提出基于个人良心而不是国家要求的道德准则的人，他为此被控诉不信仰城邦众神并因此使青年堕落，被判了死刑。

语法笔记：本句由两个and连接了三个并列的分句，这三个分句的主干分别是“Socrates was the first person to propose a morality”、“ He was accused of ...”、“He was condemned to death”。第一个分句中的过去分词短语based on individual conscience rather than the demands of the state修饰morality。第二个分句中的be accused of doing sth.是固定搭配，意为“被指控做过某事”，其中not believing in the city’s gods和corrupting the youth是通过and连接的并列成分。

Sentence 98

Two additional kinds of evidence support the hypothesis that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter: oil possesses optical properties known only in hydrocarbons derived from organic matter, and oil contains nitrogen and certain compounds believed to originate only in living matter

还有两个证据支持“石油是有机物分解的产物”这一假设：石油的光学特性只在来自有机物的碳氢化合物中存在；石油含有氮和某些化合物，这些物质被认为只能来源于生物。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Two kinds of evidence support the hypothesis。同位语从句“that petroleum is a product of ...”解释说明the hypothesis。在冒号后的第一个分句“oil possesses ... organic matter”中，过去分词短语known only in hydrocarbons修饰optical properties，过去分词短语derived from organic matter修饰hydrocarbons。在第二个分句“oil contains ... in living matter”中，过去分词短语believed to originate only in living matter修饰certain compounds。

Sentence 99

Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound.

虽然从后来的视角来看也许难以想象，但是在20世纪20年代，一种批判性观点预测有声电影这项技术新玩意儿将会迅速淡出人们的视线，就像之前——追溯到第一次世界大战之前——多次试图将画面与录音连在一起的技术那样。

语法笔记：本句的主干是“A strain of opinion predicted that ...”。That引导一个宾语从句，该宾语从句中包含一个that引导的定语从句that would soon fade from sight，修饰a technical novelty。其后又有一个as引导的状语从句“as had many ... recorded sound”，as表示“正如、像、和…一样”。现在分词短语dating well back before the First World War作后置定语修饰many previous attempts。

Sentence 100

In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations for fellowship, worship, and production that flourished in this laissez-faire environment, individuals could interact with one another within a community of harmony and ideological equality, following their own popularly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power.

当地小规模的有关友谊、礼拜和生产的平等主义的或类似平等主义的组织在放任自由的环境中繁荣发展，在这样的多元化中，个体之间可以在和谐和意识形态平等的社群中互相影响，追随他们自己普选出的领导，通过共识实现自我管理，同时将财富和权利差异最小化。

语法笔记：本句的主干是Individuals could interact with one another。介词短语“in the multiplicity ... in this laissez-faire environment”作整句话的状语，其中包含一个that引导的定语从句“that flourished in this laissez-faire environment”修饰organizations。句尾的现在分词短语following their own popularly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus作伴随状语。while引导的时间状语省略了individuals were。